太行山东麓煤矿区气溶胶重金属元素污染特征及来源分析
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摘要
为了探究太行山东麓煤矿区气溶胶中重金属元素的污染特征及来源,于2017年春、夏、秋、冬四季分别在峰峰矿区采集PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测试样品中的重金属元素,分析讨论PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属元素的污染特征。结果表明,峰峰矿区春、夏、秋、冬四个季节PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度分别为84、108、107和174μg/m~3,春、夏、秋季PM_(10)质量浓度分别为204、177和179μg/m~3,均超过我国环境质量二级标准,表明矿区大气污染较为严重;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的比值夏秋季明显高于春季,这可能与夏秋季强烈的光化学反应生成大量二次粒子有关;峰峰矿区PM_(2.5)中Zn元素含量最高,Pb次之,其他元素含量由高到低依次为Mn、Cr、Cu、As、Mo、V、Sn、Ni、Cd、Co。PM_(10)中Zn元素含量最高,Mn次之,其他元素含量由高到低依次为Pb、Cr、Cu、V、As、Mo、Ni、Sn、Cd、Co。峰峰矿区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中Cd元素的富集系数超过100,严重富集,明显受到人为活动影响;Mo、Pb、Sn、Zn元素富集系数均超过了10,表明Mo、Pb、Sn、Zn等四种元素在峰峰矿区轻微富集,受到人为活动影响;Cu、As、Cr、Ni、V、Mn、Co元素的富集系数小于10,表明Cu、As、Cr、Ni、V、Mn、Co这七种元素主要来自于地壳。
In order to study the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in aerosol in the coal mine area of eastern foot of Taihang Mountain,PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples were collected in Fengfeng mining area of Handan,China in 2017. The heavy metal contents in the sample were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The mean mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in spring,summer,autumn and winter in Fengfeng mining area were 84、108、107 and174 μg/m~3 respectively. The PM_(10) mean mass concentration in spring,summer and autumn were 204,177 and 179 μg/m~3 respectively. PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) mass concentration exceeded Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards(grade-Ⅱ),it indicated that air pollution in coal mining area was more serious. The ratio of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) in summer and autumn was obviously higher than that in spring,which may be related to the strong photochemical reaction in summer and autumn. The metal contents of Zn in PM_(2.5) in Fengfeng mining area were the highest,and the contents of other elements from high to low are Pb,Mn,Cr,Cu,As,Mo,V,Sn,Ni,Cd,Co,etc. The content of Zn in PM_(10) was the highest,followed by Mn,the contents of other elements ranged from high to low in order of Pb,Cr,Cu,V,As,Mo,Ni,Sn,Cd,Co,and so on. The enrichment coefficient of Cd elements in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in Fengfeng mining area was more than 100,which is seriously enriched and influenced by human activities. The enrichment coefficient of Mo,Pb,Sn and Zn elements were more than 10,which indicated that Mo,Pb,Sn and Zn were slightly enriched in Fengfeng mining area and were affected by human activities. The enrichment factors of As,Cr,Ni,V,Mn and Co were less than 10,which indicated that the seven elements of Cu,As,Cr,Ni,V,Mn and Co mainly come from the crust.
In order to study the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in aerosol in the coal mine area of eastern foot of Taihang Mountain,PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples were collected in Fengfeng mining area of Handan,China in 2017. The heavy metal contents in the sample were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The mean mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in spring,summer,autumn and winter in Fengfeng mining area were 84、108、107 and174 μg/m~3 respectively. The PM_(10) mean mass concentration in spring,summer and autumn were 204,177 and 179 μg/m~3 respectively. PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) mass concentration exceeded Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards(grade-Ⅱ),it indicated that air pollution in coal mining area was more serious. The ratio of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) in summer and autumn was obviously higher than that in spring,which may be related to the strong photochemical reaction in summer and autumn. The metal contents of Zn in PM_(2.5) in Fengfeng mining area were the highest,and the contents of other elements from high to low are Pb,Mn,Cr,Cu,As,Mo,V,Sn,Ni,Cd,Co,etc. The content of Zn in PM_(10) was the highest,followed by Mn,the contents of other elements ranged from high to low in order of Pb,Cr,Cu,V,As,Mo,Ni,Sn,Cd,Co,and so on. The enrichment coefficient of Cd elements in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in Fengfeng mining area was more than 100,which is seriously enriched and influenced by human activities. The enrichment coefficient of Mo,Pb,Sn and Zn elements were more than 10,which indicated that Mo,Pb,Sn and Zn were slightly enriched in Fengfeng mining area and were affected by human activities. The enrichment factors of As,Cr,Ni,V,Mn and Co were less than 10,which indicated that the seven elements of Cu,As,Cr,Ni,V,Mn and Co mainly come from the crust.
引文
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[27]ZHAO Y,GAO Y. Mass Size Distributions Of Watersoluble Inorganic And Organic Ions In Size-segregated AerosolsOverMetropolitanNewarkIn TheUsEast Coast[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(18):4063-4078.
[2]付桂琴,赵春生,张迎新,等.河北省霾日变化趋势及成因初步分析[C]//中国气象学会2012城市气象论坛.2012.
[3]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[4] MOHANRA JR, AZEEZPA, PRISCILL AT.Heavymetalsinairborneparticulatematterofurban Coimbatore[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2004,47(2):162-167.
[5]LIU W,HOU X,LIU D,et al. S100βin heavy metalrelated child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an informal e-waste recycling area[J]. Neurotoxicology,2014,45(4):185-191.
[6]YANG H,HUO X,YEKEEN T A,et al. Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2013,20(7):4441-4447.
[7]ZHANG Y,HUO X,CAO J,et al. Elevated lead levels and adverse effects on natural killer cells in children from anelectronicwasterecyclingarea[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:143-150.
[8]COSSELMAN K E,NAVASACIEN A,KAUFMAN J D.Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease[J]. Nature Reviews Cardiology,2015,12(11):627-642.
[9]NORDBERGGF,GOYERR,NORDBERGM.Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmiumchlorideonmousekidney[J]. Archivesof Pathology,1975,99(4):192-197.
[10]SATARUG S,BAKER J R,URBENJAPOL S,et al.A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population[J]. Toxicology Letters,2003,137(1-2):65-83.
[11]KADIRVELR,SUNDARAMK,MANIS,etal.Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol prevents arsenic-induced protein oxidation and DNA damageinducedbyarsenicinrats[J].Human&Experimental Toxicology,2007,26(12):939-946.
[12]YANG G Q,ZHOU R H. Further observations on the humanmaximumsafedietaryseleniumintakeina seleniferous area of China[J]. Journal of Trace Elements&Electrolytes in Health&Disease,1994,8(3-4):159-165.
[13]REILLYC.SeleniuminFoodandHealth[M].2nd ed.Springer:New York Conor,2006.
[14]AL-AHMARY K M. Selenium content in selected foods from the Saudi Arabia market and estimation of the daily intake[J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry,2009,2(2):95-99.
[15]FOSTERLH,SUMARS.Seleniuminhealthand disease:a review[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science&Nutrition,1997,37(3):211-228.
[16]ELLIS D R,SALT D E. Plants,selenium and human health[J].CurrentOpinioninPlantBiology,2003,6(3):273-279.
[17]张蓉.中国气溶胶中重金属的特征、来源及其长途传输对城市空气质量及海域生态环境的可能影响[D].上海:复旦大学,2011.
[18]邓丛蕊.中国大气气溶胶中生物质燃烧的源追踪及灰霾的形成机制[D].上海:复旦大学,2011.
[19]XIAO R,CHEN X,WANG F,et al.The physicochemical properties of different biomass ashes at different ashing temperature[J].RenewableEnergy,2011,36(11):244-249.
[20]LASKIN A,COWIN J P,IEDEMA M J. Analysis of individual environmental particles using modern methods of electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis[J].J o u r n a lo fE l e c t r o nS p e c t r o s c o p ya n dR e l a t e d Phenomena,2006,150(2):260-274.
[21]张元勋,王荫淞,李德禄,等.上海冬季大气可吸入颗粒物的PIXE研究[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(Z):1-5.
[22]牛生杰,张澄昌.贺兰山地区春季沙尘气溶胶的化学组分和富集因子分析[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(3):264-268.
[23]中国环境监测总站.中国元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[24]KYLLNENK,KARLSSON V,RUOHO-AIROLA T.Trace element deposition and trends during a ten year period in Finland[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(7):2260-2269.
[25]GB3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].
[26]张芬芬,王丽涛,苏捷,等.邯郸市PM2.5中含碳组分的特征及来源分析[J].环境科学与技术,2015,38(8):94-100.
[27]ZHAO Y,GAO Y. Mass Size Distributions Of Watersoluble Inorganic And Organic Ions In Size-segregated AerosolsOverMetropolitanNewarkIn TheUsEast Coast[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(18):4063-4078.