室内环境与高龄者血压的关联性——以大连市供暖季为例
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摘要
对中国大连市供暖季住宅室内环境与高龄者血压的关联性进行了调查研究,具体包括住宅热湿环境(温度、相对湿度)、化学污染(CO_2、CO、甲醛和TVOC)、物理污染(PM_(2.5))和生物污染(附着真菌)与高龄者血压的关联性.研究表明,城市和农村住宅供热方式不同是导致住宅室内热环境舒适度差异的主要原因.在大连农村,处于室外的厕所与室内形成的大温差使得农村高龄者患心血管疾病的诱发风险比城市更高.城市高龄者的平均血压比农村低且波动小.城市住宅室内温湿度与血压均存在关联(P<0.01),农村室内温湿度对血压的影响程度不如城市明显.另外,室内空气质量参数并未发现与血压存在显著关联.
This study investigated the association between elder dwellers' blood pressure and indoor environment conditions including dwellings' thermal and humid environment(temperature, relative humidity), chemical pollution(CO_2, CO, formaldehyde and TVOC), physical pollution(PM_(2.5)) and biological pollution(adherent fungi) during a heating season in Dalian, China. The results showed that the heating type was the main factor causing the difference of indoor thermal comfort between urban and rural dwellings.In rural Dalian, the large temperature step-changes between outdoor and indoor in toilets made the risk of cardiovascular disease higher for elder dwellers' than that for urban elder dwellers. The mean blood pressure of urban elderly was lower than that of rural areas with smaller variation. There was a significant correlation between indoor temperature and humidity in urban dwellings and elder dwellers' blood pressure(P<0.01). The influence of indoor temperature and humidity on blood pressure in rural area was less obvious than that in urban area. In addition, no significant correlation was found between indoor air quality parameters and blood pressure.
This study investigated the association between elder dwellers' blood pressure and indoor environment conditions including dwellings' thermal and humid environment(temperature, relative humidity), chemical pollution(CO_2, CO, formaldehyde and TVOC), physical pollution(PM_(2.5)) and biological pollution(adherent fungi) during a heating season in Dalian, China. The results showed that the heating type was the main factor causing the difference of indoor thermal comfort between urban and rural dwellings.In rural Dalian, the large temperature step-changes between outdoor and indoor in toilets made the risk of cardiovascular disease higher for elder dwellers' than that for urban elder dwellers. The mean blood pressure of urban elderly was lower than that of rural areas with smaller variation. There was a significant correlation between indoor temperature and humidity in urban dwellings and elder dwellers' blood pressure(P<0.01). The influence of indoor temperature and humidity on blood pressure in rural area was less obvious than that in urban area. In addition, no significant correlation was found between indoor air quality parameters and blood pressure.
引文
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[2] Wang H, Zhao S, Zeng E. The social development and the coping strategies for China's aging population[J]. Chinese Journal of Social Medicine. 2014,31(2):75-77.
[3] Liu H E, Shi W H. Quantitative analysis of population aging on mortality disparities for major non-communicable diseases in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control&Prevention. 2016,20(2):121-124.
[4]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2017[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2017/indexch.htm.National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook 2017[EB/OL]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2017/indexch.htm.
[5] Donaldson G. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group[J].Lancet. 1997,349(9062):1341-1346.
[6] Bkenes L, Mercer J B, Macevilly S, et al. Annual variations in indoor climate in the homes of elderly persons living in Dublin, Ireland and Troms(?), Norway[J]. European Journal of Public Health. 2012,21(4):526-531.
[7]刘建伟,晃思宏,陈艳姣,等.北京市不同年龄人群PM2.5载带重金属的健康风险[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(4):1540-1549.Liu J W, Chao S H, Chen Y J, et al. Health risk of PM2.5 bound heavy metals for different age population in Beijing, China[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(4):1540-1549.
[8] Prussustun A, Corvalan C, Prassustun A, et al. Preventing disease through healthy environments. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease[J]. Engenharia Sanitaria E Ambiental, 2007,12(2):115-116.
[9] Hasegawa F, Yoshino H,Akabayashi S I. Investigation on indoor thermal environment of detached wooden houses in city areas of tohoku district in winter[J]. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan., 1983,326:91-102.
[10] Yoshino H, Momiyama M, Sato T, et al. Relationship between cerebrovascular disease and indoor thermal environment in two selected towns in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 1993,18(5/6):481-486.
[11] Saeki K, Obayashi K, Iwamoto J, et al. Stronger association of indoor temperature than outdoor temperature with blood pressure in colder months[J]. Journal of Hypertension, 2014,32(8):1582-1589.
[12] Saeki K, Obayashi K, Kurumatani N. Short-term effects of instruction in home heating on indoor temperature and blood pressure in elderly people:a randomized controlled trial[J]. Journal of Hypertension.2015,33(11):2338-2343.
[13]王媛,黄薇,汪彤,等.患心血管病老年人夏季PM2.5和CO的暴露特征及评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(9):1005-1008.Wang Y, Huang W, Wang T, et al. Characterization and assessment of exposure to PM2.5 and CO for a cardiovascular elderly panel in summer in Beijing[J]. China Environment Science, 2009,29(9):1005-1008.
[14]朱颖新.建筑环境学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2010:129-130.Zhu Y X. Built Environment[M]. China Building Industry Press,2010:129-130.
[15]王月惠,朱秀丽,苗秀欣,等.养老院与居家老年人生活质量比较及其相关因素研究[J].中国护理管理.2011,(8):36-39.Wang Y H, Zhu X L, Miao X X, et al. Comparing quality of life of older people living in aged care facility and in family and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Nursing Management. 2011,(8):36-39.
[16]高元鹏.寒冷地区农村住宅室内舒适度指标与节能评价技术研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.Gao Y P. Study on the indoor comfortable index and energy efficiency evaluation technology of the rural house in cold areas[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2012.
[17] Sun Y, Feng J. Indoor air pollution status of dwellings in Nanjing City,China[C]. International Conference on Bioinformatics&Biomedical Engineering, IEEE, 2010.
[18] Zhuang Z, Li Y,Chen B,et al. Chinese kang as a domestic heating system in rural northern China—A review[J]. Energy and Buildings.2009,41(1):111-119.
[19]Gao X, Liu J, Hu R, et al. A simplified model for dynamic analysis of the indoor thermal environment of rooms with a Chinese kang[J].Building and Environment. 2017,111:265-278.
[20] Zhuang Z, Li Y, Chen B. A mathematical model for a house integrated with an elevated chinese kang heating system[J]. Building Simulation.2007:63-70.
[21] ASHRAE 55-2013. Thermal environment conditions for human Occupancy[S].
[22] JIS A 1962:2005:Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Indoor Air and Test Chamber Air-Active Sampling Method[S].
[23] ISO 16000-17:Indoor Air-Part 17:Detection and Enumeration of Moulds-Culture-based Method[S].
[24] GB/T 18883-2002室内空气质量标准[S].GB/T 18883-2002 Indoor air quality standards[S].
[25] Guo Q. The Chinese Domestic Architectural Heating System[Kang]:Origins,Applications and Techniques[J]. Architectural History. 2002,45(45):32-48.
[26] Bari M A, Kindzierski W B, Wheeler A J, et al. Source apportionmentof indoor and outdoor volatile organic compounds at homes in Edmonton,Canada[J]. Building&Environment,2015,90:114-124.
[27] JGJ/T 309-2013建筑通风效果测试与评价标准[S].JGJ/T 309-2013 Standard for Testing and Evaluating Ventilation Effect of Buildings[S].
[28] Whelton P K, Carey R M, Aronow W S, et al. 2017 Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2018,71(19):el27-e248.
[29] Yoshino H,Momiyama M, Sato T,et al. Relationship between cerebrovascular disease and indoor thermal environment in two selected towns in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology. 1993,18(5/6):481-486.
[30] Schwartz J. Air pollution and blood markers of cardiovascular risk[J].Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001,109(109Suppl 3):405-409.
[31] Viegas C, Almeidasilva M, Gomes A Q, et al. Fungal contamination assessment in Portuguese elderly care centers[J]. Journal of Toxicology&Environmental Health.,2014,77(1-3):14-23.
[32] Hu J, Li N, Yoshino H, et al. Field study on indoor health risk factors in households with schoolchildren in south-central China[J]. Building&Environment. 2017:117.
[33] Fan G, Xie J, Yoshino H, et al. Indoor environmental conditions in urban and rural homes with older people during heating season:a case in cold region, China[J]. Energy&Buildings. 2018:167.
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