不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、抗氧化和空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响
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摘要
本试验是在国家"粮改饲"的大背景下,旨在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响。选取胎次、体质量相近(33.16±3.49)kg的生长育肥猪(杜×长×大)32头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复。对照组(SC0)饲喂基础饲粮,营养水平参照NY/T65-2004瘦肉型猪标准供给,20～60 kg生长猪试验组分别为20%(ESC20),30%(ESC30),40%(ESC40)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上的营养水平分别为对照组的98%、96%,94%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,3.5%,4.0%,4.5%。60～100 kg育肥猪试验组分别为40%(LSC40),50%(LSC50),60%(LSC60)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上营养水平分别为对照组的97%,94%,91%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,4.0%,5.0%,5.5%,各处理饲粮干物质基础养分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。预饲期7 d,正式期98 d。结果表明,随着饲粮全株玉米比例的增加,生长育肥猪的末质量、平均日增质量(ADG)、血清铜蓝蛋白(CER)、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度(IOD)和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均呈线性降低(P<0.05),而新鲜基础采食量(ADFI)、日粗纤维采食量(ADCFI)、干物质采食量(ADDFI)和料质量比均呈线性升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,ESC20/LSC40和ESC30/LSC50全株玉米处理组的生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin的表达均差异不显著(P>0.05);但是,ESC40/LSC60全株玉米处理组的末质量、ADG、CER、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。新鲜全株玉米可用作生长育肥猪的低营养水平饲粮配制,并能保障生产性能,改善猪的健康状况。生长猪适宜的全株青贮玉米使用比例为20%～30%,育肥猪适宜的使用比例为全株青贮玉米40%～50%。此结果为国家"粮改饲"政策的实施及全株保鲜玉米在猪生产上的应用提供了理论依据。
Under the background of national policy of "grain changed into feed",the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different proportion whole plant corn diet on growth performance,serum and liver oxidative stress index,and distribution and expression of ghrelin in jejunum of growing-fattening pigs.A total of 32 growing-fattening pigs(Duroc×Landrace×Large White) were allocated into 4 treatments with 8 replicates according to ages and average body weight(33.16±3.49)kg,and were fed individually in a metabolic cage for 98 days after 7 days adaptation.The control group(SC0)was fed basal diet.Dietary nutrition level was according to reference of NY/T65-2004 lean pig feeding standard.In the three test treatments for 20-60 kg growing pigs,the ratio of 20%(ESC20),30%(ESC30)and 40%(ESC40)fermented whole plant corn was used to replace the basal diet,respectively.The nutrient contents of the three test treatments diets were 98%,96%and 94%of the control,and the crude fiber(CF)levels of the four test treatments were 3.0%,3.5%,4.0%and 4.5%,respectively.In the three test treatments for 60-100 kg fattening pigs,the ratio of 40%(LSC40),50%(LSC50)and 60%(LSC60)fermented whole plant corn was used to replace the basal diet,respectively.The nutrient contents of the three test treatments diets were 97%,94%and 91%of the control,and the crude fiber(CF)levels of the four test treatments were 3.0%,4.0%,5.0% and 5.5%,respectively.There was no significant difference in the content of nutrients under dry matter basis among treatments(P>0.05).It was indicated that with the increasing of whole plant corn ratio in the diet of growing-fattening pigs,final weight,average daily gain(ADG),serum ceruloplasmin(CER),immunoreactive integrated poptic density(IOD)and mRNA of ghrelin in jejunum decreased(P<0.05)linearly,but the average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily crude fiber intake(ADCFI),average daily dry feed intake(ADDFI)and feed gain ratio(F/G)increased(P<0.05)linearly.Compared with the control,no significant effect on the growth performance,serum and liver oxidative stress index of ESC20/LSC40 and ESC30/LSC50 treatment was observed(P>0.05).However,the final body weight,ADG,CER,IODand mRNA of ghrelin in jejunum of ESC40/LSC60 treatment were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Fresh whole plant corn can be used in low nutrient level diet of growing-fattening pigs,and it can guarantee the production performance and improve the health status of pigs.The appropriate ratio of growing and fattening pigs was 20%-30% and 40%-50%,respectively.These results provide a theoretical basis on the implementation of national policy of"grain changing into feed"and the application of whole plant corn in the pig production.
Under the background of national policy of "grain changed into feed",the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different proportion whole plant corn diet on growth performance,serum and liver oxidative stress index,and distribution and expression of ghrelin in jejunum of growing-fattening pigs.A total of 32 growing-fattening pigs(Duroc×Landrace×Large White) were allocated into 4 treatments with 8 replicates according to ages and average body weight(33.16±3.49)kg,and were fed individually in a metabolic cage for 98 days after 7 days adaptation.The control group(SC0)was fed basal diet.Dietary nutrition level was according to reference of NY/T65-2004 lean pig feeding standard.In the three test treatments for 20-60 kg growing pigs,the ratio of 20%(ESC20),30%(ESC30)and 40%(ESC40)fermented whole plant corn was used to replace the basal diet,respectively.The nutrient contents of the three test treatments diets were 98%,96%and 94%of the control,and the crude fiber(CF)levels of the four test treatments were 3.0%,3.5%,4.0%and 4.5%,respectively.In the three test treatments for 60-100 kg fattening pigs,the ratio of 40%(LSC40),50%(LSC50)and 60%(LSC60)fermented whole plant corn was used to replace the basal diet,respectively.The nutrient contents of the three test treatments diets were 97%,94%and 91%of the control,and the crude fiber(CF)levels of the four test treatments were 3.0%,4.0%,5.0% and 5.5%,respectively.There was no significant difference in the content of nutrients under dry matter basis among treatments(P>0.05).It was indicated that with the increasing of whole plant corn ratio in the diet of growing-fattening pigs,final weight,average daily gain(ADG),serum ceruloplasmin(CER),immunoreactive integrated poptic density(IOD)and mRNA of ghrelin in jejunum decreased(P<0.05)linearly,but the average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily crude fiber intake(ADCFI),average daily dry feed intake(ADDFI)and feed gain ratio(F/G)increased(P<0.05)linearly.Compared with the control,no significant effect on the growth performance,serum and liver oxidative stress index of ESC20/LSC40 and ESC30/LSC50 treatment was observed(P>0.05).However,the final body weight,ADG,CER,IODand mRNA of ghrelin in jejunum of ESC40/LSC60 treatment were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Fresh whole plant corn can be used in low nutrient level diet of growing-fattening pigs,and it can guarantee the production performance and improve the health status of pigs.The appropriate ratio of growing and fattening pigs was 20%-30% and 40%-50%,respectively.These results provide a theoretical basis on the implementation of national policy of"grain changing into feed"and the application of whole plant corn in the pig production.
引文
[1] BACH KNUDSEN K E,HEDEMANN M S,L?RKE H N.The role of carbohydrates in intestinal health of pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2012,173(1/2):41-53.
[2] 盛清凯,李祥明,战余铭,等.猪用全株青绿玉米发酵前后营养成分的变化[J].饲料研究,2016(15):48-51.
[3] 陈金龙,闫景彩.日粮纤维在猪生产中的应用与研究[J].饲料与畜牧,2008(6):50-53.
[4] GOVONI N,DE I R,COCCO C,et al.Gastric immunolocalization and plasma profiles of acyl-ghrelin in fasted and fasted-refed prepuberal gilts[J].J Endocrinol,2005,186(3):505.
[5] KITAZAWA T,TERAOKA H,KAIYA H.The chicken is an interesting animal for study of the functional role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract[J].Endocr J,2017,64:S5-S9.
[6] YAMADA W,KAJI T,ONISHI S,et al.Ghrelin improves intestinal mucosal atrophy during parenteral nutrition:An experimental study[J].J Pediatr Surg,2016,51(12):2039-2043.
[7] WIERUP N,BJ?RKQVIST M,WESTR?M B,et al.Ghrelin and motilin are cosecreted from a prominent endocrine cell population in the small intestine[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92(9):3573-3581.
[8] 薛梅.青绿饲料对长白母猪繁殖性能影响的试验[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2009(2):47.
[9] HERMES R G,MOLIST F,YWAZAKI M,et al.Effect of dietary level of protein and fiber on the productive performance and health status of piglets[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87(11):3569-77.
[10] 尹佳,毛湘冰,余冰,等.饲粮纤维源对育肥猪生长性能、胴体组成和肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(8):1421-1428.
[11] The role of dietary fibre in digestion absorption and metabolism[J].Beretning Fra Statens Husdyrbrugsforsoeg,1985:25-37.
[12] KYRIAZAKIS I,EMMANS G C.The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran,dried citrus pulp and grass meal,in relation to measurements of feed bulk[J].Br J Nutr,1995,73(2):191.
[13] 黄静,邝哲师,廖森泰,等.桑叶粉和发酵桑叶粉对胡须鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及抗氧化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(6):1877-1886.
[14] 金艳梅,张晓庆,王冲,等.放牧时间对羊肉多不饱和脂肪酸沉积及氧化稳定性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(7):104-111.
[15] RAJPUT I R,LI W F,LI Y L,et al.Application of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) to enhance immunity,antioxidation,digestive enzymes activity and hematological profile of Shaoxing duck[J].Pakistan Vet J,2013,33(1):69-72.
[16] 白会新,王靓靓,单安山.饲粮中添加黄腐酸对生长肥育猪抗氧化性能的影响[J].养猪,2016(3):18-21.
[17] 易国华,柳小春,施启顺,等.猪的血浆酶活性和蛋白(酶)型与日增质量的关系研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(3):31-32.
[18] 蔡旭滨,陈凌锋,檀新珠,等.太子参茎叶多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清抗氧化指标、免疫指标及生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(12):3867-3874.
[19] 刘海燕,秦贵信,于维,等.发酵豆粕对仔猪生长性能、血液生化和抗氧化指标的影响[J].中国饲料,2010(17):19-21.
[20] FUJIMIYA M,ASAKAWA A K,KATO I,et al.Different effects of ghrelin,des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin on gastroduodenal motility in conscious rats[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(41):6318.
[21] Yakabi K,Kawashima J,Kato S.Ghrelin and gastric acid secretion[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(41):6334-6338.
[22] HAYASHIDA T,MURAKAMI K,MOGI K,et al.Ghrelin in domestic animals:distribution in stomach and its possible role[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2001,21(1):17.
[23] VITARI F,DI G A,DEPONTI D,et al.Distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs at different ages[J].Vet Res Commun,2012,36(1):71-80.
[24] S?UPECKA M,WOLI.The effects of enteral ghrelin administration on the remodeling of the small intestinal mucosa in neonatal piglets[J].Regul Pept,2012,174(1/3):38.
[25] INHOFF T,M?NNIKES H,NOETZEL S,et al.Desacyl ghrelin inhibits the orexigenic effect of peripherally injected ghrelin in rats[J].Peptides,2008,29(12):2159-2168.
[26] BRZOZOWSKI T,KONTUREK P C,KONTUREK S J,et al.Exogenous and endogenous ghrelin in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage[J].Regul Pept,2004,120(1/3):39.
[27] SIBILIA V,RINDI G,PAGANI F,et al.Ghrelin protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats:studies on the mechanisms of action[J].Endocrinology,2003,144(1):353-359.
[28] HATTORI N.Expression,regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system[J].Growth Horm IGF Res,2009,19(3):187.
[29] SALFEN B E,CARROLL J A,KEISLER D H,et al.Effects of exogenous ghrelin on feed intake,weight gain,behavior,and endocrine responses in weanling pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2004,82(7):1957-1966.
[30] HORVATH T L,DIANO S,SOTONYI P,et al.Minireview:ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance-a hypothalamic perspective[J].Endocrinology,2001,142(10):4163.
[2] 盛清凯,李祥明,战余铭,等.猪用全株青绿玉米发酵前后营养成分的变化[J].饲料研究,2016(15):48-51.
[3] 陈金龙,闫景彩.日粮纤维在猪生产中的应用与研究[J].饲料与畜牧,2008(6):50-53.
[4] GOVONI N,DE I R,COCCO C,et al.Gastric immunolocalization and plasma profiles of acyl-ghrelin in fasted and fasted-refed prepuberal gilts[J].J Endocrinol,2005,186(3):505.
[5] KITAZAWA T,TERAOKA H,KAIYA H.The chicken is an interesting animal for study of the functional role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract[J].Endocr J,2017,64:S5-S9.
[6] YAMADA W,KAJI T,ONISHI S,et al.Ghrelin improves intestinal mucosal atrophy during parenteral nutrition:An experimental study[J].J Pediatr Surg,2016,51(12):2039-2043.
[7] WIERUP N,BJ?RKQVIST M,WESTR?M B,et al.Ghrelin and motilin are cosecreted from a prominent endocrine cell population in the small intestine[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92(9):3573-3581.
[8] 薛梅.青绿饲料对长白母猪繁殖性能影响的试验[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2009(2):47.
[9] HERMES R G,MOLIST F,YWAZAKI M,et al.Effect of dietary level of protein and fiber on the productive performance and health status of piglets[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87(11):3569-77.
[10] 尹佳,毛湘冰,余冰,等.饲粮纤维源对育肥猪生长性能、胴体组成和肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(8):1421-1428.
[11] The role of dietary fibre in digestion absorption and metabolism[J].Beretning Fra Statens Husdyrbrugsforsoeg,1985:25-37.
[12] KYRIAZAKIS I,EMMANS G C.The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran,dried citrus pulp and grass meal,in relation to measurements of feed bulk[J].Br J Nutr,1995,73(2):191.
[13] 黄静,邝哲师,廖森泰,等.桑叶粉和发酵桑叶粉对胡须鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及抗氧化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(6):1877-1886.
[14] 金艳梅,张晓庆,王冲,等.放牧时间对羊肉多不饱和脂肪酸沉积及氧化稳定性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(7):104-111.
[15] RAJPUT I R,LI W F,LI Y L,et al.Application of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) to enhance immunity,antioxidation,digestive enzymes activity and hematological profile of Shaoxing duck[J].Pakistan Vet J,2013,33(1):69-72.
[16] 白会新,王靓靓,单安山.饲粮中添加黄腐酸对生长肥育猪抗氧化性能的影响[J].养猪,2016(3):18-21.
[17] 易国华,柳小春,施启顺,等.猪的血浆酶活性和蛋白(酶)型与日增质量的关系研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(3):31-32.
[18] 蔡旭滨,陈凌锋,檀新珠,等.太子参茎叶多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清抗氧化指标、免疫指标及生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(12):3867-3874.
[19] 刘海燕,秦贵信,于维,等.发酵豆粕对仔猪生长性能、血液生化和抗氧化指标的影响[J].中国饲料,2010(17):19-21.
[20] FUJIMIYA M,ASAKAWA A K,KATO I,et al.Different effects of ghrelin,des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin on gastroduodenal motility in conscious rats[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(41):6318.
[21] Yakabi K,Kawashima J,Kato S.Ghrelin and gastric acid secretion[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(41):6334-6338.
[22] HAYASHIDA T,MURAKAMI K,MOGI K,et al.Ghrelin in domestic animals:distribution in stomach and its possible role[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2001,21(1):17.
[23] VITARI F,DI G A,DEPONTI D,et al.Distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs at different ages[J].Vet Res Commun,2012,36(1):71-80.
[24] S?UPECKA M,WOLI.The effects of enteral ghrelin administration on the remodeling of the small intestinal mucosa in neonatal piglets[J].Regul Pept,2012,174(1/3):38.
[25] INHOFF T,M?NNIKES H,NOETZEL S,et al.Desacyl ghrelin inhibits the orexigenic effect of peripherally injected ghrelin in rats[J].Peptides,2008,29(12):2159-2168.
[26] BRZOZOWSKI T,KONTUREK P C,KONTUREK S J,et al.Exogenous and endogenous ghrelin in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage[J].Regul Pept,2004,120(1/3):39.
[27] SIBILIA V,RINDI G,PAGANI F,et al.Ghrelin protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats:studies on the mechanisms of action[J].Endocrinology,2003,144(1):353-359.
[28] HATTORI N.Expression,regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system[J].Growth Horm IGF Res,2009,19(3):187.
[29] SALFEN B E,CARROLL J A,KEISLER D H,et al.Effects of exogenous ghrelin on feed intake,weight gain,behavior,and endocrine responses in weanling pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2004,82(7):1957-1966.
[30] HORVATH T L,DIANO S,SOTONYI P,et al.Minireview:ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance-a hypothalamic perspective[J].Endocrinology,2001,142(10):4163.