现生和化石枫香碳同位素的变化——对古环境重建的指示
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摘要
现生植物稳定碳同位素对环境的响应已有大量研究,但是化石植物碳同位素与古环境关系的研究却很少。浙江天台中新统嵊县组中含有大量保存精美的枫香叶片化石(Liquidambar miosinica),为探讨利用化石叶片稳定碳同位素重建古环境提供了可靠材料。首先,分析了采自6个不同地区的现生枫香叶片(Liquidambar formosana)的碳同位素,获得它们的Δ~(13)C值,讨论其与温度、水分条件、光照水平等环境因子的相关关系。其中年极端最高温、年降水量和年日照时数与Δ~(13)C具有显著相关性,R~2分别为0.6,0.75和0.80,并建立了线性回归方程,显示出Δ~(13)C随着温度的升高而降低、年降水量的增加而增大,年日照时数的增多而降低。然后,将L.miosinica的Δ~(13)C代入3个回归方程中,计算出浙江天台晚中新世的年极端最高温、年降水量和年日照时数分别为39.2℃,1 329 mm,1 938 hrs.其中年降水量与采用其它方法恢复出的值相似,表明结果的可靠性,说明L.miosinica化石叶片碳同位素可以作为重建古环境的有效指示物。将重建出的晚中新世古环境参数进一步与现在的环境进行对比,发现与浙江天台比较相似,表明晚中新世浙东已演化出温暖湿润的亚热带气候。
Stable carbon isotopic response of recent plants to environmental variation has been extensively researched. However,the study on relation between carbon isotope of fossil plants and palaeoenvironments was seldom performed. Abundant well preserved fossil Liquidambar miosinica leaves were collected from the Miocene Shengxian Formation in Tiantai,Zhejiang Province,which provides reliable materials for reconstructing palaeoenvironments using stable carbon isotope of fossil leaves. Firstly,carbon isotopes of recent Liquidambar formosana leaves collected from six different sites were analyzed to obtain their carbon isotopic discrimination values( Δ~(13)C). The correlations between Δ~(13)C and environmental parameters including temperature,water condition,irradiation condition,are established. The notable correlativity is found between Δ~(13)C and annual extremely warmest temperature( EWT),the mean annual precipitation( MAP),annual sunshine duration( ASD),and whose correlation coefficient values( i. e.,R~2)are 0. 60,0. 75 and 0. 80,respectively. It shows that Δ~(13)C value is more positive with increase of MAP,but more negative with enrichment of EWT and ASD. Secondly,Δ~(13)C of fossil L. miosinica leaves is substituted into three regression equations established above. The EWT,MAP,and ASD in late Miocene Tiantai,Zhejiang,are counted as 39. 2 ℃,1 329 mm and 1 938 hrs,respectively. The MAP is similar to that reconstructed from other methods,showing the result here is reliable. It suggests that stable carbon isotope of fossil L. miosinica leaves can be an indicator to reconstruct palaeoenvironment. Moreover,comparing to modern environment,the Late Miocene environment in Tiantai is parallel to that in same place,suggesting the subtropical climate has come into being in the Late Miocene for eastern Zhejiang.
Stable carbon isotopic response of recent plants to environmental variation has been extensively researched. However,the study on relation between carbon isotope of fossil plants and palaeoenvironments was seldom performed. Abundant well preserved fossil Liquidambar miosinica leaves were collected from the Miocene Shengxian Formation in Tiantai,Zhejiang Province,which provides reliable materials for reconstructing palaeoenvironments using stable carbon isotope of fossil leaves. Firstly,carbon isotopes of recent Liquidambar formosana leaves collected from six different sites were analyzed to obtain their carbon isotopic discrimination values( Δ~(13)C). The correlations between Δ~(13)C and environmental parameters including temperature,water condition,irradiation condition,are established. The notable correlativity is found between Δ~(13)C and annual extremely warmest temperature( EWT),the mean annual precipitation( MAP),annual sunshine duration( ASD),and whose correlation coefficient values( i. e.,R~2)are 0. 60,0. 75 and 0. 80,respectively. It shows that Δ~(13)C value is more positive with increase of MAP,but more negative with enrichment of EWT and ASD. Secondly,Δ~(13)C of fossil L. miosinica leaves is substituted into three regression equations established above. The EWT,MAP,and ASD in late Miocene Tiantai,Zhejiang,are counted as 39. 2 ℃,1 329 mm and 1 938 hrs,respectively. The MAP is similar to that reconstructed from other methods,showing the result here is reliable. It suggests that stable carbon isotope of fossil L. miosinica leaves can be an indicator to reconstruct palaeoenvironment. Moreover,comparing to modern environment,the Late Miocene environment in Tiantai is parallel to that in same place,suggesting the subtropical climate has come into being in the Late Miocene for eastern Zhejiang.
引文
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[8]YAN De-fei,SUN Bai-nian,XIE San-ping,et al.Response to paleoatmospheric CO2concentration of Solenites vimineus(Phillips)Harris(Ginkgophyta)from the Middle Jurassic of the Yaojie Basin,Gansu Province,China[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,52(12):2 029-2 039.
[9]DU Bao-xia,SUN Bai-nian,ZHANG Ming-zhen,et al.Atmospheric palaeo-CO2estimates based on the carbon isotope and stomatal data of Cheirolepidiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of the Jiuquan Basin,Gansu Province[J].Cretaceous Research,2016,62(1):142-153.
[10]樊金娟,宁静,孟宪菁,等.C3植物叶片稳定碳同位素对温度、湿度的响应及其在水分利用中的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(6):1 502-1 507.FAN Jin-juan,NING Jing,MENG Xian-jing,et al.Stable carbon isotopic compositions of C3plant responses to the temperature and moisture and their application in water use efficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(6):1 502-1 507.
[11]马晔,刘锦春.δ13C在植物生态学研究中的应用[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(7):1 492-1 500.MA Ye,Liu Jin-chun.Applications ofδ13C in plant ecological research[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(7):1 492-1 500.
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[15]XIAO Liang,YANG Hong,SUN Bai-nian,et al.Stable isotope compositions of recent and fossil sun/shade leaves and implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction[J].Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,2013,190(5):75-84.
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[18]Uemura K.Late neogene liquidambar(Hamamelidaceae)from the southern part of northeast Honshu,Japan[J].Mem Natn Sci Mus Tokyo,1983,16(1):25-36.
[19]李相传,孙柏年,肖良,等.浙江新近纪嵊县组地层特征及其化石研究进展[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2014,50(2):145-153.LI Xiang-chuan,SUN Bai-nian,XIAO Liang,et al.Stratum characteristics of the Neogene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang Province and its related fossil studies[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2014,50(2):145-153.
[20]Mook W G.13C in atmospheric CO2[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1986(20):211-223.
[21]Zhang Y G,Pagani M,Liu Z,et al.A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2[J].Philosophical Transactions:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2013,371:1-20.
[22]Wang G A,Li J Z,Liu X Z,et al.Variations in carbon isotope ratios of mean annual precipitation in north China and their relevance to paleovegetation reconstruction[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,63(1):83-90.
[23]何春霞,李吉跃,孟平,等.树木叶片稳定碳同位素分馏对环境梯度的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3 828-3 838.HE Chun-xia,LI Ji-yue,MENG Ping,et al.Changes in leaf stable carbon isotope fractionation of trees across climatic gradients[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3 828-3 838.
[24]刘贤赵,宿庆,李嘉竹,等.控温条件下C3,C4草本植物碳同位素组成对温度的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(10):3 278-3 287.LIU Xian-zhao,SU Qing,LI Jia-zhu,et al.Responses of carbon isotopic composition of C3and C4herbaceous plants to temperature under controlled temperature conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(10):3 278-3 287.
[25]Kohn M J.Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3plants as indicators of(paleo)ecology and(paleo)climate[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(46):19 691-19 695.
[26]Francey R J,Farquhar G D.An explanation of13C/12Cvariations in tree rings[J].Nature,1982,297(5 861):28-31.
[27]任文秀,孙柏年,肖良.浙江宁海下南山组晚中新世古海拔与古气候定量重建[J].微体古生物学报,2010,27(1):93-98.REN Wen-xiu,SUN Bai-nian,XIAO Liang.Quantitative reconstruction on paleoelevation and paleoclimate of Miocene Xiananshan Formation in Ninghai,Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2010,27(1):93-98.
[28]李相传.浙江东部晚新生代植物群及其古气候研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.LI Xiang-chuan.The late cenozoic floras from eastern Zhejiang Province and their paleoclimatic reconstruction[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010.
[29]YAO Yi-feng,Bruch A A,Mosbrugger V,et al.Quantitative reconstruction of Miocene climate patterns and evolution in Southern China based on plant fossils[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2011,304(3-4):291-307.
[2]Zachos J,Pagani M,Sloan L,et al.Trends,rhythms,and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present[J].Science,2001,292(5 517):686-693.
[3]袁子能,邢磊,张海龙,等.生物标志物稳定氢同位素研究进展及在海洋古环境重建中的应用[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(3):276-283.YUAN Zi-neng,XING Lei,ZHANG Hai-long,et al.Progress of biomarker stable hydrogen isotope and its application to marine paleoenvironmental reconstruction[J].Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(3):276-283.
[4]林杰,庄广胜,王成善,等.叶蜡单体氢同位素古高程计研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(9):894-906.LIN Jie,ZHUANG Guang-sheng,WANG Cheng-shan,et al.Research progress of leaf-wax hydrogen isotope paleoaltimetry[J].Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(9):894-906.
[5]唐国军,陈衍景.有机碳同位素示踪古环境变化研究[J].矿物岩石,2004,24(3):110-115.TANG Guo-jun,CHEN Yan-jing.Comment on tracing environmental change with organic carbon isotopes[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2004,24(3):110-115.
[6]Hong S K,Lee Y I,Yi S.Carbon isotopic composition of terrestrial plant matter in the Upper Cretaceous Geoncheonri Formation,Gyeongsang Basin,Korea:Implications for Late Cretaceous palaeoclimate on the East Asian continental margin[J].Cretaceous Research,2012,35(1):169-177.
[7]Kürschner W M.Carbon isotope composition of fossil leaves-revealing ecophysiological responses to past environmental change[J].New Phytologist,2002,155(2):197-203.
[8]YAN De-fei,SUN Bai-nian,XIE San-ping,et al.Response to paleoatmospheric CO2concentration of Solenites vimineus(Phillips)Harris(Ginkgophyta)from the Middle Jurassic of the Yaojie Basin,Gansu Province,China[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,52(12):2 029-2 039.
[9]DU Bao-xia,SUN Bai-nian,ZHANG Ming-zhen,et al.Atmospheric palaeo-CO2estimates based on the carbon isotope and stomatal data of Cheirolepidiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of the Jiuquan Basin,Gansu Province[J].Cretaceous Research,2016,62(1):142-153.
[10]樊金娟,宁静,孟宪菁,等.C3植物叶片稳定碳同位素对温度、湿度的响应及其在水分利用中的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(6):1 502-1 507.FAN Jin-juan,NING Jing,MENG Xian-jing,et al.Stable carbon isotopic compositions of C3plant responses to the temperature and moisture and their application in water use efficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(6):1 502-1 507.
[11]马晔,刘锦春.δ13C在植物生态学研究中的应用[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(7):1 492-1 500.MA Ye,Liu Jin-chun.Applications ofδ13C in plant ecological research[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(7):1 492-1 500.
[12]Farquhar G D,O’Leary M H,Berry J A.On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves[J].Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1982,9(2):121-137.
[13]Dawson T E,Mambelli S,Plamboeck A H,et al.Stable isotopes in plant ecology[J].Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics,2002,33(1):507-559.
[14]XIAO Liang,SUN Bai-nian,LI Xiang-chuan,et al.Anatomical variations of living and fossil Liquidambar leaves:A proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstruction[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2011,54(4):493-508.
[15]XIAO Liang,YANG Hong,SUN Bai-nian,et al.Stable isotope compositions of recent and fossil sun/shade leaves and implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction[J].Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,2013,190(5):75-84.
[16]张志耘,路安民.金缕梅科:地理分布、化石历史和起源[J].植物分类学报,1995,33(4):313-339.ZHANG Zhi-yun,LU An-min.Hamamelidaceae:geographic distribution,fossil history and origin[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,1995,33(4):313-339.
[17]《中国新生代植物》编写组.中国植物化石第三册,中国新生代植物[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.Writing Group of Cenozoic Plants from China.Fossil plants of China,part 3,volume of cenozoic plants[M].Beijing:Science Press,1978.
[18]Uemura K.Late neogene liquidambar(Hamamelidaceae)from the southern part of northeast Honshu,Japan[J].Mem Natn Sci Mus Tokyo,1983,16(1):25-36.
[19]李相传,孙柏年,肖良,等.浙江新近纪嵊县组地层特征及其化石研究进展[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2014,50(2):145-153.LI Xiang-chuan,SUN Bai-nian,XIAO Liang,et al.Stratum characteristics of the Neogene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang Province and its related fossil studies[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2014,50(2):145-153.
[20]Mook W G.13C in atmospheric CO2[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1986(20):211-223.
[21]Zhang Y G,Pagani M,Liu Z,et al.A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2[J].Philosophical Transactions:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2013,371:1-20.
[22]Wang G A,Li J Z,Liu X Z,et al.Variations in carbon isotope ratios of mean annual precipitation in north China and their relevance to paleovegetation reconstruction[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2013,63(1):83-90.
[23]何春霞,李吉跃,孟平,等.树木叶片稳定碳同位素分馏对环境梯度的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3 828-3 838.HE Chun-xia,LI Ji-yue,MENG Ping,et al.Changes in leaf stable carbon isotope fractionation of trees across climatic gradients[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3 828-3 838.
[24]刘贤赵,宿庆,李嘉竹,等.控温条件下C3,C4草本植物碳同位素组成对温度的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(10):3 278-3 287.LIU Xian-zhao,SU Qing,LI Jia-zhu,et al.Responses of carbon isotopic composition of C3and C4herbaceous plants to temperature under controlled temperature conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(10):3 278-3 287.
[25]Kohn M J.Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3plants as indicators of(paleo)ecology and(paleo)climate[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(46):19 691-19 695.
[26]Francey R J,Farquhar G D.An explanation of13C/12Cvariations in tree rings[J].Nature,1982,297(5 861):28-31.
[27]任文秀,孙柏年,肖良.浙江宁海下南山组晚中新世古海拔与古气候定量重建[J].微体古生物学报,2010,27(1):93-98.REN Wen-xiu,SUN Bai-nian,XIAO Liang.Quantitative reconstruction on paleoelevation and paleoclimate of Miocene Xiananshan Formation in Ninghai,Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2010,27(1):93-98.
[28]李相传.浙江东部晚新生代植物群及其古气候研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.LI Xiang-chuan.The late cenozoic floras from eastern Zhejiang Province and their paleoclimatic reconstruction[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010.
[29]YAO Yi-feng,Bruch A A,Mosbrugger V,et al.Quantitative reconstruction of Miocene climate patterns and evolution in Southern China based on plant fossils[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2011,304(3-4):291-307.