凉山州主要栽培牧草病害调查及病原菌鉴定
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摘要
采用路线调查和定点调查相结合的方法,选择四川省凉山州喜德等5县,对凉山州人工草地牧草病害进行调查,采用科赫法则进行病原菌验证,确定凉山州8种牧草的病害20种,主要分布在盐源县(9种)、昭觉县(9种)和西昌市(8种),布拖县和喜德县分别有6种和5种病害发生;各病害发病率为8.9%～51.2%,其中玉米小斑病发病率最高达51.2%,其次为光叶紫花苕叶斑病和玉米大斑病,分别为46.3%和46.2%;各病害病情指数为2.5～36.8,其中光叶紫花苕白粉病病情指数最高达36.8,玉米小斑病和光叶紫花苕叶斑病次之,分别为33.4和32.3;国内新寄主病害3种,分别为光叶紫花苕斑枯病、白粉病和叶斑病;对主要病害根据其发生规律,提出了防治措施。
In this study,we choosed 5 counties in artificial grassland of Liangshan Prefecture,such as Xide County,then we investigated the grassland disease by using the method of route investigation and site investigation. The pathogen verification was carried out by using the Koch method,and 20 kinds of diseases were definited in Liangshan County,mainly distributed in Yanyuan County(9 kinds) and Zhaojue County(9 kinds) and Xichang City(8 kinds),there were 6 kinds of diseases and 5 kinds of diseases in Butuo County and Xide County respectively. The incidence of all diseases were 8.9%-51.2%,the incidence of corn southern leaf blight was the highest among them,it was 51.2%,and secondly they were leaf spot of Vicia villosa and corn northern leaf blight,their incidence were 46.3% and 46.2% respectively.The disease index of all diseases were 2.5-36.8,the disease index of powdery mildew of Vicia villosa was the highest among them,it was 36.8,and secondly they were corn southern leaf blight and leaf spot of Vicia villosa,their disease index were 33.4 and 32.3 respectively.Three kinds of host diseases were identified as new host diseases,they were spot blight,powdery mildew and leaf spot of Vicia villosa Rothvar. The main diseases' prevention and control measures were put forward according to their occurrence rules.
In this study,we choosed 5 counties in artificial grassland of Liangshan Prefecture,such as Xide County,then we investigated the grassland disease by using the method of route investigation and site investigation. The pathogen verification was carried out by using the Koch method,and 20 kinds of diseases were definited in Liangshan County,mainly distributed in Yanyuan County(9 kinds) and Zhaojue County(9 kinds) and Xichang City(8 kinds),there were 6 kinds of diseases and 5 kinds of diseases in Butuo County and Xide County respectively. The incidence of all diseases were 8.9%-51.2%,the incidence of corn southern leaf blight was the highest among them,it was 51.2%,and secondly they were leaf spot of Vicia villosa and corn northern leaf blight,their incidence were 46.3% and 46.2% respectively.The disease index of all diseases were 2.5-36.8,the disease index of powdery mildew of Vicia villosa was the highest among them,it was 36.8,and secondly they were corn southern leaf blight and leaf spot of Vicia villosa,their disease index were 33.4 and 32.3 respectively.Three kinds of host diseases were identified as new host diseases,they were spot blight,powdery mildew and leaf spot of Vicia villosa Rothvar. The main diseases' prevention and control measures were put forward according to their occurrence rules.
引文
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[25]常媛,杨兴堂,姜传英,等.一株能拮抗3种土传病害病原真菌的长枝木霉[J].草业科学,2017,34(2):246-254.
[26]卢翔,南志标.放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(9):1423-1431.
[27]俞斌华,王文建,殷建鹏,等.杀菌剂对沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的短期影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(1):59-66.
[28]关娟.草地病害防治技术[J].新疆畜牧业,2008(3):57.
[29]张芯伪,穆乃外尔·阿卜杜克热木,朱里里,等.新疆紫花苜蓿丛枝病分子检测及鉴定[J].草业科学,2016,33(6):1183-1188.
[2]杨文儒,白史且.“十五”凉山草业发展成就与展望[J].草业与畜牧,2006(2):49-52.
[3]南志标,李春杰.中国牧草真菌病害名录[J].草业科学,1994,13(增刊):1-160.
[4]张利,康晓慧,周俗,等.四川地区禾本科牧草真菌病害调查及综合防治研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(29):17899-17901.
[5]刘勇,黄小琴,柯绍英,等.四川主栽油菜品种根肿病抗性研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2009,31(1):90-93.
[6]陈莉敏,周俗,康晓慧,等.达州地区饲用玉米主要病害调查报告[J].草业与畜牧,2016(6):49-52.
[7]周仕祥,余宽良.四川玉米主要病害及其防治[J].四川农业科技,2016(8):27-29.
[8]车健.达州市水稻病害防治[J].南方农机,2017,48(9):51,53.
[9]苟文龙,何光武,张新跃,等.四川牧草种子生产现状、存在的问题及建议[J].草业科学,2006,23(11):66-69.
[10]南志标.蓼白粉菌对草木樨营养成分影响的测定[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1988(1):1-2.
[11]南志标.锈病对豆科牧草生长和营养成分的影响[J].草业学报,1990,1(1):83-87.
[12]陈秀蓉.陇东典型草原草地退化与微生物相关性及其优势菌系统发育分析与鉴定[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2003.
[13]JONES P,DEVONSHIRE B J,HOLMAN T J,et al.Napier grass stunt:A new disease associated with a 16Sr XI group phytoplasma in Kenya[J].Plant pathology,2004,53(4):519.
[14]OBURA E,MASIGA D,MIDEGA C A O,et al.First report of aphytoplasma associated with Bermuda grass white leaf diseasein Kenya[J]. New disease reports,2010,21:23.
[15]薛福祥.草地保护学:(三)牧草病理学[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2009.
[16]陆家云.植物病原真菌学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[17]LENNE J M,TRUTMANN P.Disease of tropical pasture plants[M].Cambridge,UK:CABI Publishing,1994:70,82,121.
[18]刘若.草原保护学:第3分册牧草病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998:171-252.
[19]魏景超.真菌鉴定手册[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1979:358.
[20]方中达.植病研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:121-154.
[21]MITCHELL C E,TILMAN D,GROTH J V.Effects of grassland plant species diversity,abundance,and composition on foliar fungal disease[J].Ecology,2002,83(6):1713-1726.
[22]SCHUSTER M L,COYNE D P.Biology,epidemiology,genetics and breeding for resistance to bacterial pathogens of Phaseolus vulgaris L.[J].Horticultural reviews,1981,3:28-58.
[23]郝青梅.小麦锈病的发生及防治[J].现代农业,2010(9):40-41.
[24]孔剑英.常见草坪的病害防治[J].农家之友(理论版),2010(8):13,16.
[25]常媛,杨兴堂,姜传英,等.一株能拮抗3种土传病害病原真菌的长枝木霉[J].草业科学,2017,34(2):246-254.
[26]卢翔,南志标.放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(9):1423-1431.
[27]俞斌华,王文建,殷建鹏,等.杀菌剂对沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的短期影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(1):59-66.
[28]关娟.草地病害防治技术[J].新疆畜牧业,2008(3):57.
[29]张芯伪,穆乃外尔·阿卜杜克热木,朱里里,等.新疆紫花苜蓿丛枝病分子检测及鉴定[J].草业科学,2016,33(6):1183-1188.