采用播期、轮作和刈割防治光叶紫花苕病害
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摘要
在凉山州光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa)主要种植区,设置早播、中播和晚播3个播期,轮作、混播和单播3种植模式以及不刈割和刈割1~5次等农业措施,研究其对光叶紫花苕白粉病(Leveillula leguminosarum)、斑枯病(Fusarium equiseti)和叶斑病(Septoria medicaginis)的影响。结果表明,光叶紫花苕病害的发生与不同的农业措施有着直接或间接的关系。适宜的延迟播期、增加刈割强度、混播可降低光叶紫花苕病害的发生,中播的光叶紫花苕白粉病、斑枯病和叶斑病的发病率较早播的分别降低了15.4%、43.5%和50.5%。光叶紫花苕刈割3次以上,各病害发病率降低至10%以下,甚至不发病。与单播光叶紫花苕相比,光叶紫花苕与黑麦草混播的白粉病、斑枯病和叶斑病的发病率分别降低8.2%、41.9%和25.6%;与单播光叶紫花苕相比,轮作使光叶紫花苕斑枯病和叶斑病发病率分别降低23.8%~30.6%和6.8%~19.7%,病情指数分别降低17.2~20.3和6.2~9.3,但对白粉病无显著影响(P>0.05)。
In the main planting regions of Vicia villosa in Liangshan Prefecture,we set several agriculture measures,such as,there were three sowing dates,early sowing,middle sowing and late sowing.Crop rotation,mixed sowing and single sowing have been set for three planting patterns.We also set mowing measures,no mowing and mowing 1~5 times.Then we studies the effects of these variables on powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot in V.villosa.The results showed that agriculture measures have direct and indirect influences on the occurrence of the three diseases.Delaying sowing time,increasing the intensity of mowing appropriately,and mixed seeding can reduce the occurrence of diseases in V.villosa.In the middle sowing date,the incidence of powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot decreased by 15.4%,43.5%,and 50.5% respectively.When the mowing frequency was increased to three times,all three disease incidences reduced to less than 10%,even 0%.The incidence of powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot in V.villosa decreased by 8.2%,41.9%,and 25.6%,respectively,when it was sowed mixed with Lolium perenne.Rotation reduced the incidence of spot blight and leaf spot in V.villosa by 23.8%~30.6%and 6.8%~19.7%,respectively,and reduced their disease index by 17.2~20.3 and 6.2~9.3,respectively,but had no significant effects on the incidence of powdery mildew.
In the main planting regions of Vicia villosa in Liangshan Prefecture,we set several agriculture measures,such as,there were three sowing dates,early sowing,middle sowing and late sowing.Crop rotation,mixed sowing and single sowing have been set for three planting patterns.We also set mowing measures,no mowing and mowing 1~5 times.Then we studies the effects of these variables on powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot in V.villosa.The results showed that agriculture measures have direct and indirect influences on the occurrence of the three diseases.Delaying sowing time,increasing the intensity of mowing appropriately,and mixed seeding can reduce the occurrence of diseases in V.villosa.In the middle sowing date,the incidence of powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot decreased by 15.4%,43.5%,and 50.5% respectively.When the mowing frequency was increased to three times,all three disease incidences reduced to less than 10%,even 0%.The incidence of powdery mildew,spot blight,and leaf spot in V.villosa decreased by 8.2%,41.9%,and 25.6%,respectively,when it was sowed mixed with Lolium perenne.Rotation reduced the incidence of spot blight and leaf spot in V.villosa by 23.8%~30.6%and 6.8%~19.7%,respectively,and reduced their disease index by 17.2~20.3 and 6.2~9.3,respectively,but had no significant effects on the incidence of powdery mildew.
引文
[1]夏先林,汤丽琳,熊江林,韩勇,张有蓉,龙梅,杨庆刚,焦永学.光叶紫花苕的营养价值与饲用价值研究.草业科学,2005,22(2):52-56.XIA X L,TANG L L,XIONG J L,HAN Y,ZHANG Y R,LONG M,YANG Q G,JIAO Y X.The study on the nutrition and feeding value of smooth vetch.Pratacultural Science,2005,22(2):52-56.
[2]林超文,庞良玉,张冀,雷建容,田丽,冯文强,张庆玉,曹卫东.不同施肥处理对四川紫色丘陵区光叶紫花苕产量和效益的影响.西南农业学报,2013,26(6):2373-2379.LIN C W,PANG L Y,ZHANG J,LEI J R,TIAN L,FENG W Q,ZHANG Q Y,CAO W D.Effects of different fertilizer treatments on yield and benefit of Vicia villosa in purple hilly area of Sichuan.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2013,26(6):2373-2379.
[3]赵庭辉,李树清,邓秀才,姜映国.高海拔地区光叶紫花苕不同生育时期的营养动态及适宜利用期.中国草食动物科学,2010,30(3):54-56.ZHAO T H,LI S Q,DENG X C,JIANG Y G.Nutrient dynamics and appropriate period of use for Vicia villosa in different growth periods in high altitude area.Chinese Plant-eating Animal Science,2010,30(3):54-56.
[4]柳茜,傅平,敖学成,苏茂,孙启忠.冬闲田多花黑麦草+光叶紫花苕混播草地生产性能与种间竞争的研究.草地学报,2016,24(1):42-46.LIU Q,FU P,AO X C,SU M,Sun Q Z.Study on production performance and interspecific competition of Italian ryagrass and Villose veth mixed grassland in winter fallow farmlands.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(1):42-46.
[5]陈国祥,傅平,敖学成,何萍,柳茜.凉山光叶紫花苕生物性状与影响草、种生产因素的分析.草业科学,2006,23(3):30-34.CHEN G X,FU P,AO X C,HE P,LIU Q.Biological characters of Liangshan Shinyleaf Purpleflower Vetch(Vicia villosa)and analysis of affecting factors for its seed and forage production.Pratacultural Science,2006,23(3):30-34.
[6]杨璐嘉.吡虫啉和甲基硫菌灵对油菜和光叶紫花苕的生理胁迫研究.昆明:云南农业大学硕士学位论文,2016.YANG L J.The physiological stress research of Imidclopric and Thiophanate-methyl on Brassica napus L.and Vicia sativa L.Master Thesis.Kunming:Yunnan Agricultural University,2016.
[7]王国胜,侯玮,陈举林,李平海,闫保罗,刘善霞.不同播期对玉米粗缩病发病率及产量性状的影响.山东农业科学,2011(4):71-73.WANG G S,HOU W,CHEN J L,LI P H,YAN B L,LIU S X.Effects of different sowing dates on incidence rate of rough dwarf disease and yield traits of maize.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2011(4):71-73.
[8]闫良,高正纲,葛长军,徐丽荣,代俊芬.不同播期下11个鲜食大豆品种比较试验.热带农业科学,2017,37(4):38-43.YAN L,GAO Z G,GE C J,XU L R,DAI J F.Comparative trial of several vegetable soybean varietiesat different sowing time.Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2017,37(4):38-43.
[9]张智芳,杨海鹰,云庭,石小华,李彦强,曹亚利,鞠怀庆.播期、芽长和覆土厚度对马铃薯黑痣病的规避效应及产量的影响.中国马铃薯,2014(1):43-48.ZHANG Z F,YANG H Y,YUN T,SHI X H,LI Y Q,CAO Y L,JU H Q.Avoidance effect of bud length,sowing period and thickness of covering soil on Rhizoctonia solani and their effects on yield of potato.Chinese Potato,2014(1):43-48.
[10]杨静,施竹凤,高东,刘林,朱有勇,李成云.生物多样性控制作物病害研究进展.遗传,2012,34(11):1390-1398.YANG J,SHI Z F,GAO D,LIU L,ZHU Y Y,LI C Y.Mechanism on biodiversity managing crop diseases.Hereditas,2012,34(11):1390-1398.
[11]陈丹梅,陈晓明,梁永江,霍新建,张长华,段玉琪,杨宇虹,袁玲.种植模式对土壤酶活性和真菌群落的影响.草业学报,2015,24(2):77-84.CHEN D M,CHEN X M,LIANG Y J,HUO X J,ZHANG C H,DUAN Y Q,YANG Y H,YUAN L.Influence of cropping system on enzyme activities and fungal communities in soil.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):77-84.
[12]陈丹梅,段玉琪,杨宇虹,晋艳,袁玲.轮作模式对植烟土壤酶活性及真菌群落的影响.生态学报,2016,36(8):2373-2381.CHEN D M,DUAN Y Q,YANG Y H,JIN Y,YUAN L.Influence of crop rotation on enzyme activities and fungal communities in fluecured tobacco soil.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2373-2381.
[13]南志标.混播治理牧草病害的研究.中国草原与牧草,1986,3(5):49-51.NAN Z B.A study of use mixtures of different forage crop species for disease management.Chinese Grassland and Forage,1986,3(5):49-51.
[14]贾曦,王璐,刘振林,李长松,殷复伟,王莹莹,万书波.玉米//花生间作模式对作物病害发生的影响及分析.花生学报,2016,45(4):55-60.JIA X,WANG L,LIU Z L,LI C S,YIN F W,WANG Y Y,WAN S B.Effects and analyses of intercropping pattern for maize and peanut on crop disease occurrence.Journal of Peanut Science,2016,45(4):55-60.
[15]姜开梅,朱有勇,范静华,刘琴.玉米和马铃薯间作种植对玉米病害的控制.黑龙江农业科学,2012(12):56-60.JIANG K M,ZHU Y Y,FAN J H,LIU Q.Effects of maize and potato intercropping on maize disease control.Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2012(12):56-60.
[16]彭化贤,刘波微,罗林明,席亚东.间栽和混播对作物病害的防治效果.西南农业学报,2006,19(6):1058-1062.PENG H X,LIU B W,LUO L M,XI Y D.The studies on control crop diseases by using intercrop and mixture of variety in the fields.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2006,19(6):1058-1062.
[17]FISCHER M,WEYAND A,RUDMANN-MAURER K,STOCKLIN J.Omnipresence of leaf herbivory by invertebrates and leaf infection by fungal pathogens in agriculturally used grasslands of the Swiss Alps,but low plant damage.Alpine Botany,2012,122(2):95-107.
[18]卢翔,南志标.放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响.草业科学,2015,32(9):1423-1431.LU X,NAN Z B.Perspectives in effects of grazing on diversity of grassland plant community and forage disease.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(9):1423-1431.
[19]苏生昌,王雪薇,王纯利,赵振宇.苜蓿褐斑病在新疆的发生.草业科学,1997,14(5):31-33.SU S C,WANG X W,WANG C L,ZHAO Z Y.Occurrence of common leaf spot of alfalfa in Xinjiang.Pratacultural Science,1997,14(5):31-33.
[20]侯天爵,周淑清,刘一凌,白儒.苜蓿锈病的发生、危害与防治.内蒙古草业,1996(1):41-44.HOU T J,ZHOU S Q,LIU Y L,BAI R.The occurrence,damage and prevention for rust of alfalfa.Grassland and Prataculture,1996(1):41-44.
[21]PRATT R G.Evaluation of foliar clipping treatments for cultural control of sclerotinia crown and stem rot in crimson clover.Plant Disease,1991,75(1):59-62.
[22]俞斌华,王文建,殷建鹏,王燕超,于丝雨,祁璐璐.杀菌剂对沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的短期影响.草业科学,2017,34(1):59-66.YU B H,WANG W J,YIN J P,WANG Y C,YU S Y,QI L L.Short-term effect of fungicide on seed germination and seedling growth of standing milk vetch(Astragalus adsurgens).Pratacultural Science,2017,34(1):59-66.
[23]常媛,杨兴堂,姜传英,姚志红,贾让,任龙辉,张荣沭.一株能拮抗3种土传病害病原真菌的长枝木霉.草业科学,2017,34(2):246-254.CHANG Y,YANG X T,JIANG C Y,YAO Z H,JIA R,REN L H,ZHANG R S.ATrichoderma longibrachiatumstrain with antagonistic effects against three soil-borne pathogenic fungi.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):246-254.
[24]张芯伪,穆乃外尔·阿卜杜克热木,朱里里,李克梅.新疆紫花苜蓿丛枝病分子检测及鉴定.草业科学,2016,33(6):1183-1188.ZHANG X W,Munewell·Abdukrem,ZHU L L,LI K M.Molecular detection and identification of Lucerne witches broom disease in Xinjiang.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(6):1183-1188.
[2]林超文,庞良玉,张冀,雷建容,田丽,冯文强,张庆玉,曹卫东.不同施肥处理对四川紫色丘陵区光叶紫花苕产量和效益的影响.西南农业学报,2013,26(6):2373-2379.LIN C W,PANG L Y,ZHANG J,LEI J R,TIAN L,FENG W Q,ZHANG Q Y,CAO W D.Effects of different fertilizer treatments on yield and benefit of Vicia villosa in purple hilly area of Sichuan.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2013,26(6):2373-2379.
[3]赵庭辉,李树清,邓秀才,姜映国.高海拔地区光叶紫花苕不同生育时期的营养动态及适宜利用期.中国草食动物科学,2010,30(3):54-56.ZHAO T H,LI S Q,DENG X C,JIANG Y G.Nutrient dynamics and appropriate period of use for Vicia villosa in different growth periods in high altitude area.Chinese Plant-eating Animal Science,2010,30(3):54-56.
[4]柳茜,傅平,敖学成,苏茂,孙启忠.冬闲田多花黑麦草+光叶紫花苕混播草地生产性能与种间竞争的研究.草地学报,2016,24(1):42-46.LIU Q,FU P,AO X C,SU M,Sun Q Z.Study on production performance and interspecific competition of Italian ryagrass and Villose veth mixed grassland in winter fallow farmlands.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(1):42-46.
[5]陈国祥,傅平,敖学成,何萍,柳茜.凉山光叶紫花苕生物性状与影响草、种生产因素的分析.草业科学,2006,23(3):30-34.CHEN G X,FU P,AO X C,HE P,LIU Q.Biological characters of Liangshan Shinyleaf Purpleflower Vetch(Vicia villosa)and analysis of affecting factors for its seed and forage production.Pratacultural Science,2006,23(3):30-34.
[6]杨璐嘉.吡虫啉和甲基硫菌灵对油菜和光叶紫花苕的生理胁迫研究.昆明:云南农业大学硕士学位论文,2016.YANG L J.The physiological stress research of Imidclopric and Thiophanate-methyl on Brassica napus L.and Vicia sativa L.Master Thesis.Kunming:Yunnan Agricultural University,2016.
[7]王国胜,侯玮,陈举林,李平海,闫保罗,刘善霞.不同播期对玉米粗缩病发病率及产量性状的影响.山东农业科学,2011(4):71-73.WANG G S,HOU W,CHEN J L,LI P H,YAN B L,LIU S X.Effects of different sowing dates on incidence rate of rough dwarf disease and yield traits of maize.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2011(4):71-73.
[8]闫良,高正纲,葛长军,徐丽荣,代俊芬.不同播期下11个鲜食大豆品种比较试验.热带农业科学,2017,37(4):38-43.YAN L,GAO Z G,GE C J,XU L R,DAI J F.Comparative trial of several vegetable soybean varietiesat different sowing time.Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2017,37(4):38-43.
[9]张智芳,杨海鹰,云庭,石小华,李彦强,曹亚利,鞠怀庆.播期、芽长和覆土厚度对马铃薯黑痣病的规避效应及产量的影响.中国马铃薯,2014(1):43-48.ZHANG Z F,YANG H Y,YUN T,SHI X H,LI Y Q,CAO Y L,JU H Q.Avoidance effect of bud length,sowing period and thickness of covering soil on Rhizoctonia solani and their effects on yield of potato.Chinese Potato,2014(1):43-48.
[10]杨静,施竹凤,高东,刘林,朱有勇,李成云.生物多样性控制作物病害研究进展.遗传,2012,34(11):1390-1398.YANG J,SHI Z F,GAO D,LIU L,ZHU Y Y,LI C Y.Mechanism on biodiversity managing crop diseases.Hereditas,2012,34(11):1390-1398.
[11]陈丹梅,陈晓明,梁永江,霍新建,张长华,段玉琪,杨宇虹,袁玲.种植模式对土壤酶活性和真菌群落的影响.草业学报,2015,24(2):77-84.CHEN D M,CHEN X M,LIANG Y J,HUO X J,ZHANG C H,DUAN Y Q,YANG Y H,YUAN L.Influence of cropping system on enzyme activities and fungal communities in soil.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):77-84.
[12]陈丹梅,段玉琪,杨宇虹,晋艳,袁玲.轮作模式对植烟土壤酶活性及真菌群落的影响.生态学报,2016,36(8):2373-2381.CHEN D M,DUAN Y Q,YANG Y H,JIN Y,YUAN L.Influence of crop rotation on enzyme activities and fungal communities in fluecured tobacco soil.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2373-2381.
[13]南志标.混播治理牧草病害的研究.中国草原与牧草,1986,3(5):49-51.NAN Z B.A study of use mixtures of different forage crop species for disease management.Chinese Grassland and Forage,1986,3(5):49-51.
[14]贾曦,王璐,刘振林,李长松,殷复伟,王莹莹,万书波.玉米//花生间作模式对作物病害发生的影响及分析.花生学报,2016,45(4):55-60.JIA X,WANG L,LIU Z L,LI C S,YIN F W,WANG Y Y,WAN S B.Effects and analyses of intercropping pattern for maize and peanut on crop disease occurrence.Journal of Peanut Science,2016,45(4):55-60.
[15]姜开梅,朱有勇,范静华,刘琴.玉米和马铃薯间作种植对玉米病害的控制.黑龙江农业科学,2012(12):56-60.JIANG K M,ZHU Y Y,FAN J H,LIU Q.Effects of maize and potato intercropping on maize disease control.Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2012(12):56-60.
[16]彭化贤,刘波微,罗林明,席亚东.间栽和混播对作物病害的防治效果.西南农业学报,2006,19(6):1058-1062.PENG H X,LIU B W,LUO L M,XI Y D.The studies on control crop diseases by using intercrop and mixture of variety in the fields.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2006,19(6):1058-1062.
[17]FISCHER M,WEYAND A,RUDMANN-MAURER K,STOCKLIN J.Omnipresence of leaf herbivory by invertebrates and leaf infection by fungal pathogens in agriculturally used grasslands of the Swiss Alps,but low plant damage.Alpine Botany,2012,122(2):95-107.
[18]卢翔,南志标.放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响.草业科学,2015,32(9):1423-1431.LU X,NAN Z B.Perspectives in effects of grazing on diversity of grassland plant community and forage disease.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(9):1423-1431.
[19]苏生昌,王雪薇,王纯利,赵振宇.苜蓿褐斑病在新疆的发生.草业科学,1997,14(5):31-33.SU S C,WANG X W,WANG C L,ZHAO Z Y.Occurrence of common leaf spot of alfalfa in Xinjiang.Pratacultural Science,1997,14(5):31-33.
[20]侯天爵,周淑清,刘一凌,白儒.苜蓿锈病的发生、危害与防治.内蒙古草业,1996(1):41-44.HOU T J,ZHOU S Q,LIU Y L,BAI R.The occurrence,damage and prevention for rust of alfalfa.Grassland and Prataculture,1996(1):41-44.
[21]PRATT R G.Evaluation of foliar clipping treatments for cultural control of sclerotinia crown and stem rot in crimson clover.Plant Disease,1991,75(1):59-62.
[22]俞斌华,王文建,殷建鹏,王燕超,于丝雨,祁璐璐.杀菌剂对沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的短期影响.草业科学,2017,34(1):59-66.YU B H,WANG W J,YIN J P,WANG Y C,YU S Y,QI L L.Short-term effect of fungicide on seed germination and seedling growth of standing milk vetch(Astragalus adsurgens).Pratacultural Science,2017,34(1):59-66.
[23]常媛,杨兴堂,姜传英,姚志红,贾让,任龙辉,张荣沭.一株能拮抗3种土传病害病原真菌的长枝木霉.草业科学,2017,34(2):246-254.CHANG Y,YANG X T,JIANG C Y,YAO Z H,JIA R,REN L H,ZHANG R S.ATrichoderma longibrachiatumstrain with antagonistic effects against three soil-borne pathogenic fungi.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):246-254.
[24]张芯伪,穆乃外尔·阿卜杜克热木,朱里里,李克梅.新疆紫花苜蓿丛枝病分子检测及鉴定.草业科学,2016,33(6):1183-1188.ZHANG X W,Munewell·Abdukrem,ZHU L L,LI K M.Molecular detection and identification of Lucerne witches broom disease in Xinjiang.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(6):1183-1188.