有机-无机复合改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效应研究
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摘要
针对河北中捷农场滨海盐碱地所具有的盐碱化程度高、单盐毒害突出的特点,选取园林废弃物堆肥和惰化产品,并结合磷石膏对该地区的土壤进行改良研究。以大田条件下的实际应用为基础,设置不同处理,进行田间对比试验,定期取样,对土壤盐分指标进行测定分析。结果表明:1)施入有机改良剂和磷石膏,既能有效降低土壤pH值,又能避免单独施入磷石膏后,土壤pH值变化过大,对植物产生不利影响。2)从单因素试验分析,土壤的SAR随着有机改良剂和磷石膏施入量的提高而显著降低,磷石膏的改良效果优于有机改良剂;从2种改良剂的交互作用来看,有机-无机改良剂配施的效果优于改良剂的单施效果。3)随着有机-无机改良剂施入量的增加,土壤中的Cl~-质量分数呈显著降低,而SO_4~(2-)质量分数呈显著增加趋势。4)根据试验结果,推荐施入1 kg/m~2的磷石膏及5%的有机改良剂(体积比,约3.35 kg/m~2),能够取得较好的改良效果,此时的改良成本约为6.70元/m~2。研究结果以期为滨海盐碱地区城市绿化,提供理论依据。
[Background] The urbanization level in coastal areas are higher than other areas in China,and the coastal soils in these areas are threatened by salinization,which could cause negative effects on ornamental plants surviving and growing,thus the ornamental value and ecological functions of the urban green land was reduced.In this way,the improvement of saline-alkali soil should result in a significant impact upon construction of urban green space in coastal areas.[Methods] The experiment was conducted in a greenbelt of Bohai district in Cangzhou City of Hebei Province,where is in high salinity.An organic modifier(Green waste compost:Pyrolysised garden wastes in 4∶1 as 0,5%,10%,and 15%of being-ameliorated soil volume) and phosphogypsum(0,1,2,and 3 kg/m~2) were utilized for the soil amendments,totally 16 treatments by combining any 2 of them,and 0 of them as the control.Each treatment was laid in an experimental plot(12 m×6 m) with 3 repeats of planting Sophora japonica.Soil samples were collected at 3 random sites of topsoil(0-20 cm) in each plot in July 2014,October 2014,March 2015 and July 2015.OHAUS Starter 3C was used for measuring p H,dual-indicator neutralization titration method for CO_3~(2-) and HCO_3~-,silver nitrate titration method(Moore method) for Cl~-,EDTA titration method for Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+),indirect EDTA complexometric titration for SO_4~(2-),flame photometry(FP6410,Shanghai) for K~+ and Na~+,and total salt content was the sum of 8 ions' concentrations.The data were analyzed by Excel 2010 and SPSS 18 software,single factor analysis of variance(one-way ANOVA) was to compare the differences among different treatments,and the multiple comparisons were examined by Duncan method.[Results]1) The soil p H decreased obviously with the addition of organic modifier and phosphogypsum,and phosphogypsum played a leading role.To prevent the negative impacts to the plants from the drastic variations of p H caused by the application of phosphogypsum,organic modifier should be applied at the same time.2) Single-factor experiment showed that soil SAR(Sodium Absorption Ratio) significantly decreased when this 2 soil amendments were more used.Moreover,phosphogypsum showed better effects than organic modifier.Interaction experiments showed that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier achieved better effect in decreasing SAR than single application.3) The content of Cl-significantly decreased with the application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier,but SO_4~(2-) was the opposite.4) The experimental results demonstrate that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier was suggested to get the better effect,the recommended addition of phosphogypsum and organic modifier were 1 kg/m~2 and 5%(volume ratio,about 3.35 kg/m~2),which improved the saline soil effectively.[Conclusions]Due to the low cost,waste resource recovery and the solid environmental effects in treatment process,organic modifier is more practicable in the improvement of saline-alkali soil.Besides,this improvement method for saline soil provids a feasible plan for beneficial reuse of phosphogypsum and organic modifier.
[Background] The urbanization level in coastal areas are higher than other areas in China,and the coastal soils in these areas are threatened by salinization,which could cause negative effects on ornamental plants surviving and growing,thus the ornamental value and ecological functions of the urban green land was reduced.In this way,the improvement of saline-alkali soil should result in a significant impact upon construction of urban green space in coastal areas.[Methods] The experiment was conducted in a greenbelt of Bohai district in Cangzhou City of Hebei Province,where is in high salinity.An organic modifier(Green waste compost:Pyrolysised garden wastes in 4∶1 as 0,5%,10%,and 15%of being-ameliorated soil volume) and phosphogypsum(0,1,2,and 3 kg/m~2) were utilized for the soil amendments,totally 16 treatments by combining any 2 of them,and 0 of them as the control.Each treatment was laid in an experimental plot(12 m×6 m) with 3 repeats of planting Sophora japonica.Soil samples were collected at 3 random sites of topsoil(0-20 cm) in each plot in July 2014,October 2014,March 2015 and July 2015.OHAUS Starter 3C was used for measuring p H,dual-indicator neutralization titration method for CO_3~(2-) and HCO_3~-,silver nitrate titration method(Moore method) for Cl~-,EDTA titration method for Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+),indirect EDTA complexometric titration for SO_4~(2-),flame photometry(FP6410,Shanghai) for K~+ and Na~+,and total salt content was the sum of 8 ions' concentrations.The data were analyzed by Excel 2010 and SPSS 18 software,single factor analysis of variance(one-way ANOVA) was to compare the differences among different treatments,and the multiple comparisons were examined by Duncan method.[Results]1) The soil p H decreased obviously with the addition of organic modifier and phosphogypsum,and phosphogypsum played a leading role.To prevent the negative impacts to the plants from the drastic variations of p H caused by the application of phosphogypsum,organic modifier should be applied at the same time.2) Single-factor experiment showed that soil SAR(Sodium Absorption Ratio) significantly decreased when this 2 soil amendments were more used.Moreover,phosphogypsum showed better effects than organic modifier.Interaction experiments showed that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier achieved better effect in decreasing SAR than single application.3) The content of Cl-significantly decreased with the application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier,but SO_4~(2-) was the opposite.4) The experimental results demonstrate that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier was suggested to get the better effect,the recommended addition of phosphogypsum and organic modifier were 1 kg/m~2 and 5%(volume ratio,about 3.35 kg/m~2),which improved the saline soil effectively.[Conclusions]Due to the low cost,waste resource recovery and the solid environmental effects in treatment process,organic modifier is more practicable in the improvement of saline-alkali soil.Besides,this improvement method for saline soil provids a feasible plan for beneficial reuse of phosphogypsum and organic modifier.
引文
[1]李二焕,沈俊,鞠靖,等.苏北滨海盐土区河流入海口土壤盐分及养分分布特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,1:79.LI Erhuan,SHEN Jun,JU Jing,et al.Distribution characteristics of salinity and nutrient at the estuary in coastal saline soil of north Jiangsu[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,1:79.
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[7]于鑫.北京市园林绿化废弃物再利用调查及堆肥实验研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010:1.YU Xin.Survey on the recycling status of Beijing garden waste and study on garden waste composing[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2010:1.
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[9]王琳琳.天津滨海盐土隔盐修复、有机改良及造林效果评估[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014:87.WANG Linlin.Application of salt-isolation measures and organic amendments to a coastal saline soil in Tianjin,China:effects on physical and chemical properties and afforestation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2014:87.
[10]SUO Linna,SUN Xiangyang,LI Suyan.Use of organic agricultural wastes as growing media for the production of Anthurium andraeanum‘Pink Lady’[J].The Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2011,86(4):366.
[11]王文成,孙宇,郭艳超,等.滨海泥质重盐碱地综合改良与植被构建关键技术研究[J].现代农业科技,2014(4):207.WANG Wencheng,SUN Yu,GUO Yanchao,et al.Comprehensive improvement of coastal argillaceous saline-alkali soil and key techniques of vegetation construction[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2014(4):207.
[12]李旭霖,刘庆花,柳新伟,等.不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(2):219.LI Xulin,LIU Qinghua,LIU Xinwei,et al.Improving effect of different amendment treatments in coastal saline-alkali soil[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(2):219.
[13]刘易,冯耀祖,黄建,等.微咸水灌溉条件下施用不同改良剂对盐渍化土壤盐分离子分布的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(1):146.LIU Yi,FENG Yaozu,HUANG Jian,et al.Effects of modifiers on saline soil salt distribution under brackish water irrigation conditions[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(1):146.
[14]吴洪生,陈小青,周晓冬,等.磷石膏改良剂对江苏如东滨海盐土理化性状及小麦生长的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1262.WU Hongsheng,CHEN Xiaoqing,ZHOU Xiaodong,et al.Effects of soil amendment phosphogypsum on physical and chemical properties of and wheat growth in coastal saline soil in Rudong,Jiangsu[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(6):1262.
[15]刘易,王新勇,赵振勇,等.施用改良剂后盐渍化土壤养分和棉花产量变化[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(12):253.LIU Yi,WANG Xinyong,ZHAO Zhenyong,et al.The analysis of the nutrient and cotton yield variation under the application of different soil modifier in saline soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(12):253.
[16]李素艳,翟鹏辉,孙向阳,等.滨海土壤盐渍化特征及土壤改良研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,22(6):1069.LI Suyan,ZHAI Penghui,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Saline-alkali soil characteristics and improvement in coastal area[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,22(6):1069.
[17]王琳琳,李素艳,孙向阳,等.不同隔盐措施对滨海盐碱地土壤水盐运移及刺槐光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1388.WANG Linlin,LI Suyan,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Application of salt-isolation materials to a coastal region:effects on soil water and salt movement and photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):1388.
[18]ZHANG Lu,SUN Xiangyang,TIAN Yun,et al.Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,131(3):68.
[19]索琳娜.几种农林生物质废弃物再利用生产无土栽培基质技术及应用[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012:48.SUO Linna.The conversion and application of several agro-forestry biomass residues into growing media[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2012:48.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:188.BAO Shidan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:188.
[21]孙在金.脱硫石膏与腐植酸改良滨海盐碱土的效应及机理研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2013:81.SUN Zaijin.Research on effects and the mechanism of desulfurization gypsum and humic acid on coastal salinealkali soil improvement[D].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology,2012:48.
[22]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004:103.SUN Xiangyang.Soil science[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2004:103.
[2]范晓梅,刘高焕,唐志鹏,等.黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化影响因素分析[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):139.FAN Xiaomei,LIU Gaohuan,TANG Zhipeng,et al.Analysis on main contributors influencing soil salinization of Yellow River delta[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):139.
[3]GALLOWAY J N,DENTENER F J,CAPONE D G,et al.Nitrogen cycles:past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry,2004,70(2):153.
[4]LARRY K H,CONRAD H M,WILLIAM H S,et al.Influence of N source,N rate and K rate on the yield and mineral concentration of sweet potato[J].J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci.,1984,109(3):294.
[5]殷小琳,丁国栋,张维城.降雨及隔盐层对滨海盐碱地水盐运动的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):40.YIN Xiaolin,DING Guodong,ZHANG Weicheng,Effects of rainfall and salt layers on water and salt movement in coastal saline land[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(3):40.
[6]刘莉萍,刘兆普,隆小华.2种盐土改良剂对苏北滨海盐碱土壤盐分及植物生长的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014(2):127.LIU Liping,LIU Zhaopu,LONG Xiaohua.Effect of two soil ameliorant on soil salinity and plant in coastal salinealkali soil of North Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014(2):127.
[7]于鑫.北京市园林绿化废弃物再利用调查及堆肥实验研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010:1.YU Xin.Survey on the recycling status of Beijing garden waste and study on garden waste composing[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2010:1.
[8]索琳娜,金茂勇,张宝珠.农林有机废弃物生产花木栽培基质技术和前景[J].北方园艺,2009(4):108.SUO Linna,JIN Maoyong,ZHANG Baozhu.Studies on converting agriculture-forestry organic wastes into growing media on ornamentals technology and foreground[J].Northern Horticulture,2009(4):108.
[9]王琳琳.天津滨海盐土隔盐修复、有机改良及造林效果评估[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014:87.WANG Linlin.Application of salt-isolation measures and organic amendments to a coastal saline soil in Tianjin,China:effects on physical and chemical properties and afforestation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2014:87.
[10]SUO Linna,SUN Xiangyang,LI Suyan.Use of organic agricultural wastes as growing media for the production of Anthurium andraeanum‘Pink Lady’[J].The Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2011,86(4):366.
[11]王文成,孙宇,郭艳超,等.滨海泥质重盐碱地综合改良与植被构建关键技术研究[J].现代农业科技,2014(4):207.WANG Wencheng,SUN Yu,GUO Yanchao,et al.Comprehensive improvement of coastal argillaceous saline-alkali soil and key techniques of vegetation construction[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2014(4):207.
[12]李旭霖,刘庆花,柳新伟,等.不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(2):219.LI Xulin,LIU Qinghua,LIU Xinwei,et al.Improving effect of different amendment treatments in coastal saline-alkali soil[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(2):219.
[13]刘易,冯耀祖,黄建,等.微咸水灌溉条件下施用不同改良剂对盐渍化土壤盐分离子分布的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(1):146.LIU Yi,FENG Yaozu,HUANG Jian,et al.Effects of modifiers on saline soil salt distribution under brackish water irrigation conditions[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(1):146.
[14]吴洪生,陈小青,周晓冬,等.磷石膏改良剂对江苏如东滨海盐土理化性状及小麦生长的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1262.WU Hongsheng,CHEN Xiaoqing,ZHOU Xiaodong,et al.Effects of soil amendment phosphogypsum on physical and chemical properties of and wheat growth in coastal saline soil in Rudong,Jiangsu[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(6):1262.
[15]刘易,王新勇,赵振勇,等.施用改良剂后盐渍化土壤养分和棉花产量变化[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(12):253.LIU Yi,WANG Xinyong,ZHAO Zhenyong,et al.The analysis of the nutrient and cotton yield variation under the application of different soil modifier in saline soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(12):253.
[16]李素艳,翟鹏辉,孙向阳,等.滨海土壤盐渍化特征及土壤改良研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,22(6):1069.LI Suyan,ZHAI Penghui,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Saline-alkali soil characteristics and improvement in coastal area[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,22(6):1069.
[17]王琳琳,李素艳,孙向阳,等.不同隔盐措施对滨海盐碱地土壤水盐运移及刺槐光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1388.WANG Linlin,LI Suyan,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Application of salt-isolation materials to a coastal region:effects on soil water and salt movement and photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):1388.
[18]ZHANG Lu,SUN Xiangyang,TIAN Yun,et al.Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,131(3):68.
[19]索琳娜.几种农林生物质废弃物再利用生产无土栽培基质技术及应用[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012:48.SUO Linna.The conversion and application of several agro-forestry biomass residues into growing media[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2012:48.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:188.BAO Shidan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:188.
[21]孙在金.脱硫石膏与腐植酸改良滨海盐碱土的效应及机理研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2013:81.SUN Zaijin.Research on effects and the mechanism of desulfurization gypsum and humic acid on coastal salinealkali soil improvement[D].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology,2012:48.
[22]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004:103.SUN Xiangyang.Soil science[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2004:103.