太湖北部湖区春、冬季节天然有机质的荧光特征及环境意义
|
摘要
天然有机质(OM)广泛存在于各类水体,含有丰富的碳、氮、磷等生源要素,其形成、转化、归宿及其相伴随的营养盐再生过程是水生态系统营养盐生物地球化学循环的重要环节,在湖泊蓝藻水华暴发过程中势必也扮演着非常重要的营养盐供给者的角色.本研究于2015年2月和5月分别在太湖北部湖区采集了17个样品,利用POM-DOM PARAFAC三维荧光模型解析春、冬季节颗粒态有机质(POM)和溶解态有机质(DOM)的荧光特征及来源,并探讨POM和DOM各荧光组分之间及其与叶绿素a(Chla)的关系.结果表明,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM的荧光峰、荧光中心位置和荧光强度均存在明显的差别;POM有着比DOM更复杂的组分构成.综合POM和DOM的荧光强度和荧光指数可知,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM均以自生源为主,河口区受陆源贡献较大.POM(C1p~C5p)和DOM(C1d~C5d)有5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5).POM和DOM的荧光组分特征存在明显的差别;春、冬季节POM均以类腐殖质荧光C3为主,荧光组分高值区分别集中在梅梁湾区域和湖心区;而DOM均以类蛋白组分C2、C1和C5为主,荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域.相关分析结果显示,春季C1d与C2d(P<0.01)、C3d与C4d(P<0.01)、C1p与C4p(P<0.05)、C2p与C5p(P<0.01)均具有较强的相关性.值得注意的是,C3d(P<0.01)、C4d(P<0.05)与C3p均具有较好的相关关系,表明POM与DOM在组分、来源上具有某种联系.与春季类似,冬季荧光组分C1d与C2d、C3d与C4d、C1p与C2p、C1d与C2p亦具有极好的相关性(P<0.01).春季C5d与Chla之间存在正相关关系(P<0.01),而C2d(P<0.05)、C3p(P<0.01)与Chla之间具有负相关关系;冬季C4d与Chla之间也存在负相关关系(P<0.05).
Organic matter( OM),rich in carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and other biogenic elements,has numerous geochemical and ecological functions in all kinds of water bodies,and is highly valued in ecological studies of both marine and inland environments. The formation,transformation,and fate of OM,and its accompanying nutrient regeneration process are key links in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore OM,as a provider of nutrients,also plays a very significant role during the outbreak of algal blooms in inland lakes. Two extensive sampling campaigns were conducted at the same site( n = 17) in Lake Taihu in February and May of 2015,and 34( 17 × 2) samples were collected. Excitation-emission matrix( EEM) fluorescence was combined with parallel factor analysis( PARAFAC) to characterize the spatial-temporal variations in the components and sources of particulate( POM) and dissolved( DOM) organic matter. Moreover,the correlations between fluorescence intensity and Chla were studied.Significant differences between the fluorescence peaks,fluorescence positions,and fluorescence intensities of POM and DOM indicated that the components of POM were more complex than those of DOM. Fluorescence intensities and fluorescence indices indicated that POM and DOM possessed endogenous characteristics and that estuaries possessed obvious exogenous characteristics. Five types of fluorophores were present in POM( C1 p-C5 p) and DOM( C1 d-C5 d) : tyrosine-like fluorophores( C1 and C2), humic-like fluorophores( C3 and C4), and tryptophan-like fluorophores( C5). The fluorescent components of POM and DOM differed significantly. C3 p was the dominant fluorophore in POM during spring and winter,and fluorescence intensities of C1 p-C5 p were higher in the Meiliang Bay and the central part of thelake than in other areas. C2 d,C1 d,and C5 d were the dominant fluorophores in DOMduring spring and winter,and fluorescence intensities of C1 d-C5 d were higher in the Zhushan Bay than in other areas. In spring,positive correlations were observed between C1 d and C2 d( P < 0. 01),C3 d and C4 d( P < 0. 01),C1 p and C4 p( P < 0. 05),and C2 p and C5 p( P < 0. 01). Remarkably,C3 p and C3 d( P < 0. 01) and C3 p and C4 d( P < 0. 05) were positively correlated,suggesting that these two forms of OM were correlated. Similarly,highly significant,positive correlations were observed between C1 d and C2 d( P< 0. 01),C3 d and C4 d( P < 0. 01),C1 p and C2 p( P < 0. 01),and C1 d and C2 p( P < 0. 01) during winter. Furthermore,Chla and C5 d were significantly and positively correlated( P < 0. 01). However,both Chla/C2 d and Chla/C3 p were negatively correlated in spring. Furthermore,Chla and C4 d were negatively correlated in winter.
Organic matter( OM),rich in carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and other biogenic elements,has numerous geochemical and ecological functions in all kinds of water bodies,and is highly valued in ecological studies of both marine and inland environments. The formation,transformation,and fate of OM,and its accompanying nutrient regeneration process are key links in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore OM,as a provider of nutrients,also plays a very significant role during the outbreak of algal blooms in inland lakes. Two extensive sampling campaigns were conducted at the same site( n = 17) in Lake Taihu in February and May of 2015,and 34( 17 × 2) samples were collected. Excitation-emission matrix( EEM) fluorescence was combined with parallel factor analysis( PARAFAC) to characterize the spatial-temporal variations in the components and sources of particulate( POM) and dissolved( DOM) organic matter. Moreover,the correlations between fluorescence intensity and Chla were studied.Significant differences between the fluorescence peaks,fluorescence positions,and fluorescence intensities of POM and DOM indicated that the components of POM were more complex than those of DOM. Fluorescence intensities and fluorescence indices indicated that POM and DOM possessed endogenous characteristics and that estuaries possessed obvious exogenous characteristics. Five types of fluorophores were present in POM( C1 p-C5 p) and DOM( C1 d-C5 d) : tyrosine-like fluorophores( C1 and C2), humic-like fluorophores( C3 and C4), and tryptophan-like fluorophores( C5). The fluorescent components of POM and DOM differed significantly. C3 p was the dominant fluorophore in POM during spring and winter,and fluorescence intensities of C1 p-C5 p were higher in the Meiliang Bay and the central part of thelake than in other areas. C2 d,C1 d,and C5 d were the dominant fluorophores in DOMduring spring and winter,and fluorescence intensities of C1 d-C5 d were higher in the Zhushan Bay than in other areas. In spring,positive correlations were observed between C1 d and C2 d( P < 0. 01),C3 d and C4 d( P < 0. 01),C1 p and C4 p( P < 0. 05),and C2 p and C5 p( P < 0. 01). Remarkably,C3 p and C3 d( P < 0. 01) and C3 p and C4 d( P < 0. 05) were positively correlated,suggesting that these two forms of OM were correlated. Similarly,highly significant,positive correlations were observed between C1 d and C2 d( P< 0. 01),C3 d and C4 d( P < 0. 01),C1 p and C2 p( P < 0. 01),and C1 d and C2 p( P < 0. 01) during winter. Furthermore,Chla and C5 d were significantly and positively correlated( P < 0. 01). However,both Chla/C2 d and Chla/C3 p were negatively correlated in spring. Furthermore,Chla and C4 d were negatively correlated in winter.
引文
[1]Simon M,Grossart H P,Schweitzer B,et al.Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2002,28(2):175-211.
[2]Turner J T.Zooplankton fecal pellets,marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2002,27:57-102.
[3]Verdugo P,Alldredge A L,Azam F,et al.The oceanic gel phase:a bridge in the DOM-POM continuum[J].Marine Chemistry,2004,92(1-4):67-85.
[4]Roulet N,Moore T R.Environmental chemistry:Browning the waters[J].Nature,2006,444(7117):283-284.
[5]Azam F,Malfatti F.Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(10):782-791.
[6]He W,Chen M L,Schlautman M A,et al.Dynamic exchanges between DOM and POM pools in coastal and inland aquatic ecosystems:a review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551-552:415-428.
[7]Mc Callister S L,Bauer J E,Ducklow H W,et al.Sources of estuarine dissolved and particulate organic matter:a multi-tracer approach[J].Organic Geochemistry,2006,37(4):454-468.
[8]Mayer L M,Schick L L,Hardy K R,et al.Photodissolution and other photochemical changes upon irradiation of algal detritus[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(5):1688-1698.
[9]Osburn C L,Handsel L T,Mikan M P,et al.Fluorescence tracking of dissolved and particulate organic matter quality in a river-dominated estuary[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):8628-8636.
[10]Lou T,Xie H X.Photochemical alteration of the molecular weight of dissolved organic matter[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(11):2333-2342.
[11]张运林,秦伯强,龚志军.太湖有色可溶性有机物荧光的空间分布及其与吸收的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1337-1342.Zhang Y L,Qin B Q,Gong Z J.Spatial distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence and its relation with absorption in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2006,25(5):1337-1342.
[12]Gondar D,Thacker S A,Tipping E,et al.Functional variability of dissolved organic matter from the surface water of a productive lake[J].Water Research,2008,42(1-2):81-90.
[13]Zhang Y L,Van Dijk M A,Liu M L,et al.The contribution of phytoplankton degradation to chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in eutrophic shallow lakes:Field and experimental evidence[J].Water Research,2009,43(18):4685-4697.
[14]Baker A,Elliott S,Lead J R.Effects of filtration and p H perturbation on freshwater organic matter fluorescence[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(10):2035-2043.
[15]Santín C,Yamashita Y,Otero X L,et al.Characterizing humic substances from estuarine soils and sediments by excitationemission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis[J].Biogeochemistry,2009,96(1-3):131-147.
[16]Brym A,Paerl H W,Montgomery M T,et al.Optical and chemical characterization of base-extracted particulate organic matter in coastal marine environments[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,162:96-113.
[17]Osburn C L,Mikan M P,Etheridge J R,et al.Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2015,120(7):1430-1449.
[18]Larsen L,Harvey J,Skalak K,et al.Fluorescence-based source tracking of organic sediment in restored and unrestored urban streams[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2015,60(4):1439-1461.
[19]吴敬禄,王苏民.云南程海富营养化过程的碳氧稳定同位素示踪[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(5):557-564.Wu J L,Wang S M.Stable isotopic tracing of historical progressive eutrophication from Lake Chenghai,Yunnan in China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(5):557-564.
[20]Grossart H P.Ecological consequences of bacterioplankton lifestyles:changes in concepts are needed[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2010,2(6):706-714.
[21]Zhang Y L,van Dijk M A,Liu M L,et al.The contribution of phytoplankton degradation to chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in eutrophic shallow lakes:field and experimental evidence[J].Water Research,2009,43(18):4685-4697.
[22]孔繁翔,马荣华,高俊峰,等.太湖蓝藻水华的预防、预测和预警的理论与实践[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3):314-328.Kong F X,Ma R H,Gao J F,et al.The theory and practice of prevention,forecast and warning on cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(3):314-328.
[23]吕伟伟,姚昕,张保华,等.太湖颗粒态有机质的荧光特征及环境指示意义[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2056-2066.Lv W W,Yao X,Zhang B H,et al.Fluorescent characteristics and environmental significance of particulate organic matter in Lake Taihu,China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2056-2066.
[24]Zhou Y Q,Zhang Y L,Shi K,et al.Lake Taihu,a large,shallow and eutrophic aquatic ecosystem in China serves as a sink for chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2015,41(2):597-606.
[25]Mc Knight D M,Boyer E W,Westerhoff P K,et al.Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2001,46(1):38-48.
[26]Yao X,Zhu G W,Cai L L,et al.Geochemical characteristics of amino acids in sediments of Lake Taihu,a large,shallow,eutrophic freshwater lake of china[J].Aquatic Geochemistry,2012,18(3):263-280.
[27]JafféR,Boyer J N,Lu X,et al.Source characterization of dissolved organic matter in a subtropical mangrove-dominated estuary by fluorescence analysis[J].Marine Chemistry,2004,84(3-4):195-210.
[28]Huguet A,Vacher L,Relexans S,et al.Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(6):706-719.
[29]Ohno T.Fluorescence inner-filtering correction for determining the humification index of dissolved organic matter[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(4):742-746.
[30]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].(第二版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.Jin X C,Tu Q Y.The standard methods in lake eutrophication investigation(2nd ed.)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[31]吴丰昌,王立英,黎文,等.天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):1-12.Wu F C,Wang L Y,Li W,et al.Natural organic matter and its significance in terrestrial surface environment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(1):1-12.
[32]Xu H,Paerl H W,Qin B Q,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs control phytoplankton growth in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2010,55(1):420-432.
[33]Yao X,Zhang Y L,Zhu G W,et al.Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(2):145-155.
[34]Wu F C,Tanoue E.Isolation and partial characterization of dissolved copper-complexing ligands in streamwaters[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(18):3646-3652.
[35]Coble P G.Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,1996,51(4):325-346.
[36]Murphy K R,Stedmon C A,Waite T D,et al.Distinguishing between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,2008,108(1-2):40-58.
[37]Yamashita Y,JafféR,Maie N,et al.Assessing the dynamics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in coastal environments by excitation emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC)[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53(5):1900-1908.
[38]Stedmon C A,Markager S.Tracing the production and degradation of autochthonous fractions of dissolved organic matter by fluorescence analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2005,50(5):1415-1426.
[39]Williams C J,Yamashita Y,Wilson H F,et al.Unraveling the role of land use and microbial activity in shaping dissolved organic matter characteristics in stream ecosystems[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2010,55(3):1159-1171.
[40]Kowalczuk P,Cooper W J,Durako M J,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in the South Atlantic Bight with use of PARAFAC model:relationships between fluorescence and its components,absorption coefficients and organic carbon concentrations[J].Marine Chemistry,2010,118(1-2):22-36.
[41]Stedmon C A,Markager S.Resolving the variability in dissolved organic matter fluorescence in a temperate estuary and its catchment using PARAFAC analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2005,50(2):686-697.
[42]Kramer G D,Herndl G J.Photo-and bioreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter produced by marine bacterioplankton[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2004,36:239-246.
[43]姚昕,张运林,朱广伟,等.湖泊草、藻来源溶解性有机质及其微生物降解的差异[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(3):688-694.Yao X,Zhang Y L,Zhu G W,et al.Different degradation mechanism of dissolved organic matter derived from phytoplankton and macrophytes in Lake Taihu,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(3):688-694.
[44]Baker A.Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization of river waters impacted by a tissue mill effluent[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(7):1377-1382.
[45]傅平青,刘丛强,吴丰昌.溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(12):2024-2028.Fu P Q,Liu C Q,Wu F C.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2005,25(12):2024-2028.
[46]周永强,张运林,牛城,等.基于EEMs及PARAFAC的洪湖、东湖与梁子湖CDOM组成特征分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(12):3286-3292.Zhou Y Q,Zhang Y L,Niu C,et al.Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in Lake Honghu,Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu using excitationemission matrices(EEMs)fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(12):3286-3292.
[47]季乃云.胶州湾荧光溶解有机物及其与环境因子关系的研究[D].青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2005.Ji N Y.Fluorescent dissolved organic matter and its relationship with environmental factors in Jiaozhou Bay[D].Qingdao:The Institute of Oceanology,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[48]方芳,翟端端,郭劲松,等.三峡水库小江回水区溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(3):323-328.Fang F,Zhai D D,Guo J S,et al.Three dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy characterization of dissolved organic matter in Xiaojiang River Backwater Area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(3):323-328.
[49]李崇明,黄真理,张晟,等.三峡水库藻类“水华”预测[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(1):1-6.Li C M,Huang Z L,Zhang S,et al.Risk forecast of algal bloom in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2007,16(1):1-6.
[50]王志刚,刘文清,李宏斌,等.三维荧光光谱法分析巢湖CDOM的空间分布及其来源[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(2):275-279.Wang Z G,Liu W Q,Li H B,et al.Analysis of CDOM spatial distributions variations in Chaohu Lake and its sources by three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(2):275-279.
[51]傅平青,吴丰昌,刘丛强,等.高原湖泊溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特性初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(6):512-520.Fu P Q,Wu F C,Liu C Q,et al.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter from Chinese highland lakes[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(6):512-520.
[52]江俊武,李帅东,沈胤胤,等.夏季太湖CDOM光学特性空间差异及其来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1020-1030.Jiang J W,Li S D,Shen Y Y,et al.Spatial differences of optical properties of CDOM and their source apportionment in Taihu Lake in summer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(7):1020-1030.
[53]曾庆飞,孔繁翔,张恩楼,等.利用稳定同位素技术研究外源物质输入对太湖微食物链的贡献[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1670-1674.Zeng Q F,Kong F X,Zhang E L,et al.Effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from microbial food chain in Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1670-1674.
[54]Coble P G,Del Castillo C E,Avril B.Distribution and optical properties of CDOM in the Arabian Sea during the 1995Southwest Monsoon[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1998,45(10-11):2195-2223.
[55]Smart P L,Finlayson B L,Rylands W D,et al.The relation of fluorescence to dissolved organic carbon in surface waters[J].Water Research,1976,10(9):805-811.
[56]季乃云,赵卫红,王江涛,等.大沽河-胶州湾段溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光特征变化[J].环境科学,2006,27(6):1073-1077.Ji N Y,Zhao W H,Wang J T,et al.Change of humic-like fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter from Dagu River to Jiaozhou Bay[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(6):1073-1077.
[57]周楠,赵卫红,苗辉.獐子岛附近海域溶解有机物的荧光特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(4):1007-1011.Zhou N,Zhao W H,Miao H.Fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the sea nearby Zhangzi Island[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2012,32(4):1007-1011.
[58]陈锡超,纪颖琳,胡青,等.“引江济太”水系有色溶解有机质的特征与来源[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(1):63-69.Chen X C,Ji Y L,Hu Q,et al.Characteristics and sources of CDOM in the drainage system of Water Diversion from Yangtze River to Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(1):63-69.
[59]鲁景亮,孙松,张光涛,等.2011年夏季胶州湾表层溶解有机物荧光特征的时空变化[J].海洋科学,2014,38(4):1-6.Lu J L,Sun S,Zhang G T,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matters during summer of 2011 in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Marine Sciences,2014,38(4):1-6.
[60]Mayer L M,Schick L L,Loder III T C.Dissolved protein fluorescence in two Maine estuaries[J].Marine Chemistry,1999,64(3):171-179.
[61]任保卫,赵卫红,王江涛,等.胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(4):712-718.Ren B W,Zhao W H,Wang J T,et al.Three-dimensional fluorescence characteristic of dissolved organic matter in marine mesocosm experiment in Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(4):712-718.
[62]刘学利,姚昕,董杰,等.东平湖可溶性有机物的荧光特征及环境意义[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):933-939.Liu X L,Yao X,Dong J,et al.Fluorescence features of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Dongping Lake and their environmental significance[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):933-939.
[63]吕丽莎,赵卫红,苗辉.三维荧光结合平行因子分析在东海溶解有机物研究中的应用[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(3):653-658.LüL S,Zhao W H,Miao H.Application of excitation-emission matrix spectrum combined with parallel factor analysis in dissolved organic matter in East China Sea[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(3):653-658.
[64]Petersen H T.Determination of an Isochrysis galbana algal bloom by L-tryptophan fluorescence[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1989,20(9):447-451.
[65]Rochelle-Newall E J,Fisher T R.Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence in marine and estuarine environments:an investigation into the role of phytoplankton[J].Marine Chemistry,2002,77(1):7-21.
[66]冯胜,刘义,余广彬.微生物作用下的微囊藻降解试验研究[J].现代农业科技,2009,(1):253-255.Feng S,Liu Y,Yu G B.Microbial degradation test of microcystis[J].Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,2009,(1):253-255.
[2]Turner J T.Zooplankton fecal pellets,marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2002,27:57-102.
[3]Verdugo P,Alldredge A L,Azam F,et al.The oceanic gel phase:a bridge in the DOM-POM continuum[J].Marine Chemistry,2004,92(1-4):67-85.
[4]Roulet N,Moore T R.Environmental chemistry:Browning the waters[J].Nature,2006,444(7117):283-284.
[5]Azam F,Malfatti F.Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(10):782-791.
[6]He W,Chen M L,Schlautman M A,et al.Dynamic exchanges between DOM and POM pools in coastal and inland aquatic ecosystems:a review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551-552:415-428.
[7]Mc Callister S L,Bauer J E,Ducklow H W,et al.Sources of estuarine dissolved and particulate organic matter:a multi-tracer approach[J].Organic Geochemistry,2006,37(4):454-468.
[8]Mayer L M,Schick L L,Hardy K R,et al.Photodissolution and other photochemical changes upon irradiation of algal detritus[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(5):1688-1698.
[9]Osburn C L,Handsel L T,Mikan M P,et al.Fluorescence tracking of dissolved and particulate organic matter quality in a river-dominated estuary[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(16):8628-8636.
[10]Lou T,Xie H X.Photochemical alteration of the molecular weight of dissolved organic matter[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(11):2333-2342.
[11]张运林,秦伯强,龚志军.太湖有色可溶性有机物荧光的空间分布及其与吸收的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1337-1342.Zhang Y L,Qin B Q,Gong Z J.Spatial distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence and its relation with absorption in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2006,25(5):1337-1342.
[12]Gondar D,Thacker S A,Tipping E,et al.Functional variability of dissolved organic matter from the surface water of a productive lake[J].Water Research,2008,42(1-2):81-90.
[13]Zhang Y L,Van Dijk M A,Liu M L,et al.The contribution of phytoplankton degradation to chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in eutrophic shallow lakes:Field and experimental evidence[J].Water Research,2009,43(18):4685-4697.
[14]Baker A,Elliott S,Lead J R.Effects of filtration and p H perturbation on freshwater organic matter fluorescence[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(10):2035-2043.
[15]Santín C,Yamashita Y,Otero X L,et al.Characterizing humic substances from estuarine soils and sediments by excitationemission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis[J].Biogeochemistry,2009,96(1-3):131-147.
[16]Brym A,Paerl H W,Montgomery M T,et al.Optical and chemical characterization of base-extracted particulate organic matter in coastal marine environments[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,162:96-113.
[17]Osburn C L,Mikan M P,Etheridge J R,et al.Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2015,120(7):1430-1449.
[18]Larsen L,Harvey J,Skalak K,et al.Fluorescence-based source tracking of organic sediment in restored and unrestored urban streams[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2015,60(4):1439-1461.
[19]吴敬禄,王苏民.云南程海富营养化过程的碳氧稳定同位素示踪[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(5):557-564.Wu J L,Wang S M.Stable isotopic tracing of historical progressive eutrophication from Lake Chenghai,Yunnan in China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(5):557-564.
[20]Grossart H P.Ecological consequences of bacterioplankton lifestyles:changes in concepts are needed[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2010,2(6):706-714.
[21]Zhang Y L,van Dijk M A,Liu M L,et al.The contribution of phytoplankton degradation to chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in eutrophic shallow lakes:field and experimental evidence[J].Water Research,2009,43(18):4685-4697.
[22]孔繁翔,马荣华,高俊峰,等.太湖蓝藻水华的预防、预测和预警的理论与实践[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3):314-328.Kong F X,Ma R H,Gao J F,et al.The theory and practice of prevention,forecast and warning on cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(3):314-328.
[23]吕伟伟,姚昕,张保华,等.太湖颗粒态有机质的荧光特征及环境指示意义[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2056-2066.Lv W W,Yao X,Zhang B H,et al.Fluorescent characteristics and environmental significance of particulate organic matter in Lake Taihu,China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2056-2066.
[24]Zhou Y Q,Zhang Y L,Shi K,et al.Lake Taihu,a large,shallow and eutrophic aquatic ecosystem in China serves as a sink for chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2015,41(2):597-606.
[25]Mc Knight D M,Boyer E W,Westerhoff P K,et al.Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2001,46(1):38-48.
[26]Yao X,Zhu G W,Cai L L,et al.Geochemical characteristics of amino acids in sediments of Lake Taihu,a large,shallow,eutrophic freshwater lake of china[J].Aquatic Geochemistry,2012,18(3):263-280.
[27]JafféR,Boyer J N,Lu X,et al.Source characterization of dissolved organic matter in a subtropical mangrove-dominated estuary by fluorescence analysis[J].Marine Chemistry,2004,84(3-4):195-210.
[28]Huguet A,Vacher L,Relexans S,et al.Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(6):706-719.
[29]Ohno T.Fluorescence inner-filtering correction for determining the humification index of dissolved organic matter[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(4):742-746.
[30]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].(第二版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.Jin X C,Tu Q Y.The standard methods in lake eutrophication investigation(2nd ed.)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[31]吴丰昌,王立英,黎文,等.天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):1-12.Wu F C,Wang L Y,Li W,et al.Natural organic matter and its significance in terrestrial surface environment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(1):1-12.
[32]Xu H,Paerl H W,Qin B Q,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs control phytoplankton growth in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2010,55(1):420-432.
[33]Yao X,Zhang Y L,Zhu G W,et al.Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(2):145-155.
[34]Wu F C,Tanoue E.Isolation and partial characterization of dissolved copper-complexing ligands in streamwaters[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(18):3646-3652.
[35]Coble P G.Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,1996,51(4):325-346.
[36]Murphy K R,Stedmon C A,Waite T D,et al.Distinguishing between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,2008,108(1-2):40-58.
[37]Yamashita Y,JafféR,Maie N,et al.Assessing the dynamics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in coastal environments by excitation emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC)[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53(5):1900-1908.
[38]Stedmon C A,Markager S.Tracing the production and degradation of autochthonous fractions of dissolved organic matter by fluorescence analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2005,50(5):1415-1426.
[39]Williams C J,Yamashita Y,Wilson H F,et al.Unraveling the role of land use and microbial activity in shaping dissolved organic matter characteristics in stream ecosystems[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2010,55(3):1159-1171.
[40]Kowalczuk P,Cooper W J,Durako M J,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in the South Atlantic Bight with use of PARAFAC model:relationships between fluorescence and its components,absorption coefficients and organic carbon concentrations[J].Marine Chemistry,2010,118(1-2):22-36.
[41]Stedmon C A,Markager S.Resolving the variability in dissolved organic matter fluorescence in a temperate estuary and its catchment using PARAFAC analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2005,50(2):686-697.
[42]Kramer G D,Herndl G J.Photo-and bioreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter produced by marine bacterioplankton[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2004,36:239-246.
[43]姚昕,张运林,朱广伟,等.湖泊草、藻来源溶解性有机质及其微生物降解的差异[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(3):688-694.Yao X,Zhang Y L,Zhu G W,et al.Different degradation mechanism of dissolved organic matter derived from phytoplankton and macrophytes in Lake Taihu,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(3):688-694.
[44]Baker A.Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization of river waters impacted by a tissue mill effluent[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(7):1377-1382.
[45]傅平青,刘丛强,吴丰昌.溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(12):2024-2028.Fu P Q,Liu C Q,Wu F C.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2005,25(12):2024-2028.
[46]周永强,张运林,牛城,等.基于EEMs及PARAFAC的洪湖、东湖与梁子湖CDOM组成特征分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(12):3286-3292.Zhou Y Q,Zhang Y L,Niu C,et al.Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in Lake Honghu,Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu using excitationemission matrices(EEMs)fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(12):3286-3292.
[47]季乃云.胶州湾荧光溶解有机物及其与环境因子关系的研究[D].青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2005.Ji N Y.Fluorescent dissolved organic matter and its relationship with environmental factors in Jiaozhou Bay[D].Qingdao:The Institute of Oceanology,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[48]方芳,翟端端,郭劲松,等.三峡水库小江回水区溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(3):323-328.Fang F,Zhai D D,Guo J S,et al.Three dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy characterization of dissolved organic matter in Xiaojiang River Backwater Area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(3):323-328.
[49]李崇明,黄真理,张晟,等.三峡水库藻类“水华”预测[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(1):1-6.Li C M,Huang Z L,Zhang S,et al.Risk forecast of algal bloom in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2007,16(1):1-6.
[50]王志刚,刘文清,李宏斌,等.三维荧光光谱法分析巢湖CDOM的空间分布及其来源[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(2):275-279.Wang Z G,Liu W Q,Li H B,et al.Analysis of CDOM spatial distributions variations in Chaohu Lake and its sources by three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(2):275-279.
[51]傅平青,吴丰昌,刘丛强,等.高原湖泊溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特性初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(6):512-520.Fu P Q,Wu F C,Liu C Q,et al.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter from Chinese highland lakes[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(6):512-520.
[52]江俊武,李帅东,沈胤胤,等.夏季太湖CDOM光学特性空间差异及其来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1020-1030.Jiang J W,Li S D,Shen Y Y,et al.Spatial differences of optical properties of CDOM and their source apportionment in Taihu Lake in summer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(7):1020-1030.
[53]曾庆飞,孔繁翔,张恩楼,等.利用稳定同位素技术研究外源物质输入对太湖微食物链的贡献[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1670-1674.Zeng Q F,Kong F X,Zhang E L,et al.Effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from microbial food chain in Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1670-1674.
[54]Coble P G,Del Castillo C E,Avril B.Distribution and optical properties of CDOM in the Arabian Sea during the 1995Southwest Monsoon[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1998,45(10-11):2195-2223.
[55]Smart P L,Finlayson B L,Rylands W D,et al.The relation of fluorescence to dissolved organic carbon in surface waters[J].Water Research,1976,10(9):805-811.
[56]季乃云,赵卫红,王江涛,等.大沽河-胶州湾段溶解有机物类腐殖质荧光特征变化[J].环境科学,2006,27(6):1073-1077.Ji N Y,Zhao W H,Wang J T,et al.Change of humic-like fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter from Dagu River to Jiaozhou Bay[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(6):1073-1077.
[57]周楠,赵卫红,苗辉.獐子岛附近海域溶解有机物的荧光特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(4):1007-1011.Zhou N,Zhao W H,Miao H.Fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the sea nearby Zhangzi Island[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2012,32(4):1007-1011.
[58]陈锡超,纪颖琳,胡青,等.“引江济太”水系有色溶解有机质的特征与来源[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(1):63-69.Chen X C,Ji Y L,Hu Q,et al.Characteristics and sources of CDOM in the drainage system of Water Diversion from Yangtze River to Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(1):63-69.
[59]鲁景亮,孙松,张光涛,等.2011年夏季胶州湾表层溶解有机物荧光特征的时空变化[J].海洋科学,2014,38(4):1-6.Lu J L,Sun S,Zhang G T,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matters during summer of 2011 in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Marine Sciences,2014,38(4):1-6.
[60]Mayer L M,Schick L L,Loder III T C.Dissolved protein fluorescence in two Maine estuaries[J].Marine Chemistry,1999,64(3):171-179.
[61]任保卫,赵卫红,王江涛,等.胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(4):712-718.Ren B W,Zhao W H,Wang J T,et al.Three-dimensional fluorescence characteristic of dissolved organic matter in marine mesocosm experiment in Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(4):712-718.
[62]刘学利,姚昕,董杰,等.东平湖可溶性有机物的荧光特征及环境意义[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):933-939.Liu X L,Yao X,Dong J,et al.Fluorescence features of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Dongping Lake and their environmental significance[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):933-939.
[63]吕丽莎,赵卫红,苗辉.三维荧光结合平行因子分析在东海溶解有机物研究中的应用[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(3):653-658.LüL S,Zhao W H,Miao H.Application of excitation-emission matrix spectrum combined with parallel factor analysis in dissolved organic matter in East China Sea[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(3):653-658.
[64]Petersen H T.Determination of an Isochrysis galbana algal bloom by L-tryptophan fluorescence[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1989,20(9):447-451.
[65]Rochelle-Newall E J,Fisher T R.Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence in marine and estuarine environments:an investigation into the role of phytoplankton[J].Marine Chemistry,2002,77(1):7-21.
[66]冯胜,刘义,余广彬.微生物作用下的微囊藻降解试验研究[J].现代农业科技,2009,(1):253-255.Feng S,Liu Y,Yu G B.Microbial degradation test of microcystis[J].Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,2009,(1):253-255.