中国环境问责制度的嬗变特征与演进逻辑——基于政策文本的分析
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摘要
建构和强化环境问责制度以落实政府环境保护责任,是近年来中国政府着力解决环境污染痼疾的重要举措。环境问责政策文本是观察政府环境问责运作实践的重要切入点,而当前学界鲜见运用文本分析法系统梳理中国环境问责制度演变脉络的成果。对环境问责政策的文本分析,可以在"行政问责—法律问责—社会问责"的三维分类框架下,结合问责对象、问责原则、问责情形、问责程序和问责结果的问责要素视角,运用ROST Content Mining 6.0软件进行。分析表明,2000—2017年期间,中国环境问责制度由偏态发展向协调发展转变,但总体保持较低水平的平稳渐变态势;由突发问责向常态问责转变,但总体呈现较为明显的短期应急效应;从软性问责向刚性问责转变,但仍然存在环境机会主义的可能空间。
To address environmental pollution problems in recent years, an important step taken by Chinese government is to construct and strengthen the environmental accountability system to fulfill the responsibility of environmental protection. Policy text is an important entry point for observing the government's practices. However,scholars rarely utilize text analysis to sort out the evolution of environmental accountability system in China. In this paper, we conduct text analysis under a three-dimensional classification, namely "administrative accountability-legal accountability-social accountability". Besides, from a perspective of accountability elements, we also track the changes of accountability objects, principles, situation, procedures and results. With the employment of ROST Content Mining 6.0, the results show that during the period of 2000-2017, China's environmental accountability system evolves from a biased development to a coordinated development, but the coordination remains at a relatively low level. Additionally, environmental accountability system in China starts to transfer from emergency accountability to normal accountability, but still appears to have short-term emergency effects sometimes. Also, it significantly alters from soft accountability to rigid accountability, but there still remains room for environmental opportunism.
To address environmental pollution problems in recent years, an important step taken by Chinese government is to construct and strengthen the environmental accountability system to fulfill the responsibility of environmental protection. Policy text is an important entry point for observing the government's practices. However,scholars rarely utilize text analysis to sort out the evolution of environmental accountability system in China. In this paper, we conduct text analysis under a three-dimensional classification, namely "administrative accountability-legal accountability-social accountability". Besides, from a perspective of accountability elements, we also track the changes of accountability objects, principles, situation, procedures and results. With the employment of ROST Content Mining 6.0, the results show that during the period of 2000-2017, China's environmental accountability system evolves from a biased development to a coordinated development, but the coordination remains at a relatively low level. Additionally, environmental accountability system in China starts to transfer from emergency accountability to normal accountability, but still appears to have short-term emergency effects sometimes. Also, it significantly alters from soft accountability to rigid accountability, but there still remains room for environmental opportunism.
引文
[1]任,黄萃,苏竣.公共政策文本研究的路径与发展趋势[J].中国行政管理,2017,(5):96-101.
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[14]文宏.突发事件管理中地方政府规避责任行为分析及对策[J].政治学研究,2013,(6):52-60.
[15]周亚越.论我国行政问责制的法律缺失及其重构[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2):85-91.
[16]王郅强,靳江好,赫郑飞.健全行政问责制提高政府执行力---“行政问责制与政府执行力”研讨会综述[J].中国行政管理,2007,(9):92-94.
[17]孙红竹.新时期中国行政问责制研究[D].北京:首都师范大学博士学位论文,2011.
[18]CARLEY K M.Extracting Team Mental Models Through Textual Analysis[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997,18(S1):533-558.
[19]WHORF B L&CARROLL J B.Language,Thought,and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1956:134-159.
[20]曹鎏.行政官员问责的法治化[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2011:37.
[21]赵蕾.行政问责制度模型---基于运行程序的规范分析[J].公共管理学报,2006,(4):76-80.
[22]胡春艳,李贵.西方问责制研究及其借鉴[J].中南大学学报:社会科学版,2012,(3):21-25.
[23]李兆东.环境机会主义、问责需求和环境审计[J].审计与经济研究,2015,(2):33-42.
[2]许继芳.政府环境责任缺失与多元问责机制建构[J].行政论坛,2010,(3):35-39.
[3]周孜予.社会问责与地方政府环境治理探析[J].行政论坛,2015,(2):93-95.
[4]SAX J L.The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law:Effective Judicial Intervention[J].Michigan Law Review,1970,68(3):471-566.
[5]FAHLQUIST J N.Moral Responsibility for Environmental Problems-Individual or Institutional?[J].Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,2009,22(2):109-124.
[6]PADDOCK L C.Environmental Accountability and Public Involvement[J].Pace Environmental Law Review,2004,21(2):243-264.
[7]BERGESON L L.Environmental Accountability:Keeping Pace with the Evolving role of Responsible Environmental Corporate Stewardship[J].Environmental Quality Management,2006,16(1):69-76.
[8]毛政相.问责制:必须走向制度化[J].理论探讨,2005,(1):94-97.
[9]顾杰.论我国行政问责制的现状与完善[J].理论月刊,2004,(12):5-9.
[10]宋涛.中国官员问责发展实证研究[J].中国行政管理,2008,(1):12-16.
[11]张创新,赵蕾.从行政道德到依法问责---对于我国高官问责建制的若干思考[J].福建论坛:社科教育版,2004,(10):107-110.
[12]马骏.实现政治问责的三条道路[J].中国社会科学,2010,(5):103-120.
[13]肖光荣.中国行政问责制存在的问题及对策研究[J].政治学研究,2012,(3):78-88.
[14]文宏.突发事件管理中地方政府规避责任行为分析及对策[J].政治学研究,2013,(6):52-60.
[15]周亚越.论我国行政问责制的法律缺失及其重构[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2):85-91.
[16]王郅强,靳江好,赫郑飞.健全行政问责制提高政府执行力---“行政问责制与政府执行力”研讨会综述[J].中国行政管理,2007,(9):92-94.
[17]孙红竹.新时期中国行政问责制研究[D].北京:首都师范大学博士学位论文,2011.
[18]CARLEY K M.Extracting Team Mental Models Through Textual Analysis[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997,18(S1):533-558.
[19]WHORF B L&CARROLL J B.Language,Thought,and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1956:134-159.
[20]曹鎏.行政官员问责的法治化[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2011:37.
[21]赵蕾.行政问责制度模型---基于运行程序的规范分析[J].公共管理学报,2006,(4):76-80.
[22]胡春艳,李贵.西方问责制研究及其借鉴[J].中南大学学报:社会科学版,2012,(3):21-25.
[23]李兆东.环境机会主义、问责需求和环境审计[J].审计与经济研究,2015,(2):33-42.