底座入土深度和面积对典型草原土壤呼吸测定结果的影响
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摘要
生态学家对土壤呼吸开展了大量研究,但很少评估"底座"对土壤呼吸测量结果的影响,特别是底座入土深度和面积对土壤呼吸测定结果的影响。为此,该研究在内蒙古典型草原设置了2个底座面积(15 cm×15 cm和30 cm×30 cm)和2个底座入土深度(2cm和5cm)处理,采用气室法在植物生长季对土壤呼吸进行了测定,分析评估了底座面积和入土深度对土壤呼吸测定结果的影响。结果显示:与底座入土较浅和面积较小的处理相比,底座入土较深和面积较大的处理,土壤呼吸测定值分别降低了8.0%–9.7%和9.1%–10.8%;这两个处理的底座内土壤温度显著升高,土壤含水量显著下降,地上净初级生产力显著降低。结构方程模型分析表明,底座入土较深、面积较大的处理,主要通过降低地上净初级生产力和土壤含水量,增加土壤温度,使土壤呼吸下降,各因子共同解释了土壤呼吸变异的89%。研究发现,在使用气室法测定土壤呼吸时,底座入土深度和面积对土壤呼吸测定结果具有显著影响,评估底座处理效应对准确测定土壤呼吸强度具有重要的意义。理论上,适当降低底座入土深度和底座面积大小,将有助于准确测定土壤呼吸。但在实践中,由于土壤异质性的影响,减少底座面积可能会增加新的测量误差,只能考虑适当降低底座入土深度。
Aims Soil respiration plays an important role in carbon cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, the effects of collar size and buried depth during field measurement on soil respiration are rarely assessed.Methods We conducted a two-factor experiment to examine how soil collar depth(2 cm and 5 cm) and size(15 cm × 15 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm) affected the soil respiration(SR), post aboveground net primary productivity(post-ANPP), soil temperature(ST), and soil water content(SWC) in a semi-arid steppe.Important findings The results showed that the deep-inserted soil collar(5 cm soil depth) decreased the soil respiration by 8.0%–9.7% compared with the shallow-inserted soil collar(2 cm soil depth). The large-sized soil collar(30 cm × 30 cm) decreased the soil respiration by 9.1%–10.8% compared with the small-sized soil collar(15 cm × 15 cm). We also found that the deep-inserted and large-sized soil collars had higher ST but lower SWC compared with the shallow-depth and small-sized soil collars. Structural equation model indicated that the lower respiration in the deep-inserted and large-sized soil collars was due to the lower post-ANPP, ST, and SWC. Overall, we found that the soil collar size and buried depth can substantially alter the magnitude of soil respiration by changing plant biomass, ST, and SWC. These findings suggest that the influences of collar size and buried depth on soil respiration should be considered for better estimation and modeling of soil CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Aims Soil respiration plays an important role in carbon cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, the effects of collar size and buried depth during field measurement on soil respiration are rarely assessed.Methods We conducted a two-factor experiment to examine how soil collar depth(2 cm and 5 cm) and size(15 cm × 15 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm) affected the soil respiration(SR), post aboveground net primary productivity(post-ANPP), soil temperature(ST), and soil water content(SWC) in a semi-arid steppe.Important findings The results showed that the deep-inserted soil collar(5 cm soil depth) decreased the soil respiration by 8.0%–9.7% compared with the shallow-inserted soil collar(2 cm soil depth). The large-sized soil collar(30 cm × 30 cm) decreased the soil respiration by 9.1%–10.8% compared with the small-sized soil collar(15 cm × 15 cm). We also found that the deep-inserted and large-sized soil collars had higher ST but lower SWC compared with the shallow-depth and small-sized soil collars. Structural equation model indicated that the lower respiration in the deep-inserted and large-sized soil collars was due to the lower post-ANPP, ST, and SWC. Overall, we found that the soil collar size and buried depth can substantially alter the magnitude of soil respiration by changing plant biomass, ST, and SWC. These findings suggest that the influences of collar size and buried depth on soil respiration should be considered for better estimation and modeling of soil CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
引文
Atkin OK,Edwards EJ,Loveys BR(2000).Response of root respiration to changes in temperature and its relevance to global warming.New Phytologist,147,141-154.
Bahn M,Rodeghiero M,Anderson-Dunn M,Dore S,Gimeno C,Dr?sler M,Williams M,Ammann C,Berninger F,Flechard C(2008).Soil respiration in European grasslands in relation to climate and assimilate supply.Ecosystems,11,1352-1367.
Bai YF,Han XG,Wu JG,Chen ZZ,Li LH(2004).Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland.Nature,431,181-184.
Bai YF,Wu JG,Xing Q,Pan QM,Huang JH,Yang DL,Han XG(2008).Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau.Ecology,89,2140-2153.
Batjes NH(1996).Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47,151-163.
Berry LJ,Norris W(1949).Studies of onion root respiration I.Velocity of oxygen consumption in different segments of root at different temperatures as a function of partial pressure of oxygen.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,3,593-606.
Boone RD,Nadelhoffer KJ,Canary JD,Kaye JP(1998).Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration.Nature,396,570-572.
Buchmann N(2000).Biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil respiration rates in Picea abies stands.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,32,1625-1635.
Cao GM,Tang YH,Mo WH,Wang YS,Li YN,Zhao XQ(2004).Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,36,237-243.
Chen D,Zheng S,Shan Y,Taube F,Bai Y(2013).Vertebrate herbivore-induced changes in plants and soils:Linkages to ecosystem functioning in a semi-arid steppe.Functional Ecology,27,273-281.
Chen DM,Li JJ,Lan ZC,Hu SJ,Bai YF(2016).Soil acidification exerts a greater control on soil respiration than soil nitrogen availability in grasslands subjected to long-term nitrogen enrichment.Functional Ecology,30,658-669.
Chen SP,Lin GH,Huang JH,Jenerette GD(2009).Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe.Global Change Biology,15,2450-2461.
Davidson EA,Verchot LV,Cattanio JH,Ackerman IL,Carvalho J(2000).Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia.Biogeochemistry,48,53-69.
Drewitt GB,Black TA,Nesic Z,Humphreys ER,Jork EM,Swanson R,Ethier GJ,Griffis T,Morgenstern K(2002).Measuring forest floor CO2 fluxes in a Douglas-fir forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,110,299-317.
Guenet B,Juarez S,Bardoux G,Abbadie L,Chenu C(2012).Evidence that stable C is as vulnerable to priming effect as is more labile C in soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,52,43-48.
Heinemeyer A,Di Bene C,Lloyd AR,Tortorella D,Baxter R,Huntley B,Gelsomino A,Ineson P(2011).Soil respiration:Implications of the plant-soil continuum and respiration chamber collar-insertion depth on measurement and modelling of soil CO2 efflux rates in three ecosystems.European Journal of Soil Science,62,82-94.
H?gberg P,Read DJ(2006).Towards a more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,21,548-554.
Hopkins F,Gonzalez-Meler MA,Flower CE,Lynch DJ,Czimczik C,Tang J,Subke JA(2013).Ecosystem-level controls on root-rhizosphere respiration.New Phytologist,199,339-351.
Hutchinson GL,Livingston GP(2001).Vents and seals in non-steady-state chambers used for measuring gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere.European Journal of Soil Science,52,675-682.
Jasoni RL,Smith SD,Arnone JA(2005).Net ecosystem CO2exchange in Mojave Desert shrublands during the eighth year of exposure to elevated CO2.Global Change Biology,11,749-756.
Kirschbaum MUF(2006).The temperature dependence of organicmatter decomposition-Still a topic of debate.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38,2510-2518.
Kutsch WL,Staack A,W?tzel J,Middelhoff U,Kappen L(2001).Field measurements of root respiration and total soil respiration in an alder forest.New Phytologist,150,157-168.
Kuzyakov Y(2010).Priming effects:Interactions between living and dead organic matter.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,42,1363-1371.
Kuzyakov Y,Cheng W(2001).Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,33,1915-1925.
Li W,Cao WX,Liu HD,Li XL,Xu CL,Shi SL,Feng J,Zhou CM(2015).Analysis of soil respiration under different grazing management patterns in the alpine meadow-steppe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24,22-32.
Lloyd J,Taylor JA(1994).On the temperature dependence of soil respiration.Functional Ecology,8,315-323.
Mikan CJ,Schimel JP,Doyle AP(2002).Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezing.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,34,1785-1795.
Nay SM,Mattson KG,Bormann BT(1994).Biases of chamber methods for measuring soil CO2 efflux demonstrated with a laboratory apparatus.Ecology,75,2460-2463.
Ngao J,Longdoz B,Perrin D,Vincent G,Epron D,Le Dantec V,Soudani K,Aubinet M,Willm F,Granier A(2006).Cross-calibration functions for soil CO2 efflux measurement systems.Annals of Forest Science,63,477-484.
Raich JW,Potter CS,Bhagawati D(2002).Interannual variability in global soil respiration,1980-94.Global Change Biology,8,800-812.
Raich JW,Schlesinger WH(1992).The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate.Tellus B,44,81-99.
Reichstein M,Rey A,Freibauer A,Tenhunen J,Valentini R,Banza J,Casals P,Cheng Y,Grünzweig JM,Irvine J(2003).Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability,temperature and vegetation productivity indices.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17,1104.
Schlesinger WH(1977).Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,8,51-81.
Schlesinger WH,Andrews JA(2000).Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle.Biogeochemistry,48,7-20.
Subke JA,Inglima I,Francesca Cotrufo M(2006).Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO2 efflux partitioning:Ameta analytical review.Global Change Biology,12,921-943.
Subke JA,Moody CS,Hill TC,Voke N,Toet S,Ineson P,Teh Y(2018).Rhizosphere activity and atmospheric methane concentrations drive variations of methane fluxes in a temperate forest soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,116,323-332.
Wan SQ,Luo YQ(2003).Substrate regulation of soil respiration in a tallgrass prairie:Results of a clipping and shading experiment.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17,1054.DOI:10.1029/2002GB001971.
Wang N,Yu FH,Li PX,He WM,Liu J,Yu GL,Song YB,Dong M(2009).Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides.Plant Biology,11,483-489.
Wang W,Fang JY(2009).Soil respiration and human effects on global grasslands.Global and Planetary Change,67,20-28.
Wang WJ,Zu YG,Wang HM,Hirano T,Takagi K,Sasa K,Koike T(2005).Effect of collar insertion on soil respiration in a larch forest measured with a LI-6400 soil CO2flux system.Journal of Forest Research,10,57-60.
Wang Y,Liu H,Chung H,Yu L,Mi Z,Geng Y,Jing X,Wang S,Zeng H,Cao G,Zhao X,He JS(2014).Non-growing-season soil respiration is controlled by freezing and thawing processes in the summer monsoon-dominated Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,28,1081-1095.
Ward SE,Smart SM,Quirk H,Tallowin JRB,Mortimer SR,Shiel RS,Wilby A,Bardgett RD(2016).Legacy effects of grassland management on soil carbon to depth.Global Change Biology,22,2929-2938.
Widén B,Majdi H(2001).Soil CO2 efflux and root respiration at three sites in a mixed pine and spruce forest:Seasonal and diurnal variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,31,786-796.
Xia JY,Niu SL,Wan SQ(2009).Response of ecosystem carbon exchange to warming and nitrogen addition during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons in a temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,15,1544-1556.
Yan LM,Chen SQ,Huang JH,Lin GH(2010).Differential responses of auto-and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,16,2345-2357.
Zhang XL,Tan YL,Zhang BW,Li A,Daryanto S,Wang LX,Huang JH(2017).The impacts of precipitation increase and nitrogen addition on soil respiration in a semiarid temperate steppe.Ecosphere,8,e01655.DOI:10.1002/ecs2.1655.
Zhou GY,Zhou XH,He YH,Shao JJ,Hu ZH,Liu RQ,Zhou HM,Hosseinibai S(2017).Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,23,1167-1179.
Zhou XH,Sherry RA,An Y,Wallace LL,Luo YQ(2006).Main and interactive effects of warming,clipping,and doubled precipitation on soil CO2 efflux in a grassland ecosystem.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,20,GB1003.DOI:10.1029/2005GB002526.
Zhou XH,Wan SQ,Luo YQ(2007).Source components and interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux under experimental warming and clipping in a grassland ecosystem.Global Change Biology,13,761-775.
Bahn M,Rodeghiero M,Anderson-Dunn M,Dore S,Gimeno C,Dr?sler M,Williams M,Ammann C,Berninger F,Flechard C(2008).Soil respiration in European grasslands in relation to climate and assimilate supply.Ecosystems,11,1352-1367.
Bai YF,Han XG,Wu JG,Chen ZZ,Li LH(2004).Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland.Nature,431,181-184.
Bai YF,Wu JG,Xing Q,Pan QM,Huang JH,Yang DL,Han XG(2008).Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau.Ecology,89,2140-2153.
Batjes NH(1996).Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47,151-163.
Berry LJ,Norris W(1949).Studies of onion root respiration I.Velocity of oxygen consumption in different segments of root at different temperatures as a function of partial pressure of oxygen.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,3,593-606.
Boone RD,Nadelhoffer KJ,Canary JD,Kaye JP(1998).Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration.Nature,396,570-572.
Buchmann N(2000).Biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil respiration rates in Picea abies stands.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,32,1625-1635.
Cao GM,Tang YH,Mo WH,Wang YS,Li YN,Zhao XQ(2004).Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,36,237-243.
Chen D,Zheng S,Shan Y,Taube F,Bai Y(2013).Vertebrate herbivore-induced changes in plants and soils:Linkages to ecosystem functioning in a semi-arid steppe.Functional Ecology,27,273-281.
Chen DM,Li JJ,Lan ZC,Hu SJ,Bai YF(2016).Soil acidification exerts a greater control on soil respiration than soil nitrogen availability in grasslands subjected to long-term nitrogen enrichment.Functional Ecology,30,658-669.
Chen SP,Lin GH,Huang JH,Jenerette GD(2009).Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe.Global Change Biology,15,2450-2461.
Davidson EA,Verchot LV,Cattanio JH,Ackerman IL,Carvalho J(2000).Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia.Biogeochemistry,48,53-69.
Drewitt GB,Black TA,Nesic Z,Humphreys ER,Jork EM,Swanson R,Ethier GJ,Griffis T,Morgenstern K(2002).Measuring forest floor CO2 fluxes in a Douglas-fir forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,110,299-317.
Guenet B,Juarez S,Bardoux G,Abbadie L,Chenu C(2012).Evidence that stable C is as vulnerable to priming effect as is more labile C in soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,52,43-48.
Heinemeyer A,Di Bene C,Lloyd AR,Tortorella D,Baxter R,Huntley B,Gelsomino A,Ineson P(2011).Soil respiration:Implications of the plant-soil continuum and respiration chamber collar-insertion depth on measurement and modelling of soil CO2 efflux rates in three ecosystems.European Journal of Soil Science,62,82-94.
H?gberg P,Read DJ(2006).Towards a more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,21,548-554.
Hopkins F,Gonzalez-Meler MA,Flower CE,Lynch DJ,Czimczik C,Tang J,Subke JA(2013).Ecosystem-level controls on root-rhizosphere respiration.New Phytologist,199,339-351.
Hutchinson GL,Livingston GP(2001).Vents and seals in non-steady-state chambers used for measuring gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere.European Journal of Soil Science,52,675-682.
Jasoni RL,Smith SD,Arnone JA(2005).Net ecosystem CO2exchange in Mojave Desert shrublands during the eighth year of exposure to elevated CO2.Global Change Biology,11,749-756.
Kirschbaum MUF(2006).The temperature dependence of organicmatter decomposition-Still a topic of debate.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38,2510-2518.
Kutsch WL,Staack A,W?tzel J,Middelhoff U,Kappen L(2001).Field measurements of root respiration and total soil respiration in an alder forest.New Phytologist,150,157-168.
Kuzyakov Y(2010).Priming effects:Interactions between living and dead organic matter.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,42,1363-1371.
Kuzyakov Y,Cheng W(2001).Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,33,1915-1925.
Li W,Cao WX,Liu HD,Li XL,Xu CL,Shi SL,Feng J,Zhou CM(2015).Analysis of soil respiration under different grazing management patterns in the alpine meadow-steppe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24,22-32.
Lloyd J,Taylor JA(1994).On the temperature dependence of soil respiration.Functional Ecology,8,315-323.
Mikan CJ,Schimel JP,Doyle AP(2002).Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezing.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,34,1785-1795.
Nay SM,Mattson KG,Bormann BT(1994).Biases of chamber methods for measuring soil CO2 efflux demonstrated with a laboratory apparatus.Ecology,75,2460-2463.
Ngao J,Longdoz B,Perrin D,Vincent G,Epron D,Le Dantec V,Soudani K,Aubinet M,Willm F,Granier A(2006).Cross-calibration functions for soil CO2 efflux measurement systems.Annals of Forest Science,63,477-484.
Raich JW,Potter CS,Bhagawati D(2002).Interannual variability in global soil respiration,1980-94.Global Change Biology,8,800-812.
Raich JW,Schlesinger WH(1992).The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate.Tellus B,44,81-99.
Reichstein M,Rey A,Freibauer A,Tenhunen J,Valentini R,Banza J,Casals P,Cheng Y,Grünzweig JM,Irvine J(2003).Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability,temperature and vegetation productivity indices.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17,1104.
Schlesinger WH(1977).Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,8,51-81.
Schlesinger WH,Andrews JA(2000).Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle.Biogeochemistry,48,7-20.
Subke JA,Inglima I,Francesca Cotrufo M(2006).Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO2 efflux partitioning:Ameta analytical review.Global Change Biology,12,921-943.
Subke JA,Moody CS,Hill TC,Voke N,Toet S,Ineson P,Teh Y(2018).Rhizosphere activity and atmospheric methane concentrations drive variations of methane fluxes in a temperate forest soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,116,323-332.
Wan SQ,Luo YQ(2003).Substrate regulation of soil respiration in a tallgrass prairie:Results of a clipping and shading experiment.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17,1054.DOI:10.1029/2002GB001971.
Wang N,Yu FH,Li PX,He WM,Liu J,Yu GL,Song YB,Dong M(2009).Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides.Plant Biology,11,483-489.
Wang W,Fang JY(2009).Soil respiration and human effects on global grasslands.Global and Planetary Change,67,20-28.
Wang WJ,Zu YG,Wang HM,Hirano T,Takagi K,Sasa K,Koike T(2005).Effect of collar insertion on soil respiration in a larch forest measured with a LI-6400 soil CO2flux system.Journal of Forest Research,10,57-60.
Wang Y,Liu H,Chung H,Yu L,Mi Z,Geng Y,Jing X,Wang S,Zeng H,Cao G,Zhao X,He JS(2014).Non-growing-season soil respiration is controlled by freezing and thawing processes in the summer monsoon-dominated Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,28,1081-1095.
Ward SE,Smart SM,Quirk H,Tallowin JRB,Mortimer SR,Shiel RS,Wilby A,Bardgett RD(2016).Legacy effects of grassland management on soil carbon to depth.Global Change Biology,22,2929-2938.
Widén B,Majdi H(2001).Soil CO2 efflux and root respiration at three sites in a mixed pine and spruce forest:Seasonal and diurnal variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,31,786-796.
Xia JY,Niu SL,Wan SQ(2009).Response of ecosystem carbon exchange to warming and nitrogen addition during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons in a temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,15,1544-1556.
Yan LM,Chen SQ,Huang JH,Lin GH(2010).Differential responses of auto-and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,16,2345-2357.
Zhang XL,Tan YL,Zhang BW,Li A,Daryanto S,Wang LX,Huang JH(2017).The impacts of precipitation increase and nitrogen addition on soil respiration in a semiarid temperate steppe.Ecosphere,8,e01655.DOI:10.1002/ecs2.1655.
Zhou GY,Zhou XH,He YH,Shao JJ,Hu ZH,Liu RQ,Zhou HM,Hosseinibai S(2017).Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,23,1167-1179.
Zhou XH,Sherry RA,An Y,Wallace LL,Luo YQ(2006).Main and interactive effects of warming,clipping,and doubled precipitation on soil CO2 efflux in a grassland ecosystem.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,20,GB1003.DOI:10.1029/2005GB002526.
Zhou XH,Wan SQ,Luo YQ(2007).Source components and interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux under experimental warming and clipping in a grassland ecosystem.Global Change Biology,13,761-775.