不同所有制整车企业空间扩张的对比研究——以华东地区为例
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摘要
以华东地区的整车集团为例,对比分析不同所有制整车企业空间扩张的时空特征与动力机制。研究发现:①国有企业下属企业数量始终较多,并由制造环节向上下游环节全面扩张;合资企业受政策限制,少量的下属企业集中在制造环节;民营企业在2001年以后快速崛起,以汽车制造环节的扩张为主,在非制造环节有加强的趋势。②在区位选择上,国有企业主要在本地和省内扩张;合资企业主要在本地和省外扩张;民营企业长期在本地、省内和省外均衡扩张。③整车企业的空间扩张主要受到内部集聚经济的影响。产业政策对企业空间扩张的限制作用大于促进作用。相较于国有企业和合资企业,民营企业的空间扩张受各类成本因素和市场因素的影响程度更大。最后,从国家、地方政府和企业三个方面提出政策与建议。
Based on the newly-built subordinate firms of automobile enterprise in East China, this article analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics and mechanisms of the spatial expansion of automobile enterprises with different ownership. The conclusions are as follows: firstly, state-owned enterprises which have lots of subordinate firms evolve from the manufacturing processes to the full value-chain. Joint ventures, subjected to the policies, have a small number of subordinate firms which are concentrated in manufacturing processes. After 2001, private enterprises were mainly expanding in the manufacturing processes and intensified in non-manufacturing sectors. Secondly, in terms of location choice, state-owned enterprises mainly expand in the local and intra-provincial areas. Joint ventures mainly expand locally and outside the province. Private enterprises have multidirectional expansion. Thirdly, the spatial expansions are mainly affected by the internal agglomeration economies. The restrictive effects of industrial policies on the expansion are greater than the promotion effects. Compared with state-owned enterprises and joint ventures, the spatial expansion of private enterprises are more affected by various cost factors and market factors. In the end, this paper proposes suggestions in terms of the state, local governments and enterprises.
Based on the newly-built subordinate firms of automobile enterprise in East China, this article analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics and mechanisms of the spatial expansion of automobile enterprises with different ownership. The conclusions are as follows: firstly, state-owned enterprises which have lots of subordinate firms evolve from the manufacturing processes to the full value-chain. Joint ventures, subjected to the policies, have a small number of subordinate firms which are concentrated in manufacturing processes. After 2001, private enterprises were mainly expanding in the manufacturing processes and intensified in non-manufacturing sectors. Secondly, in terms of location choice, state-owned enterprises mainly expand in the local and intra-provincial areas. Joint ventures mainly expand locally and outside the province. Private enterprises have multidirectional expansion. Thirdly, the spatial expansions are mainly affected by the internal agglomeration economies. The restrictive effects of industrial policies on the expansion are greater than the promotion effects. Compared with state-owned enterprises and joint ventures, the spatial expansion of private enterprises are more affected by various cost factors and market factors. In the end, this paper proposes suggestions in terms of the state, local governments and enterprises.
引文
[1]李珒,战建华.中国新能源汽车产业的政策变迁与政策工具选择[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017(10):198-208.
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[6] Lüthi S,Thierstein A,Goebel V. Intra‐firm and extra‐firm linkages in the knowledge economy:the case of the emerging mega‐city region of Munich[J]. Global Networks,2010,10(1):114-137.
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[11] Glaeser E L,Kerr W R. Local Industrial Conditions and Entrepreneurship:How Much of the Spatial Distribution Can We Explain?[J]. Journal of Economics&Management Strategy,2009,18(3):623-663.
[12]黄志基,贺灿飞,杨帆,等.中国环境规制、地理区位与企业生产率增长[J].地理学报,2015(10):1 581-1 591.
[13] Monseny J J,López R M,Marsal E V. The Determinants of Localization and Urbanization Economies:Evidence from the Location of New Firms in Spain[J]. Journal of Regional Science,2014,54(2):313-337.
[14]陈思宇,张昕彤,吴迪,等.北京市批发企业区位分布演化与驱动力分析[J].经济地理,2016,36(9):111-117.
[15]赵浚竹,孙铁山,李国平.中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):850-862.
[16] Alcácer J,Chung W. Location Strategies and Knowledge Spillovers[J]. Management Science,2007,53(5):760-776.
[17] Henderson J V,Ono Y. Where do manufacturing firms locate their headquarters?[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2008,63(2):431-450.
[18] Alcácer J,Delgado M. Spatial Organization of Firms and Location Choices Through the Value Chain[J]. Management Science,2016,62(11):3 213-3 234.
[19]张泽一,王春才.我国汽车产业政策失效的经济分析[J].生产力研究,2008(11):103-105.
[20]尹栾玉.中国汽车产业政策的历史变迁及绩效分析[J].学习与探索,2010(4):167-168.
[21] Ben-Akiva M E,Lerman S R. Discrete choice analysis:theory and application to travel demand[M]. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,1985.
[22]王俊松.集聚经济与中国制造业新企业区位选择[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报:社会科学版,2011,13(6):19-26.
[23] Alcácer J,Chung W. Location strategies for agglomeration economies[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015,35(12):1 749-1 761.
[24]姜海宁,谷人旭,李广斌.中国制造业企业500强总部空间格局及区位选择[J].经济地理,2011,31(10):1 666-1 673.
[25]周尚意,王星.制度对工业企业区位选择影响的新古典经济学分析——以北京原料药企业外迁至河北沧州为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(2):1-6.
(1)《关于印发<汽车工业产业政策>的通知》(国发[1994]17号)。
(2)《汽车产业发展政策》(国家发展和改革委员会令2004年第8号)。
(1)《国务院关于印发汽车产业调整和振兴规划的通知》(国发[2009]5号)。
(2)工业和信息化部国家发展和改革委员会关于修改<汽车产业发展政策>的决定》(工业和信息化部、国家发展改革委令2009年第10号)。
[2]刘可文,袁丰,潘坤友.长江三角洲不同所有制企业空间组织网络演化分析[J].地理科学,2017(5):651-660.
[3] Taylor M J. Organizational growth,spatial interaction and location decision-making[J]. Regional Studies,1975,9(4):313-323.
[4]刘作丽,贺灿飞.集聚经济、制度约束与汽车产业跨国公司在华功能区位[J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1 606-1 620.
[5] Wall R S,Knaap G A. Sectoral Differentiation and Network Structure Within Contemporary Worldwide Corporate Networks[J]. Economic Geography,2011,87(3):267-308.
[6] Lüthi S,Thierstein A,Goebel V. Intra‐firm and extra‐firm linkages in the knowledge economy:the case of the emerging mega‐city region of Munich[J]. Global Networks,2010,10(1):114-137.
[7] Marcuello C. Spatial patterns and determinants in New Firm Formation:are cooperatives different?[J]. Small Business Economics,2015,44(1):1-17.
[8] Keuschnigg C,Devereux M P. The arm's length principle and distortions to multinational firm organization[J]. Journal of International Economics,2013,89(2):432-440.
[9]贺灿飞,肖晓俊.跨国公司功能区位实证研究[J].地理学报,2011,66(12):1 669-1 681.
[10]王俊松,潘峰华,郭洁.上海市上市企业总部的区位分布与影响机制[J].地理研究,2015,34(10):1 920-1 932.
[11] Glaeser E L,Kerr W R. Local Industrial Conditions and Entrepreneurship:How Much of the Spatial Distribution Can We Explain?[J]. Journal of Economics&Management Strategy,2009,18(3):623-663.
[12]黄志基,贺灿飞,杨帆,等.中国环境规制、地理区位与企业生产率增长[J].地理学报,2015(10):1 581-1 591.
[13] Monseny J J,López R M,Marsal E V. The Determinants of Localization and Urbanization Economies:Evidence from the Location of New Firms in Spain[J]. Journal of Regional Science,2014,54(2):313-337.
[14]陈思宇,张昕彤,吴迪,等.北京市批发企业区位分布演化与驱动力分析[J].经济地理,2016,36(9):111-117.
[15]赵浚竹,孙铁山,李国平.中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):850-862.
[16] Alcácer J,Chung W. Location Strategies and Knowledge Spillovers[J]. Management Science,2007,53(5):760-776.
[17] Henderson J V,Ono Y. Where do manufacturing firms locate their headquarters?[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2008,63(2):431-450.
[18] Alcácer J,Delgado M. Spatial Organization of Firms and Location Choices Through the Value Chain[J]. Management Science,2016,62(11):3 213-3 234.
[19]张泽一,王春才.我国汽车产业政策失效的经济分析[J].生产力研究,2008(11):103-105.
[20]尹栾玉.中国汽车产业政策的历史变迁及绩效分析[J].学习与探索,2010(4):167-168.
[21] Ben-Akiva M E,Lerman S R. Discrete choice analysis:theory and application to travel demand[M]. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,1985.
[22]王俊松.集聚经济与中国制造业新企业区位选择[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报:社会科学版,2011,13(6):19-26.
[23] Alcácer J,Chung W. Location strategies for agglomeration economies[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015,35(12):1 749-1 761.
[24]姜海宁,谷人旭,李广斌.中国制造业企业500强总部空间格局及区位选择[J].经济地理,2011,31(10):1 666-1 673.
[25]周尚意,王星.制度对工业企业区位选择影响的新古典经济学分析——以北京原料药企业外迁至河北沧州为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(2):1-6.
(1)《关于印发<汽车工业产业政策>的通知》(国发[1994]17号)。
(2)《汽车产业发展政策》(国家发展和改革委员会令2004年第8号)。
(1)《国务院关于印发汽车产业调整和振兴规划的通知》(国发[2009]5号)。
(2)工业和信息化部国家发展和改革委员会关于修改<汽车产业发展政策>的决定》(工业和信息化部、国家发展改革委令2009年第10号)。