伴生芹菜和紫背天葵对连作豇豆生长发育及根际土壤环境的影响
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摘要
【目的】豇豆连年种植易造成产量减少、品质下降,经济效益低。研究伴生芹菜和紫背天葵对连作豇豆生长发育及根际土壤环境的影响,旨在为缓解豇豆连作障碍提供理论依据。【方法】采用豇豆连作土壤进行盆栽试验,设三个处理为豇豆单作(对照)、芹菜伴生豇豆、紫背天葵伴生豇豆。分析了不同处理豇豆生长指标、土壤微生物数量、土壤理化性质、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及产量。【结果】与单作相比,伴生芹菜处理显著提高了豇豆株高、茎粗、地上鲜重和地上干重23.98%、9.07%、16.14%和16.00%;伴生紫背天葵处理其株高、茎粗与单作无显著差异,地上鲜重和地上干重则显著低于单作。伴生芹菜处理根际土壤放线菌数量最高,较单作处理显著增加了10.06%;真菌数量最低,较单作处理显著降低了41.51%;细菌数量和单作处理之间无显著差别;而伴生紫背天葵处理其放线菌、真菌和细菌数量与单作相比均无显著差异。伴生紫背天葵处理其土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性最高,与单作处理相比,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别显著增加了7.07%、381.00%、21.63%和42.79%。伴生芹菜处理蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性较单作处理分别显著增加了162.48%、30.75%和35.27%,而脲酶活性与单作处理相比无显著差别。与单作相比,伴生芹菜和紫背天葵分别提高豇豆根际土壤pH 0.98%、1.23%;同时二者分别显著降低土壤电导率9.48%、8.34%。伴生芹菜处理豇豆叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量均显著高于其他处理;而伴生紫背天葵处理与单作相比不存在显著差异。伴生芹菜处理豇豆根际土壤过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性最高,与单作相比,分别显著增加了16.20%、73.49%和17.76%;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和单作处理之间不存在显著差异。伴生紫背天葵处理豇豆根际土壤CAT、GR活性相对于单作处理分别增加了97.12%、58.79%;POD、DHAR活性则与单作处理无显著差别。伴生芹菜和紫背天葵处理均能显著提升豇豆产量,前期分别增加了19.87%、19.61%,中期分别增加了18.22%、15.33%,后期分别增加了8.44%、12.70%。【结论】芹菜和紫背天葵伴生连作豇豆可以提高叶片抗氧化酶活性和根际土壤酶活性,改善根际土壤环境和微生物结构,且均能提高豇豆产量,有利于缓解连作障碍,其中以芹菜伴生处理效果较佳。
【Objectives】Continuous planting of cowpea would cause reduced yield, deteriorated quality and low economic benefit. Effects of growth and rhizosphere soil properties by celery and gynura bicolor as companion crops of continuous cropping cowpea were studied to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of cowpea. 【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted using the cowpea continuous cropping soil. There were three treatments, cowpea monoculture(control), celery and cowpea intercropping, and gynura bicolor and cowpea intercropping. Growth index, soil microbial quantity, soil physical and chemical property, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and yields in different treatments were investigated.【Results】 Compared with the monoculture control, the plant heights, stem diameters, fresh and dry weights of cowpea were significantly increased by 23.98%, 9.07%, 16.14% and 16.00% in the celery treatment, respectively;while the plant height and stem diameter were not increased significantly, and the shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly decreased in the bicolor treatment. The actinomyces population was significantly increased by10.06%, but the fungi population was significantly decreased by 41.51% in the soils of celery treatment. There was no significant difference in the population of bacteria between celery treatment and control, nor in the population of actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria between the bicolor treatment and the control. The activities of soil urease, invertase, polyphenol oxidase and acid phosphatase were the highest, and were increased by 7.07%,381.00%, 21.63% and 42.79% in bicolor treatment, and the activities of invertase, polyphenol oxidase and acid phosphatase and acid phosphatase were significantly increased by 162.48%, 30.75% and 35.27% in the celery treatment, respectively, while the urease activity had not been impacted significantly. The soil pH were significantly increased 0.98% and 1.23% of the accompanied celery and gynura bicolor treatments, while the soil conductivity were prominently decreased by 9.48%, 8.34% in the treatment of celery and biocolor, respectively.The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b of cowpea in celery treatment were significantly higher than in the other ones, and there were no significant differences between the later treatments. The activities of peroxidase(POD), glutathione reductase(GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR) of cowpea in the celery treatment were the highest, and were significantly increased by 16.20%, 73.49% and 17.76%, respectively,while the catalase(CAT) activity was slightly affected in the celery treatment. The activities of CAT and GR of cowpea in the bicolor treatment were significantly higher than those in control, which were increased by 97.12%and 58.79%, while the activities of POD and DHAR were not be affected significantly. The celery and bicolor treatment significantly improved the yield of cowpea, with increment of 19.87% and 19.61% at the early stage,18.22% and 15.33% at the middle stage and 8.44% and 12.70% at the later stage. 【Conclusions】 The accompanied growth of celery and gynura bicolor with continuous cropping cowpea could improve leaf antioxidant enzyme activities and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, improve the rhizosphere environment and microbial structure, as a result, alleviate the effect of continuous cropping obstacle. Celery performs better than gynura bicolor, so should be recommonded.
【Objectives】Continuous planting of cowpea would cause reduced yield, deteriorated quality and low economic benefit. Effects of growth and rhizosphere soil properties by celery and gynura bicolor as companion crops of continuous cropping cowpea were studied to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of cowpea. 【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted using the cowpea continuous cropping soil. There were three treatments, cowpea monoculture(control), celery and cowpea intercropping, and gynura bicolor and cowpea intercropping. Growth index, soil microbial quantity, soil physical and chemical property, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and yields in different treatments were investigated.【Results】 Compared with the monoculture control, the plant heights, stem diameters, fresh and dry weights of cowpea were significantly increased by 23.98%, 9.07%, 16.14% and 16.00% in the celery treatment, respectively;while the plant height and stem diameter were not increased significantly, and the shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly decreased in the bicolor treatment. The actinomyces population was significantly increased by10.06%, but the fungi population was significantly decreased by 41.51% in the soils of celery treatment. There was no significant difference in the population of bacteria between celery treatment and control, nor in the population of actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria between the bicolor treatment and the control. The activities of soil urease, invertase, polyphenol oxidase and acid phosphatase were the highest, and were increased by 7.07%,381.00%, 21.63% and 42.79% in bicolor treatment, and the activities of invertase, polyphenol oxidase and acid phosphatase and acid phosphatase were significantly increased by 162.48%, 30.75% and 35.27% in the celery treatment, respectively, while the urease activity had not been impacted significantly. The soil pH were significantly increased 0.98% and 1.23% of the accompanied celery and gynura bicolor treatments, while the soil conductivity were prominently decreased by 9.48%, 8.34% in the treatment of celery and biocolor, respectively.The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b of cowpea in celery treatment were significantly higher than in the other ones, and there were no significant differences between the later treatments. The activities of peroxidase(POD), glutathione reductase(GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR) of cowpea in the celery treatment were the highest, and were significantly increased by 16.20%, 73.49% and 17.76%, respectively,while the catalase(CAT) activity was slightly affected in the celery treatment. The activities of CAT and GR of cowpea in the bicolor treatment were significantly higher than those in control, which were increased by 97.12%and 58.79%, while the activities of POD and DHAR were not be affected significantly. The celery and bicolor treatment significantly improved the yield of cowpea, with increment of 19.87% and 19.61% at the early stage,18.22% and 15.33% at the middle stage and 8.44% and 12.70% at the later stage. 【Conclusions】 The accompanied growth of celery and gynura bicolor with continuous cropping cowpea could improve leaf antioxidant enzyme activities and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, improve the rhizosphere environment and microbial structure, as a result, alleviate the effect of continuous cropping obstacle. Celery performs better than gynura bicolor, so should be recommonded.
引文
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[3]Tiroesele B,Matshela O.The effect of companion planting on the abundance of cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae L.,on kale(Brassica oleracea var.acephala)[J].Journal of Plant and Pest Science,2015,2(3):57-65.
[4]Yang R P,Mo Y L,Liu C M,et al.The effects of cattle manure and garlic rotation on soil under continuous cropping of watermelon(Citrullus lanatus L.)[J].PLoS One,2016,11(6):e0156515.
[5]Gao D M,Zhou X G,Duan Y D,et al.Wheat cover crop promoted cucumber seedling growth through regulating soil nutrient resources or soil microbial communities?[J].Plant&Soil,2017,418:1-17.
[6]Razze J M,Liburd O E,Webb S E.Intercropping buckwheat with squash to reduce insect pests and disease incidence and increase yield[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2016,40(8):863-891.
[7]Ahmad A A,Radovich T J K,Hue N V.Effect of intercropping three legume species on growth and yield of sweet corn(Zea mays)in Hawaii[J].Journal of Crop Improvement,2015,29(3):370-378.
[8]Fu X P,Wu X,Zhou X G,et al.Companion cropping with potato onion enhances the disease resistance of tomato against verticillium dahliae[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2015,6(1):726.
[9]吴瑕,吴凤芝,周新刚.分蘖洋葱伴生对番茄矿质养分吸收及灰霉病发生的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):734-742.Wu X,Wu F Z,Zhou X G.Effect of intercropping with tillered onion on mineral nutrient uptake and gray mold disease occurrence of tomato[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(3):734-742.
[10]徐伟慧,吴凤芝.西瓜根际土壤酶及微生物对小麦伴生的响应[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(9):1588-1594.Xu W H,Wu F Z.Response of soil enzymes activities and microorganism in rhizosphere of watermelon to wheat as companion crop[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2016,28(9):1588-1594.
[11]衡森,周福才,陈学好,等.芹菜不同种植方式对3种蔬菜田烟粉虱的控制作用[J].植物保护,2017,43(3):110-113.Heng S,Zhou F C,CHEN X H,et al.Control effects of different planting ways of celery on Bemisia tabaci on three vegetable species[J].Plant Protection,2017,43(3):110-113.
[12]赵晴.伴生弱选择性蔬菜对黄瓜烟粉虱的防治作用及其机理初步研究[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Zhao Q.The effect of less preferred vegetables against the Bemisia tabaci on cucumber and a preliminary study on its mechanism.[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2014.
[13]王东凯,杨威,吴凤芝,等.不同栽培方式对设施黄瓜主要病害及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2012,(9):10-13.Wang D K,Yang W,Wu F Z,et al.Effect of different cultivation modes on cucumber growth and the numbers of culturable rhizosphere soil microorganisms[J].Northern Horticulture,2012,(9):10-13.
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