口含烟对人口腔致病菌的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究口含烟对人口腔卫生的影响。【方法】将3种不同类型口含烟(胶基型、袋装型、含片型)提取物和传统卷烟烟气总粒相物(TPM)基于烟碱含量配成不同浓度,研究其对变形链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌的抑菌效应。选取20名志愿者吸食3种口含烟和传统卷烟,以吐取法采集吸食前5 min和吸食后0～2min,2～5 min,5～10 min,10～15min,90～95 min共6个时间段的唾液,提取唾液中细菌DNA,通过实时荧光定量PCR(探针法)检测各时间节点总细菌、变形链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌水平。【结果】(1)3种口含烟在体外对2种细菌无抑菌作用,普通卷烟TPM有一定抑菌作用。(2)吸食袋装型、含片型口含烟和传统卷烟后,唾液中细菌总量短期有所降低,但1 h后均恢复至使用前水平。牙龈卟啉单胞菌与变形链球菌量变化趋势与总细菌基本一致。【结论】口含烟及传统卷烟在吸食后短期内对口腔微生物有抑制作用。
To explore the effect of oral smokeless tobacco(SLT) product on oral hygiene. Extracts of three different types of SLT, i.e. gel-based-type, bag-type, and fl ake-type, and traditional cigarette smoke total particulate matter(TPM) were formulated into different concentrations based on nicotine content, and antibacterial eff ect on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis was studied.Twenty volunteers were asked to take 3 types SLT or traditional cigarettes. Results were collected 5 minutes before intake and 0～2min, 2～5min, 5～10min, 10～15min, 90～95 min. after intake of tobacco. Bacterial DNA in saliva was extracted, and total bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis levels at each time point were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(probe method). Results showed:(1) 3 types SLT had no signifi cant eff ect on the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivali and Streptococcus mutans, but TPM had some inhibitory effect.(2) Total bacteria in saliva slightly decreased in the short-term after using SLT(gel-based-type and fl ake-type) and traditional cigarette, but after 1h both returned to pre-use levels. The change of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutanswas almost consistent with that of total bacteria. It was concluded that the use of SLT and traditional cigarettes will have a short-term inhibitory effect on oral microbiological content.
To explore the effect of oral smokeless tobacco(SLT) product on oral hygiene. Extracts of three different types of SLT, i.e. gel-based-type, bag-type, and fl ake-type, and traditional cigarette smoke total particulate matter(TPM) were formulated into different concentrations based on nicotine content, and antibacterial eff ect on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis was studied.Twenty volunteers were asked to take 3 types SLT or traditional cigarettes. Results were collected 5 minutes before intake and 0～2min, 2～5min, 5～10min, 10～15min, 90～95 min. after intake of tobacco. Bacterial DNA in saliva was extracted, and total bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis levels at each time point were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(probe method). Results showed:(1) 3 types SLT had no signifi cant eff ect on the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivali and Streptococcus mutans, but TPM had some inhibitory effect.(2) Total bacteria in saliva slightly decreased in the short-term after using SLT(gel-based-type and fl ake-type) and traditional cigarette, but after 1h both returned to pre-use levels. The change of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutanswas almost consistent with that of total bacteria. It was concluded that the use of SLT and traditional cigarettes will have a short-term inhibitory effect on oral microbiological content.
引文
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[14]Gao Q,Li X,Huang H,et al.The Efficacy of a Chewing Gum Containing Phyllanthus emblica,Fruit Extract in Improving Oral Health[J].Current Microbiology,2018,75(5):604-610.
[15]Liu S T,Nemeth J M,Klein E G,et al.Ri sk perceptions of smokeless tobacco among adolescents and adult users and nonusers[J].Journal of Health Communication,2015,20(5):599-606.
[16]Jing H,Sanad Y M,Deck J,et al.Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products[J].Appl Environ Micr obiol,2016,82(20):6273.
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[21]Keene K,Johnson R B.The effect of nicotine on growth of Streptococcus mutans[J].Miss Dent Assoc J,1999,55(4):38-39.
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[23]Eggert F M,Mcleod M H,Flowerdew G.Effects of smoking and treatment status on periodontal bacteria:evidence that smoking infl uences control of periodontal bacteria at the mucosal surface of the gingival crevice[J].Journal of Periodontology,2001,72(9):1210.
[24]Bernzweig E,Payne J B,Reinhardt R A,et al.Nicotine and smokeless tobacco effects on gingival and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.[J].Journal of Clinical Periodontology,2010,25(3):246-252.
[25]Sintija M,Rostoka D,Skadiń?I,et al.The Oral Microbiome of Smokeless Tobacco Users in Latvia[J].Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences,2017,71(1/2).
[2]齐乃申.吸烟与牙周病关系临床调查[J].临床军医杂志,2017,45(1):86-87.QI Naishen.Relationship between smoking and periodontal d i s e a s e s:a c l i n i c a l s u r v e y.C l i n i c a l J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l Offi cers.2017,45(1):86-87.
[3]葛子铭,赵海礁,杨雪,等.吸烟对慢性牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损影响研究[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2015,8(1):17-21.GE Ziming,ZHAO Haijiao,YANG Xue,et al.Eff ect of smoking on alveolar bone defect in patients with chronic periodontitis.Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology.2015,8(1):17-21.
[4]孙静华,李仪红,侯本祥.龋病和牙周病主要致病菌分布的影响因素[J].北京口腔医学,2017,25(3):156-165.SUN Jinghua,LI Yihong,HOU Benxiang.The factors affecting the distribution of dental caries and periodontal pathogens.Beijing Journal of Stomatology.2017,25(3):156-165.
[5]刘亚丽,洪群业,郑路,等.无烟气烟草制品技术发展现状及趋势研究[J].中国烟草学报,2015,21(3):134-139.LIU Yali,HONG Qunye,ZHENG Lu,et al.Technological development of smokeless tobacco products status quo and trend.Acta Tabacaria Sinica.2015,21(3):134-139.
[6]Seema Mutti,Jessica L Reid,Prakash C Gupta,et al.Perceived effectiveness of text and pictorial health warnings for smokeless tobacco packages in Navi Mumbai,India,and Dhaka,Bangladesh:findings from an experimental study[J].Tobacco Control,2015,33(3):437-443.
[7]Jacks SC,Schroeder KL,Rosen S:In vitro effects of smokeless tobacco on cariogenic L.casei(abstract 1668)[J].J Dent Res 1989,68:390.
[8]Falkler WA,Zimmerman ML,Martin SA,Hall ER:The effect of smokeless-tobacco extracts on the growth of oral bacteria of the genus Streptococcus[J].Archives of Oral Biology 1987,32(3):221-223.
[9]Ayo-Yusuf OA,Van Wyk C,Van Wyk CW,De Wet I:Smokeless tobacco products on the South African market do not inhibit oral bacterial flora:a pilot study[J].Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 2005,20(4):136-139.
[10]Yoshida A,Suzuki N,Nakano Y,et al.Development of a 5′Nuclease-Based Real-Time PCR Assay for Quantitative Detection of Cariogenic Dental Pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus[J].J ournal of Clinical Microbiology,2003,41(9):4438.
[11]耿莹,王晓茜,李璐,等.实时荧光定量PCR检测牙周炎患者龈下菌斑的分布[J].口腔医学,2014,34(9):646-650.GENG Ying,WANG Xiaoqian,LI Lu et al.Real-time quantitative PCR for distribution of subgingival microbiota in periodontitis patients[J].Stomatology.2014,34(9):646-650.
[12]夭建华,李雪梅,缪明明,等.YQ 2-2011,烟草及烟草制品烟气安全性生物学评价第1部分:中性红细胞毒性法[S].中国烟草总公司企业标准.YAO Jianhua,LI Xuemei,MIAO Mingming,et al.YQ 2-2011.Tobacco and tobacco products-biological evaluation of tobacco smoke-Part 1:Neutral red uptake assay[S].China Tobcco Standard.
[13]谢笑天,越革玲.高效液相色谱法测定卷烟烟气总粒相物中的烟碱[J].分析化学,2000,28(9):1085-1087.XIE Xiaotian,YUE Geling.Separation and Determination of Nicotine in Total Particulate Matter of Cigarette Gas by High Performance Liquid[J].Chinese Journa l of Analytical Chemistry.2000,28(9):1085-1087.
[14]Gao Q,Li X,Huang H,et al.The Efficacy of a Chewing Gum Containing Phyllanthus emblica,Fruit Extract in Improving Oral Health[J].Current Microbiology,2018,75(5):604-610.
[15]Liu S T,Nemeth J M,Klein E G,et al.Ri sk perceptions of smokeless tobacco among adolescents and adult users and nonusers[J].Journal of Health Communication,2015,20(5):599-606.
[16]Jing H,Sanad Y M,Deck J,et al.Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products[J].Appl Environ Micr obiol,2016,82(20):6273.
[17]Min L,Jin J,Pan H,et al.Effect of smokeless tobacco products on human oral bacteria growth and viability[J].Anaerobe,2016,42:152-161.
[18]Smyth E M,Kulkarni P,Claye E,et al.Smokeless tobacco products harbor diverse bacterial microbiota that differ across products and brands.[J].Applied Microbiology&Biotechnology,2017,101(3):1-13.
[19]Joshi P S,Chougule M,Reader S G J,et al.Smokeless tobaccoammunition against dental caries?A microbial study.[J].British Microbiology Research Journal,2015.
[20]Tandon A,Singh N N,Sreedhar G.Revealing anti-cariogenic effi cacy of smokeless tobacco:A pilot study[J].Journal of Oral&Maxillofacial Pathology Jomfp,2013,17(1):57-60.
[21]Keene K,Johnson R B.The effect of nicotine on growth of Streptococcus mutans[J].Miss Dent Assoc J,1999,55(4):38-39.
[22]Zambon J J,Grossi S G,Machtei E E,et al.Cigarette Smoking Increases the Risk for Subgingival Infection With Periodontal P a t h o g e n s.[J].J o u r n a l o f P e r i o d o n t o l o g y,1 9 9 6,6 7(1 0Suppl):1050-1054.
[23]Eggert F M,Mcleod M H,Flowerdew G.Effects of smoking and treatment status on periodontal bacteria:evidence that smoking infl uences control of periodontal bacteria at the mucosal surface of the gingival crevice[J].Journal of Periodontology,2001,72(9):1210.
[24]Bernzweig E,Payne J B,Reinhardt R A,et al.Nicotine and smokeless tobacco effects on gingival and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.[J].Journal of Clinical Periodontology,2010,25(3):246-252.
[25]Sintija M,Rostoka D,Skadiń?I,et al.The Oral Microbiome of Smokeless Tobacco Users in Latvia[J].Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences,2017,71(1/2).