奥尔森参与成本与非强制集体行动理论再勘察:风险投资的角度
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摘要
奥尔森基于自愿性特征把集体行动分为强制集体行动和非强制集体行动,非强制集体行动亦即自愿性集体行动。奥尔森在辨析集体行动的困境时,认为群体规模是导致这一困境的重要甚至是决定性诱因。对于这一观点,学界一直不敢苟同,因为"他忽视了太多的有效变量"。基于此,可把非强制集体行动视为一种风险投资,论证参与成本大小是影响理性人决定是否参与这种风险投资的主要因素。实际上,除了作为关键变量的参与成本之外,对非强制集体行动参与有影响的因素还包括预期收益(率)、风险因素,以及奥尔森所强调的群体规模等多个变量。在集体物品供给过程中理性人有搭便车的倾向,关于这一点我们和奥尔森的认知是一样的,但在搭便车现象的解释上,我们与奥尔森有较大差异:奥尔森强调的是群体规模,我们强调的是参与成本。
Mancur Olson divided collective actions into two types, namely obligatory and non-obligatory,the later of which, according to the characteristics of voluntary, is referred to as voluntary collective actions.When differentiating and analyzing the predicaments in collective actions, Olson observed that the majority of the cases or even in some, the decisive inducement thereof lies in the population size, which, however, is begged to differ by the academic circles all through to his neglect of"so many efficient variables". This paper observes the non-obligatory collective actions as a kind of venture investment, and argues that the amount of the participation costs serves as the major factor for the rational man to determine whether to be involved in the venture investment or not. As a matter of fact, apart from the participation costs which is the key variable,factors including prospective returns(rate), risk factors, and combined effects produced from differed variables such as group size, which is emphasized by Olson, also have influence in this regard. This paper shares the same idea with Olson's in that during the process of the supply of collective goods, rational man tends to be free rider. When it comes to the interpretation of the free-riding phenomena, however, this paper holds major difference for the reason that it emphasizes on the part of participation costs instead of the group size put forward by Olson.
Mancur Olson divided collective actions into two types, namely obligatory and non-obligatory,the later of which, according to the characteristics of voluntary, is referred to as voluntary collective actions.When differentiating and analyzing the predicaments in collective actions, Olson observed that the majority of the cases or even in some, the decisive inducement thereof lies in the population size, which, however, is begged to differ by the academic circles all through to his neglect of"so many efficient variables". This paper observes the non-obligatory collective actions as a kind of venture investment, and argues that the amount of the participation costs serves as the major factor for the rational man to determine whether to be involved in the venture investment or not. As a matter of fact, apart from the participation costs which is the key variable,factors including prospective returns(rate), risk factors, and combined effects produced from differed variables such as group size, which is emphasized by Olson, also have influence in this regard. This paper shares the same idea with Olson's in that during the process of the supply of collective goods, rational man tends to be free rider. When it comes to the interpretation of the free-riding phenomena, however, this paper holds major difference for the reason that it emphasizes on the part of participation costs instead of the group size put forward by Olson.
引文
(1)赵鼎新:《集体行动、搭便车理论与形式社会学方法》,《社会学研究》2006年第1期。
(1)易宪容:《权力运作与经济繁荣》,《国际经济评论》2001年第C2期。
(2)高春芽:《理性的人与非理性的社会——奥尔森集体行动理论研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2009年版,第1页。
(3)李政军:《奥尔森集体行动理论述评》,《南京审计学院学报》2010年第4期。
(4)杨光斌:《奥尔森集体行动理论的贡献与误区——一种新制度主义的解读》,《教学与研究》2006年第1期。
(5)时影:《奥尔森集体行动理论的贡献与局限——基于政治学的考察》,《学习月刊》2010年第8期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,吕应中、陈槐庆、吴栋、孙礼照译:《国家兴衰探源——经济增长、滞胀与社会僵化》,北京:商务印书馆2001年版,第35页。
(2)李炜:《奥尔森的集体行动理论》,《青年研究》1999年第1期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第58页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第40页。
(2)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第73页。
(3)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第72页。
(1)罗必良:《“奥尔森困境”及其困境》,《学术研究》1999年第9期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第73页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第39页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第42页。
(2)沈荣华、何瑞文:《奥尔森的集体行动理论逻辑》,《黑龙江社会科学》2014年第2期。
(1)易宪容:《权力运作与经济繁荣》,《国际经济评论》2001年第C2期。
(2)高春芽:《理性的人与非理性的社会——奥尔森集体行动理论研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2009年版,第1页。
(3)李政军:《奥尔森集体行动理论述评》,《南京审计学院学报》2010年第4期。
(4)杨光斌:《奥尔森集体行动理论的贡献与误区——一种新制度主义的解读》,《教学与研究》2006年第1期。
(5)时影:《奥尔森集体行动理论的贡献与局限——基于政治学的考察》,《学习月刊》2010年第8期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,吕应中、陈槐庆、吴栋、孙礼照译:《国家兴衰探源——经济增长、滞胀与社会僵化》,北京:商务印书馆2001年版,第35页。
(2)李炜:《奥尔森的集体行动理论》,《青年研究》1999年第1期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第58页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第40页。
(2)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第73页。
(3)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第72页。
(1)罗必良:《“奥尔森困境”及其困境》,《学术研究》1999年第9期。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第73页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第39页。
(1)[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著,陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译:《集体行动的逻辑》,上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1995年版,第42页。
(2)沈荣华、何瑞文:《奥尔森的集体行动理论逻辑》,《黑龙江社会科学》2014年第2期。