太湖流域沉积物中有机氯农药空间分布特征及风险评价
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摘要
为了解太湖流域表层沉积物中有机氯农药的空间分布和污染特征,采集全流域111个表层沉积物样品,用GC-μECD分析了20种有机氯农药的含量,并基于沉积物质量基准法对沉积物污染风险进行评价。结果表明:太湖流域沉积物中20种有机氯农药(OCPs)的总含量介于16. 3～96. 9 ng/g dw之间,平均值为35. 0ng/g dw,其中HCHs和DDTs是主要的检出成分,平均含量分别为12. 1、7. 6 ng/g dw,两者含量之和占总OCPs的25. 5%～85. 5%。特征化合物指数法分析结果表明,HCHs主要来源于林丹,而且该区域仍然有新的DDT输入,并且大部分p,p’-DDT通过好氧生物降解为p,p’-DDE。沉积物质量基准法评价结果显示,γ-HCH、DDTs潜在生物毒性较大。
Shallow lakes are important freshwater resources and have the functions of flood,transportation,agriculture,aquaculture,tourism,drinking and ecological protection. The environmental quality of shallow lakes is highly related to human health and sustainable development of social economy. Rapid urbanization and economic development have resulted,progressively,in deteriorating freshwater conditions. Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In order to characterize the the pollution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Lake Taihu,32 and 79 sediment samples were collected in May 2013 from Lake Taihu and its tributary rivers,respectively. The contents of twenty organochlorine pesticides in the samples were analyzed by GC-μECD and the risk of sediment contamination was evaluated using sediment quality guidelines( SQGs). The results showed that OCPs were detected in all sediment samples,with residual values ranging from 16. 3 to 96. 9 ng/g dw,and the average content was 35. 0 ng/g dw. HCHs and DDTs were the major components,and the average contents were 12. 1 and 7. 6 ng/g dw,respectively. The content of HCHs and DDTs accounted for 25. 5% to 85. 5% of the total OCPs. The ratios of certain metabolites to their parent compounds indicated that the main source of HCHs was lindane,and lindane is still in use recently. There are still new inputs of parent DDT compound in Taihu Lake Basin,which might come from antifouling paints in fishing ships or other pesticides containing DDT,such as dicofol. A sediment risk assessment based on sediment quality guidelines( SQGs) suggested that γ-HCH and DDTs could be potential contaminants of greater ecotoxicological concern.
Shallow lakes are important freshwater resources and have the functions of flood,transportation,agriculture,aquaculture,tourism,drinking and ecological protection. The environmental quality of shallow lakes is highly related to human health and sustainable development of social economy. Rapid urbanization and economic development have resulted,progressively,in deteriorating freshwater conditions. Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In order to characterize the the pollution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Lake Taihu,32 and 79 sediment samples were collected in May 2013 from Lake Taihu and its tributary rivers,respectively. The contents of twenty organochlorine pesticides in the samples were analyzed by GC-μECD and the risk of sediment contamination was evaluated using sediment quality guidelines( SQGs). The results showed that OCPs were detected in all sediment samples,with residual values ranging from 16. 3 to 96. 9 ng/g dw,and the average content was 35. 0 ng/g dw. HCHs and DDTs were the major components,and the average contents were 12. 1 and 7. 6 ng/g dw,respectively. The content of HCHs and DDTs accounted for 25. 5% to 85. 5% of the total OCPs. The ratios of certain metabolites to their parent compounds indicated that the main source of HCHs was lindane,and lindane is still in use recently. There are still new inputs of parent DDT compound in Taihu Lake Basin,which might come from antifouling paints in fishing ships or other pesticides containing DDT,such as dicofol. A sediment risk assessment based on sediment quality guidelines( SQGs) suggested that γ-HCH and DDTs could be potential contaminants of greater ecotoxicological concern.
引文
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[7]亓学奎,马召辉,王英,等.太湖沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].环境化学,2015,34(5):918-924.QI X K,MA Z H,WANG Y,et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(5):918-924.
[8]朱洁羽,王栋,王远坤,等.太湖流域持久性有机污染物特征分析和生态与健康风险评价[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2016,52(2):370-381.ZHU J Y,WANG D,WANG Y K,et al.Comprehensive analysis and ecological and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Taihu Lake Basin[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),2016,52(2):370-381.
[9]曾祥英,刘静,何丽雄,等.太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):465-472.ZENG X Y,LIU J,HE L X,et al.Occurrence of organic pollutants in sediments from several river mouths in western part of Taihu Lake and their potential environmental significance[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(2):465-472.
[10]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].第二版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.JIN X C,TU Q Y.The standard methods in lake eutrophication investigation[M].Second edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[11]范成新.湖泊沉积物调查规范[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.FAN C X.The standard methods in lake sediment investigation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2018.
[12]LONG E R.,MACDONALD D D,SMITH S L,et al.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[13]MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A.Development and evaluation of consensus-Based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[14]赵中华,张路,于鑫,等.太湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及遗传毒性初步研究[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(5):579-584.ZHAO Z H,ZHNAG L,YU X,et al.Distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues and potential genotoxicity in surface sediments from Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(5):579-584.
[15]王会霞,马玉龙,李光耀,等.黄河流域有机氯农药的浓度水平及污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(11):160-166.WANG H X,MA Y L,LI G Y,et al.Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Yellow River Basin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(11):160-166.
[16]杨海君,张海涛,刘亚宾,等.洞庭湖沉积物中持久性有机有毒物质的分布、评价与源解析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1530-1539.YANG H J,ZHANG H T,LIU Y B,et al.Distribution,assessment and sources analysis of persistent organic toxic chemicals in sediments of Dongting Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1530-1539.
[17]姜珊,孙丙华,徐彪,等.巢湖主要湖口水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1228-1236.JIANG S,SUN B H,XU B,et al.Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in water and surface sediment from main estuaries of Chaohu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1228-1236.
[18]张晓岚,顾越,李晓静,等.淀山湖表层水、沉积物和鱼体中有机氯农药的时空变化及人体暴露风险[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(2):122-130.ZHANG X L,GU Y,LI X J,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of organochlorine pesticides in surface water,sediments and fishes collected from Dianshan Lake and the associated human health risk[J].Journal of Shanghai University(Natural Science),2016,22(2):122-130.
[19]林田,马传良,王丽芳,等.滇池沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留特征与风险评估[J].地球与环境,2014,42(5):625-630.LIN T,MA C L,WANG L F,et al.Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl in surface sediments of Dianchi Lake:The distribution and risk assessment[J].Earth and Environment,2014,42(5):625-630.
[20]乔敏,王春霞,黄圣彪,等.太湖梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药的残留现状[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):592-595.QIAO M,WANG C X,HUANG S B,et al.Present residual state of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments of Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(5):592-595.
[2]郦倩玉,赵中华,蒋豫,等.鄱阳湖周溪湾沉积物中有机氯农药和多环芳烃的垂直分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(4):765-774.LI Q Y,ZHAO Z H,JIANG Y,et al.Distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in water sources of Taihu Lake Basin[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(4):765-774.
[3]邢晓轲.水产品中重金属与有机氯农药残留分析[J].湖南城市学院学报(自然科学版),2016,25(4):87-88.XING X K.Analysis of heavy metals and chlorination pesticide residues in aquatic products[J].Journal of Hunan City University(Natural Science),2016,25(4):87-88.
[4]王江涛,谭丽菊,张文浩,等.青岛近海沉积物中多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(11):2713-2722.WANG J T,TAN L J,ZHANG W H,et al.Concentrations and distribution characteristic of PAHs,PCBs and OCPs in the surface sediments of Qingtao coastal area[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(11):2713-2722.
[5]史双昕,周丽,邵丁丁,等.长江下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况及风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(1):7-13.SHI S X,ZHOU L,SHAO D D,et al.Residues and risk evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(1):7-13.
[6]王雁,何伟,秦宁,等.巢湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(2):308-316.WANG Y,HE W,QIN N,et al.Residual levels and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Lake Chaohu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(2):308-316.
[7]亓学奎,马召辉,王英,等.太湖沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].环境化学,2015,34(5):918-924.QI X K,MA Z H,WANG Y,et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(5):918-924.
[8]朱洁羽,王栋,王远坤,等.太湖流域持久性有机污染物特征分析和生态与健康风险评价[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2016,52(2):370-381.ZHU J Y,WANG D,WANG Y K,et al.Comprehensive analysis and ecological and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Taihu Lake Basin[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),2016,52(2):370-381.
[9]曾祥英,刘静,何丽雄,等.太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):465-472.ZENG X Y,LIU J,HE L X,et al.Occurrence of organic pollutants in sediments from several river mouths in western part of Taihu Lake and their potential environmental significance[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(2):465-472.
[10]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].第二版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.JIN X C,TU Q Y.The standard methods in lake eutrophication investigation[M].Second edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[11]范成新.湖泊沉积物调查规范[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.FAN C X.The standard methods in lake sediment investigation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2018.
[12]LONG E R.,MACDONALD D D,SMITH S L,et al.Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[13]MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A.Development and evaluation of consensus-Based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[14]赵中华,张路,于鑫,等.太湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及遗传毒性初步研究[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(5):579-584.ZHAO Z H,ZHNAG L,YU X,et al.Distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues and potential genotoxicity in surface sediments from Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(5):579-584.
[15]王会霞,马玉龙,李光耀,等.黄河流域有机氯农药的浓度水平及污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(11):160-166.WANG H X,MA Y L,LI G Y,et al.Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Yellow River Basin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(11):160-166.
[16]杨海君,张海涛,刘亚宾,等.洞庭湖沉积物中持久性有机有毒物质的分布、评价与源解析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1530-1539.YANG H J,ZHANG H T,LIU Y B,et al.Distribution,assessment and sources analysis of persistent organic toxic chemicals in sediments of Dongting Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1530-1539.
[17]姜珊,孙丙华,徐彪,等.巢湖主要湖口水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1228-1236.JIANG S,SUN B H,XU B,et al.Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in water and surface sediment from main estuaries of Chaohu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1228-1236.
[18]张晓岚,顾越,李晓静,等.淀山湖表层水、沉积物和鱼体中有机氯农药的时空变化及人体暴露风险[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(2):122-130.ZHANG X L,GU Y,LI X J,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of organochlorine pesticides in surface water,sediments and fishes collected from Dianshan Lake and the associated human health risk[J].Journal of Shanghai University(Natural Science),2016,22(2):122-130.
[19]林田,马传良,王丽芳,等.滇池沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留特征与风险评估[J].地球与环境,2014,42(5):625-630.LIN T,MA C L,WANG L F,et al.Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl in surface sediments of Dianchi Lake:The distribution and risk assessment[J].Earth and Environment,2014,42(5):625-630.
[20]乔敏,王春霞,黄圣彪,等.太湖梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药的残留现状[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):592-595.QIAO M,WANG C X,HUANG S B,et al.Present residual state of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments of Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(5):592-595.