山西大同雕落寺石窟病害调查研究及保护对策
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摘要
为探讨小型石窟的科学保护方法,以山西大同雕落寺石窟为对象,基于现场调查与分析归纳相结合的方法,研究了其典型病害和保护方法。选取雕落寺主体部分的石窟,分为上、下2个部分,详细论述了各部分石窟的保存现状及病害情况,探讨了不同类型病害的产生原因。基于已有工程实践成果,提出了科学的保护建议。结果表明:雕落寺石窟典型病害包括裂缝、人工抹灰、风化剥落、污染等;其主要诱因与石窟岩体材性缺陷、水的作用、外力作用、生物作用、人为因素等密切相关;传统的修复方法如采取锚杆拉接、灌浆、清洗、黏结等方法可在一定程度上减小上述病害的发生,微生物诱导及沉积修复技术具有更广阔的前景。此外,加强当地人员文保意识的培养亦为科学保护雕落寺石窟的重要内容。
To effectively protect the small grottoes,the Diaoluo temple grottoes in Datong of Shanxi province were taken as examples,their structural problems and protection methods were studied by site investigation and analysis methods. The grottoes of the temple main body were divided into 2 parts in vertical direction,the status as well as structural problems of each part were studied in detail,the causes for the problems were discussed,and the corresponding strengthening methods were proposed. The typical structural problems of the grottoes include cracks,non-science plastering,weathering,pollution and so on. The causes for the problems include material shortage of rock,water effect, biological effect, artificial factor and so on. Traditional repairing means such as anchor connection,pouring,cleaning,sticking and so on can mitigate the problems to a certain degree. By comparison,calcium carbonate mineralization induced by microorganism is more effectively and promising. Besides,local training on scientific conservation of grottoes is also necessary.
To effectively protect the small grottoes,the Diaoluo temple grottoes in Datong of Shanxi province were taken as examples,their structural problems and protection methods were studied by site investigation and analysis methods. The grottoes of the temple main body were divided into 2 parts in vertical direction,the status as well as structural problems of each part were studied in detail,the causes for the problems were discussed,and the corresponding strengthening methods were proposed. The typical structural problems of the grottoes include cracks,non-science plastering,weathering,pollution and so on. The causes for the problems include material shortage of rock,water effect, biological effect, artificial factor and so on. Traditional repairing means such as anchor connection,pouring,cleaning,sticking and so on can mitigate the problems to a certain degree. By comparison,calcium carbonate mineralization induced by microorganism is more effectively and promising. Besides,local training on scientific conservation of grottoes is also necessary.
引文
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[26]郭青林,王旭东,范宇权,等.砂砾岩石窟灌浆材料PS-F机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增刊2):3330-3335.
[27]郝哲,李木,赵营.岩体裂隙注浆与渗流的关系评述[J].沈阳大学学报,2007,19(4):18-22.
[28]王捷,王逢睿,申喜旺,等.无机矿物聚合物应用于龙山石窟岩体裂隙加固的试验研究[J].新型建筑材料,2017(5):58-62.
[29]刘芳珍.彬县大佛寺石窟危岩加固设计与施工[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(5):112-115.
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[31]王德文.庆阳南石窟寺地质病害与治理[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(11):55-56.
[32]陈卉丽.大足妙高山石窟抢险保护工程技术报告[J].四川文物,2007(6):85-88.
[33]陈建平,高东亮.龙门石窟小型坍塌窟龛的修复[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(1):50-54.
[34]竹文坤.微生物诱导碳酸钙矿化及其在石质材料表面覆膜基础研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2011.
[35]RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO C,RODRIGUEZ-GALLEGO M,CHEKROUN K B,et al.Conservation of Ornamental Stone by Myxococcus Xanthus-Induced Carbonate Biomineralization[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,2003,69(4):2182-2193.
[36]刘强,张秉坚.石质文物表面生物矿化保护材料的仿生制备[J].化学学报,2006(15):1601-1605.
[37]崔明娟,郑俊杰,赖汉江.颗粒粒径对微生物固化砂土强度影响的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(增刊2):397-402.
[38]许朝阳,张莉,周健.微生物改性对粉土某些特性的影响[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(2):80-84.
[39]王瑞兴,钱春香,吴淼,等.微生物矿化固结土壤中重金属研究[J].功能材料,2007,38(9):1523-1530.
[2]张兵峰.石窟造像防风化加固材料探讨[J].中国文物科学研究,2014,(4):64-67.
[3]齐扬,周伟强,陈静,等.激光清洗云冈石窟文物表面污染物的试验研究[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(2):32-38.
[4]刘仁植,张秉坚,魏国锋,等.云岗石窟的污染物病害调查研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2016,28(2):101-110.
[5]王志芳.唐代以来云冈石窟修缮保护研究[J].山西大同大学学报(社会科学版),2016,30(5):43-47.
[6]董广强.70年麦积山石窟文物保护探析[J].遗产与保护研究,2018,3(3):43-50.
[7]LOURENS A R,LEO P,HENK P H,et al.Salt Crystallization as Damage Mechanism in Porous Building Materials:a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study[J].Magnetic Resonance Imaging,2005,23(2):273-276.
[8]DELIA D,PAOLO M C,ROSELLA C.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)Modeling of Microclimate for Salts Crystallization Control and Artworks Conservation[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2014,15(4):448-457.
[9]任述光,张义同,徐家富,等.沉积岩折曲带形成的弹塑性相变模型[J].天津大学学报,2008,41(3):255-260.
[10]马国彦,崔志芳,温秋生.对岩体缺陷调查与工程处理方法的研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(1):15-19.
[11]方云,陈星,刘俊红,等.云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):137-141.
[12]傅燕,田世艳.龙游石窟3号洞第3-2号岩柱的监测与开裂机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2009(6):823-828.
[13]刘冬桥,李东,张晓云.基于缺陷生长的岩石应变软化损伤本构模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增刊2):3902-3909.
[14]谢振斌.巴中南龛石窟风化破坏原因及防风化加固保护[J].四川文物,2005(3):82-86.
[15]刘泉声,黄诗冰,康永水,等.裂隙冻胀压力及对岩体造成的劣化机制初步研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(6):1530-1542.
[16]甘向群.云冈石窟凝结水研究与防治[D].北京:中国地质大学,2006.
[17]李海,石云龙,黄继忠.大气污染对云冈石窟的风化侵蚀及防护对策[J].环境保护,2003(10):44-47.
[18]翁履谦,杨海峰,王逢睿,等.云冈石窟砂岩微观风化特征研究[J].材料导报,2011,25(增刊):425-428.
[19]陈志华.修缮文物建筑不要用水泥[J].古建园林技术,1988(2):14.
[20]王旭东,李最雄.安西榆林窟的岩体工程问题及防治对策[J].敦煌研究,2000(1):123-131.
[21]冯楠,王惠贞,宋迪生.环境因素对露天石质文物的危害:以集安市高句丽王城、王陵和贵族墓葬为例[J].边疆考古研究,2010(2):316-324.
[22]汪万福,蔺创业,张国彬,等.甘肃境内石窟寺中壁画有害生物调查及防治对策[J].敦煌研究,2009(6):30-35.
[23]颜菲,葛琴雅,李强,等.云冈石窟石质文物表面及周边岩石样品中微生物群落分析[J].微生物学报,2012,52(5):629-636.
[24]丁丽君,连宾.碳酸钙微生物风化试验研究[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):197-200.
[25]张秉坚,周环,贺筱蓉.石质文物微生物腐蚀机理研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2001,13(2):15-20.
[26]郭青林,王旭东,范宇权,等.砂砾岩石窟灌浆材料PS-F机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增刊2):3330-3335.
[27]郝哲,李木,赵营.岩体裂隙注浆与渗流的关系评述[J].沈阳大学学报,2007,19(4):18-22.
[28]王捷,王逢睿,申喜旺,等.无机矿物聚合物应用于龙山石窟岩体裂隙加固的试验研究[J].新型建筑材料,2017(5):58-62.
[29]刘芳珍.彬县大佛寺石窟危岩加固设计与施工[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(5):112-115.
[30]左国保,王幼松,张雁.天龙山文物石窟山体加固的研究[J].山西建筑,1992(1):11-22.
[31]王德文.庆阳南石窟寺地质病害与治理[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(11):55-56.
[32]陈卉丽.大足妙高山石窟抢险保护工程技术报告[J].四川文物,2007(6):85-88.
[33]陈建平,高东亮.龙门石窟小型坍塌窟龛的修复[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(1):50-54.
[34]竹文坤.微生物诱导碳酸钙矿化及其在石质材料表面覆膜基础研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2011.
[35]RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO C,RODRIGUEZ-GALLEGO M,CHEKROUN K B,et al.Conservation of Ornamental Stone by Myxococcus Xanthus-Induced Carbonate Biomineralization[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,2003,69(4):2182-2193.
[36]刘强,张秉坚.石质文物表面生物矿化保护材料的仿生制备[J].化学学报,2006(15):1601-1605.
[37]崔明娟,郑俊杰,赖汉江.颗粒粒径对微生物固化砂土强度影响的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(增刊2):397-402.
[38]许朝阳,张莉,周健.微生物改性对粉土某些特性的影响[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(2):80-84.
[39]王瑞兴,钱春香,吴淼,等.微生物矿化固结土壤中重金属研究[J].功能材料,2007,38(9):1523-1530.