不同放牧强度对拉萨河谷温性草原植物群落和物种多样性的影响
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摘要
放牧对西藏温性草原的影响敏感且复杂。本试验通过研究植物群落特征在不同放牧强度下的变化,以期为物种多样性保护和放牧管理提供科学依据。本文以拉萨河谷温性草原为研究对象,设置3种放牧梯度,采用样方调查法,分析不同放牧强度对植物群落和物种多样性的影响。结果表明,禁牧处理下植物群落高度、Shannon-wiener指数、Pielou指数显著升高,但Simpson指数显著降低,物种更替程度最低;中度、重度放牧处理下Shannon-wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数显著降低。放牧是直接影响物种重要值的重要因素,并且是物种更替的直接驱动力。围封使植被群落高度、物种多样性增大,物种更替率降低,对退化草地有一定的修复作用,但重度放牧使植物向耐啃食、耐践踏、低矮化方向发展,并且使物种多样性降低。
The influence of grazing on the temperate steppe in Tibet is complex and sensitive.The changes of plant community characteristics under different grazing intensities were studied in order to provide scientific baseline for species diversity protection and grazing management.In this paper,the temperate steppe in Lhasa River Valley was taken as the research object,three grazing gradients were set,and the effect of different intensities of sheep grazing on the plant community and species diversity were analyzed by using the method of quadrat survey.The results showed that,the plant community height,Shannon-wiener index and Pielou index were significantly increased under grazing prohibited treatment,but Simpson index was significantly decreased with the lowest degree of species replacement.Shannon-wiener index,Pielou index and Simpson index were significantly decreased under moderate and heavy grazing treatments.Grazing can be an important factor that directly affects the important value of species and a direct driving force of species replacement.Enclosure increases vegetation community height and species diversity,reduces species turnover,and has a certain effect on repairing degraded grassland,but heavy grazing makes plants develop towards the direction of resistance to foraging,trampling and dwarfing,and reduces species diversity.
The influence of grazing on the temperate steppe in Tibet is complex and sensitive.The changes of plant community characteristics under different grazing intensities were studied in order to provide scientific baseline for species diversity protection and grazing management.In this paper,the temperate steppe in Lhasa River Valley was taken as the research object,three grazing gradients were set,and the effect of different intensities of sheep grazing on the plant community and species diversity were analyzed by using the method of quadrat survey.The results showed that,the plant community height,Shannon-wiener index and Pielou index were significantly increased under grazing prohibited treatment,but Simpson index was significantly decreased with the lowest degree of species replacement.Shannon-wiener index,Pielou index and Simpson index were significantly decreased under moderate and heavy grazing treatments.Grazing can be an important factor that directly affects the important value of species and a direct driving force of species replacement.Enclosure increases vegetation community height and species diversity,reduces species turnover,and has a certain effect on repairing degraded grassland,but heavy grazing makes plants develop towards the direction of resistance to foraging,trampling and dwarfing,and reduces species diversity.
引文
[1]初晓辉,谢勇,单贵莲,等.放牧和封育对青藏高原南缘亚高山草甸群落结构及物种多样性的影响[J].草地学报,2017(05):939-945
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[5]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,等.放牧干扰对东祁连山高寒草地植物群落物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005(06):789-796
[6]金艳梅,武俊喜,吴洪新,等.补饲对西藏彭波半细毛羊产肉性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(05):15-18
[7]李祥妹,赵卫,黄远林.基于生态系统承载能力核算的西藏高原草地资源区划研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(01):167-173
[8]赵卫,沈渭寿,刘波,等.西藏地区草地承载力及其时空变化[J].科学通报,2015,60(21):2014-2028
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[11]王明君,韩国栋,崔国文,等.放牧强度对草甸草原生产力和多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2010(05):862-868
[12]白永飞,邢雪荣,许志信,等.内蒙古高原针茅草原群落β多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,2000(03):408-412
[13]赵丽娅,钟韩珊,赵美玉,等.围封和放牧对科尔沁沙地群落物种多样性与地上生物量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018(10):1783-1790
[14]张爽,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原主要植物种群及群落地上现存量稳定性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017(06):26-32
[15]罗黎鸣,苗彦军,潘影,等.不同干扰强度对拉萨河谷草甸草原群落特征和功能性状的影响[J].草地学报,2015(06):1161-1166
[16]蒯晓妍,邢鹏飞,张晓琳,等.短期放牧强度对半干旱草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2018,26(06):1283-1289
[17]秦随涛,龙翠玲,吴邦利.地形部位对贵州茂兰喀斯特森林群落结构及物种多样性的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2018(07):18-26
[18]吕朋,左小安,岳喜元,等.科尔沁沙地封育过程中植被特征的动态变化[J].生态学杂志,2018(10):2880-2888
[19]朱昊,柯梅,李学森,等.放牧对蒿类荒漠草地植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响[J].草原与草坪,2017(04):68-73
[20]林丽,张德罡,曹广民,等.放牧强度对高寒嵩草草甸土壤养分特性的影响[J].生态学报,2016(15):4664-4671
[21]毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2006(08):2695-2701
[22]阿依谢姆·约麦尔,董乙强,安沙舟,等.短期围封对伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落特征及植被多样性的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2018(01):175-182
[2]张鹏莉.放牧对青藏高原草地植被群落结构特征的影响[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2013:39-40
[3]柴林荣,孙义,王宏,等.牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响[J].草业科学,2018(01):18-26
[4]王兴,宋乃平,杨新国,等.放牧扰动下草地植物多样性对土壤因子的响应[J].草业学报,2013(05):27-36
[5]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,等.放牧干扰对东祁连山高寒草地植物群落物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005(06):789-796
[6]金艳梅,武俊喜,吴洪新,等.补饲对西藏彭波半细毛羊产肉性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(05):15-18
[7]李祥妹,赵卫,黄远林.基于生态系统承载能力核算的西藏高原草地资源区划研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(01):167-173
[8]赵卫,沈渭寿,刘波,等.西藏地区草地承载力及其时空变化[J].科学通报,2015,60(21):2014-2028
[9]马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法(下)[J].生物多样性,1994(04):231-239
[10]马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅱβ多样性的测度方法[J].生物多样性,1995(01):38-43
[11]王明君,韩国栋,崔国文,等.放牧强度对草甸草原生产力和多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2010(05):862-868
[12]白永飞,邢雪荣,许志信,等.内蒙古高原针茅草原群落β多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,2000(03):408-412
[13]赵丽娅,钟韩珊,赵美玉,等.围封和放牧对科尔沁沙地群落物种多样性与地上生物量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018(10):1783-1790
[14]张爽,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原主要植物种群及群落地上现存量稳定性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017(06):26-32
[15]罗黎鸣,苗彦军,潘影,等.不同干扰强度对拉萨河谷草甸草原群落特征和功能性状的影响[J].草地学报,2015(06):1161-1166
[16]蒯晓妍,邢鹏飞,张晓琳,等.短期放牧强度对半干旱草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2018,26(06):1283-1289
[17]秦随涛,龙翠玲,吴邦利.地形部位对贵州茂兰喀斯特森林群落结构及物种多样性的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2018(07):18-26
[18]吕朋,左小安,岳喜元,等.科尔沁沙地封育过程中植被特征的动态变化[J].生态学杂志,2018(10):2880-2888
[19]朱昊,柯梅,李学森,等.放牧对蒿类荒漠草地植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响[J].草原与草坪,2017(04):68-73
[20]林丽,张德罡,曹广民,等.放牧强度对高寒嵩草草甸土壤养分特性的影响[J].生态学报,2016(15):4664-4671
[21]毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2006(08):2695-2701
[22]阿依谢姆·约麦尔,董乙强,安沙舟,等.短期围封对伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落特征及植被多样性的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2018(01):175-182