黄山土壤细菌群落和酶活性海拔分布特征
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摘要
黄山具有保存较完整的生态系统及明显的地势高差,为研究中亚热带森林生态系统土壤微生物群落海拔分布格局提供天然场所.本研究在黄山景区670～1 870 m按每100 m的间隔采集土样,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的海拔变化特征,同时测定相关土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性.结果表明:(1)土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾和总有机碳含量均存在显著海拔差异(P <0. 01),且总体上随着海拔升高而增加;土壤蔗糖酶活性存在显著海拔差异(P <0. 01),且总体上随海拔升高而增强,但酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性无显著海拔分异(P> 0. 05);(2)将12个海拔梯度分为高中低3组(低海拔670～875 m;中海拔1 080～1 370 m;高海拔1 460～1 780 m),发现土壤细菌OTU数目:中海拔>低海拔>高海拔,但是高、中、低海拔的差异不明显;(3)在875～1 370 m小范围海拔内,土壤细菌群落多样性沿海拔呈单峰模式分布;而在670～1 780 m整个海拔范围内,土壤细菌群落多样性无明显海拔分布模式;(4)所有样地中,相对丰度大于3%的优势菌门共7个,优势菌目共15个;(5)相关性热图分析表明,土壤p H对不同海拔土壤细菌群落结构差异性影响最大. Pearson相关性分析和偏Mantel分析表明,细菌群落α多样性(P <0. 01)和β多样性(偏Mantel r=0. 560,P=0. 001)主要受土壤p H影响.因此,土壤p H是决定黄山不同海拔土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的主要环境因子.
Mount Huangshan has a well-preserved ecosystem and obvious differences in vertical geography,which provide a natural laboratory for studying the altitudinal distribution patterns of soil microbial communities in a mid-subtropical forest ecosystem. The soil bacterial community structure and diversity of the samples collected every 100 m from 670 to 1870 m on the south slope of Mount Huangshan were examined using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The soil physicochemical properties and soil enzyme activities of the samples were also measured to explore the relationship between bacterial communities and soil properties as well as enzyme activities. The results showed that(1) The contents of soil total nitrogen,available nitrogen,total potassium,and total organic carbon were significantly different across the altitudes( P < 0. 01) and generally increased as altitude increased. The soil sucrase activities across altitudes were significantly different( P < 0. 01),and generally increased as altitude increased. However,there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase and urease activities between different altitudes( P > 0. 05).(2) The 12 elevational gradients were divided into three groups: low altitude( 670-875 m),medium altitude( 1 080-1 370 m),and high altitude( 1 460-1 780 m). The OTUs in low altitude sites were greater than in high altitude sites but lower compared to medium altitude sites.However,the differences in OTUs across altitude sites were not significant.(3) The soil bacterial community diversity showed a unimodal pattern in a small range of altitudes from 875-1 370 m,although no apparent trend was observed at the altitudes from 670-1 780 m.(4) There were 7 dominant phyla and 15 dominant orders with a relative abundance of more than 3% in all soil samples.(5) Correlation heat map analysis between the top 15 bacterial phyla and soil physicochemical properties as well as enzyme activities showed that soil p H had the greatest effect on the differences in soil bacterial community structure across the different altitudes. Pearson correlation analysis and Partial Mantel test also showed that bacterial community α-diversity( P < 0. 01) and β-diversity( Partial Mantel r = 0. 560,P = 0. 001) were mainly affected by soil p H. Consequently,soil p H was the key environmental factor determining the soil bacterial community structure and diversity across the different altitudes on Mount Huangshan.
Mount Huangshan has a well-preserved ecosystem and obvious differences in vertical geography,which provide a natural laboratory for studying the altitudinal distribution patterns of soil microbial communities in a mid-subtropical forest ecosystem. The soil bacterial community structure and diversity of the samples collected every 100 m from 670 to 1870 m on the south slope of Mount Huangshan were examined using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The soil physicochemical properties and soil enzyme activities of the samples were also measured to explore the relationship between bacterial communities and soil properties as well as enzyme activities. The results showed that(1) The contents of soil total nitrogen,available nitrogen,total potassium,and total organic carbon were significantly different across the altitudes( P < 0. 01) and generally increased as altitude increased. The soil sucrase activities across altitudes were significantly different( P < 0. 01),and generally increased as altitude increased. However,there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase and urease activities between different altitudes( P > 0. 05).(2) The 12 elevational gradients were divided into three groups: low altitude( 670-875 m),medium altitude( 1 080-1 370 m),and high altitude( 1 460-1 780 m). The OTUs in low altitude sites were greater than in high altitude sites but lower compared to medium altitude sites.However,the differences in OTUs across altitude sites were not significant.(3) The soil bacterial community diversity showed a unimodal pattern in a small range of altitudes from 875-1 370 m,although no apparent trend was observed at the altitudes from 670-1 780 m.(4) There were 7 dominant phyla and 15 dominant orders with a relative abundance of more than 3% in all soil samples.(5) Correlation heat map analysis between the top 15 bacterial phyla and soil physicochemical properties as well as enzyme activities showed that soil p H had the greatest effect on the differences in soil bacterial community structure across the different altitudes. Pearson correlation analysis and Partial Mantel test also showed that bacterial community α-diversity( P < 0. 01) and β-diversity( Partial Mantel r = 0. 560,P = 0. 001) were mainly affected by soil p H. Consequently,soil p H was the key environmental factor determining the soil bacterial community structure and diversity across the different altitudes on Mount Huangshan.
引文
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[3]宋贤冲,郭丽梅,田红灯,等.猫儿山不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性[J].生态学报,2017,37(16):5428-5435.Song X C,Guo L M,Tain H D,et al. Variation of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in the Mao'er Mountain forest[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(16):5428-5435.
[4] Delgado-Baquerizo M,Maestre F T,Reich P B,et al. Carbon content and climate variability drive global soil bacterial diversity[J]. Ecological Monographs,2016,86(3):373-390.
[5] Wang J T,Cao P,Hu H W,et al. Altitudinal distribution patterns of soil bacterial and archaeal communities along Mt.Shegyla on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbial Ecology,2015,69(1):135-145.
[6] Singh D,Takahashi K,Kim M,et al. A hump-backed trend in bacterial diversity with elevation on Mount Fuji,Japan[J].Microbial Ecology,2012,63(2):429-437.
[7] Singh D,Lee-Cruz L,Kim W S,et al. Strong elevational trends in soil bacterial community composition on Mt. Halla,South Korea[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,68:140-149.
[8] Fierer N,Mccain C M,Meir P,et al. Microbes do not follow the elevational diversity patterns of plants and animals[J]. Ecology,2011,92(4):797-804.
[9] Shen C C,Ni Y Y,Liang W J,et al. Distinct soil bacterial communities along a small-scale elevational gradient in alpine tundra[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:582.
[10] Han D X,Wang N,Sun X,et al. Biogeographical distribution of bacterial communities in Changbai Mountain,Northeast China[J]. Microbiologyopen,2018,7(2):e00529.
[11] Liu D,Wu X,Shi S L,et al. A hollow bacterial diversity pattern with elevation in Wolong Nature Reserve, Western Sichuan Plateau[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(10):2365-2374.
[12] Baas-Becking L G M. Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde[M]. Netherlands:Van Stockum and Zoon,1934.
[13] De Wit R,Bouvier T.‘Everything is everywhere,but,the environment selects’; what did Baas Becking and Beijerinck really say?[J]. Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(4):755-758.
[14] Yang T, Adams J M, Shi Y, et al. Fungal community assemblages in a high elevation desert environment:Absence of dispersal limitation and edaphic effects in surface soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,115:393-402.
[15] Martiny J B H,Bohannan B J M,Brown J H,et al. Microbial biogeography:putting microorganisms on the map[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology,2006,4(2):102-112.
[16] Shen C C,Xiong J B,Zhang H Y,et al. Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,57:204-211.
[17] Chen Y L,Xu T L,Veresoglou S D,et al. Plant diversity represents the prevalent determinant of soil fungal community structure across temperate grasslands in northern China[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,110:12-21.
[18]王振中,张友梅,李忠武.黄山森林生态系统土壤动物群落结构特征及其多样性[J].林业科学,2009,45(10):168-173.Wang Z Z,Zhang Y M,Li Z W. Structural characteristics and biodiversity of soil animal community in Huangshan forest systems[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2009,45(10):168-173.
[19]巩劼,陆林,晋秀龙,等.黄山风景区旅游干扰对植物群落及其土壤性质的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2239-2251.Gong J,Lu L,Jin X L,et al. Impacts of tourist disturbance on plant communities and soil properties in Huangshan Mountain scenic area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2239-2251.
[20] Yang A N, Lu L, Zhang N. The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the subtropical forest of Huangshan(Yellow Mountain), East-Central China[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2011,27(10):2351-2358.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis(3rd ed.)[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[22]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[23]杨立宾,隋心,朱道光,等.大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤真菌群落特征研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(12):76-84.Yang L B,Sui X,Zhu D G,et al. Study on fungal communities characteristics of different Larix gmelini forest types in cold temperate zone[J]. Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2017,37(12):76-84.
[24]乔沙沙,周永娜,刘晋仙,等.关帝山针叶林土壤细菌群落结构特征[J].林业科学,2017,53(2):89-99.Qiao S S,Zhou Y N,Liu J X,et al. Characteristics of soil bacterial community structure in coniferous forests of Guandi Mountains[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2017,53(2):89-99.
[25]李相楹,张维勇,刘峰,等.不同海拔高度下梵净山土壤碳、氮、磷分布特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):19-24.Li X Y, Zhang W Y, Liu F, et al. The distribution characteristics of soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus at different altitudes in Fanjingshan Mountain[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):19-24.
[26]刘月华,位晓婷,钟梦莹,等.甘南高寒草甸草原不同海拔土壤理化性质分析[J].草原与草坪,2014,34(3):1-7.Liu Y H,Wei X T,Zhong M Y,et al. Analysis on the soil physicochemical properties of alpine meadow at different altitudes in Gannan[J]. Grassland and Turf,2014,34(3):1-7.
[27]秦松,樊燕,刘洪斌,等.地形因子与土壤养分空间分布的相关性研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(1):46-49,52.Qin S,Fan Y,Liu H B,et al. Study on the relations between topographical factors and the spatial distributions of soil nutrients[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(1):46-49,52.
[28]王平,任宾宾,易超,等.轿子山自然保护区土壤理化性质垂直变异特征与环境因子关系[J].山地学报,2013,31(4):456-463.Wang P,Ren B B,Yi C,et al. The correlation between soil characteristics and environmental factors along altitude gradient of Jiaozi Mountain Nature Reserve[J]. Mountain Research,2013,31(4):456-463.
[29] Liu G M,Zhang X C,Wang X P,et al. Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2017,237:274-279.
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