人类基因编辑研究自由的法律界限与责任
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摘要
在中国现行法律体系中,人类基因编辑研究自由既属于宪法上作为基本权利的科研自由范畴,亦是民法上行动自由的涵摄对象。这就要求,作为主观权利的人类基因编辑研究自由应在法律允许的范围内展开,不得危害国家安全、损害社会公共利益、危害人体健康、违反伦理道德,否则应承担相应的法律责任。对于违反法律导致的民事责任,即使现行法中并没有明确的专门调整规则,在解释论上也可通过法律解释规则的运用而予确定。至于刑事责任,由于受罪刑法定、人权保障等原则的严格控制,很难在解释论上获得彻底解决,应交由立法机关审慎处理。
In China's current legal system, the freedom of human gene editing research falls not only into the category of scientific research freedom which is one of the basic rights in the constitution, but also into the category of action freedom in civil law. This requires that, as subjective right, the freedom of human gene editing research should be carried out within the scope permitted by law, and should not endanger national security, harm social public interests, endanger human health, or violate ethics and morality. Otherwise, the researcher should bear corresponding legal responsibilities. As for civil liability for violation of legal restrictions, even if there are no specific and special regulations in the current law, it can also be determined through the use of legal interpretation rules. As for administrative liability and criminal liability, especially the latter, it is restricted by principles such as legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime, and human rights protection and therefore should be handled carefully by the legislation since it is difficult to solve this problem through legal interpretation rules.
In China's current legal system, the freedom of human gene editing research falls not only into the category of scientific research freedom which is one of the basic rights in the constitution, but also into the category of action freedom in civil law. This requires that, as subjective right, the freedom of human gene editing research should be carried out within the scope permitted by law, and should not endanger national security, harm social public interests, endanger human health, or violate ethics and morality. Otherwise, the researcher should bear corresponding legal responsibilities. As for civil liability for violation of legal restrictions, even if there are no specific and special regulations in the current law, it can also be determined through the use of legal interpretation rules. As for administrative liability and criminal liability, especially the latter, it is restricted by principles such as legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime, and human rights protection and therefore should be handled carefully by the legislation since it is difficult to solve this problem through legal interpretation rules.
引文
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[2]Brooke Elizabeth Hrouda.“Playing God?”:An Examination of The Legality of CRISPR Germline Editing Technology under The Current International Regulatory Scheme and The Universal Declaration on The Human Genome and Human Rights.Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law,2016,(45).
[3]Joshua D,Seitz.Striking a Balance:Policy Considerations for Human Germline Modification.Santa Clara Journal of International Law,2018,(16).
[4]李卓,吴景淳,裴端卿.人类基因编辑的前景与挑战.生命科学,2018,(9).
[5]冯建鹏.我国司法判决中的宪法援引及其功能:基于已公开判决文书的实证研究.法学研究,2017,(3).
[6]朱晓峰.民法一般人格权的价值基础与表达方式.比较法研究,2019,(2).
[7]程啸.侵权行为法总论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[8]最高人民法院民事审判第一庭.最高人民法院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》的理解与适用.北京:人民法院出版社,2015.
[9]王利明.关于制定民法总则的几点思考.法学家,2016,(5).
[10]朱晓峰.作为一般人格权的人格尊严权:以德国侵权法中的一般人格权为参照.清华法学,2014,(1).
[11]程啸.论大数据时代的个人数据权利.中国社会科学,2018,(3).
[12]Christian Starck.Bonner Grundgesetz Kommentar.München:Franz Vahlen,1999.
[13]郑玉双.破解技术中立难题:法律与科技之关系的法理学再思.华东政法大学学报,2018,(1).
[14]Dov Fox.Selective Procreation in Public and Private Law.UCLA Law Review Discourse,2016,(64).
[15]罗会宇,雷瑞鹏.我们允许做什么?人胚胎基因编辑之反思平衡.伦理学研究,2017,(2).
[16]范月蕾,王慧媛,于建荣.基因编辑的伦理争议.科技中国,2018,(6).
[17]Jason Glanzer.The Human Germline Modification Index:An International Risk Assessment for the Production of Genetically Modified Humans.Creighton International and Comparative Law Journal,2017,(9).
[18]普佛尔滕.法哲学导论.雷磊译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2017.
[19]何盛明.财经大辞典:上.北京:中国财政经济出版社,1990.
[20]魏星.基因编辑.中国科技术语,2018,(5).
[21]王利明.民法总论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
[22]戴孟勇.论公序良俗的判断标准.法制与社会发展,2006,(3).
[23]News Release.Organizing Committee for the International Summit on Human Gene Editing,On Human Gene Editing:International Summit Statement,2015-12-03.[2019-01-20]http://www.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12032015a.
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[25]Anders Nordgren.Responsible Genetics:The Moral Responsibility of Geneticists for The Consequences of Human Genetics Research.Berlin:Springer,2001.
[26]Michael J.Sandel.The Case against Perfection:Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering.Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2007.
[27]朱振.反对完美?--关于人类基因编辑的道德与法律哲学思考.华东政法大学学报,2018,(1).
[28]Edward Lanphier.Don’t Edit the Human Germ Line.Nature,2015,(519).
[29]Ronald Dworkin.Sovereign Virtue:The Theory and Practice of Equality.Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2000.
[30]John Harris.Germline Modification and the Burden of Human Existence.Cambridge Q.Healthcare Ethics,2016,(25).
[31]Sarah Ashley Barnett.Regulating Human Germline Modification in Light of CRISPR.University of Richmond Law Review,2017,(51).
[32]No?lle Lenoire.Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights:The First Legal and Ethical Framework at the Global Level.Columbia Human Rights Law Review,1999,(30).
[33]江璇.人类增强技术的发展与伦理挑战.自然辩证法研究,2014,(5).
[34]陶应时,罗成翼.人类胚胎基因编辑的伦理悖论及其化解之道.自然辩证法通讯,2018,(2).
[35]Niklaus H.Evitt.Human Germline CRISPR-Cas Modification:Toward a Regulatory Framework.American Journal Bioethics,2015,(15).
[36]Paul Knoepfler.GMO Sapiens:The Life-Changing Science of Designer Babies.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2015.
[37]任云晓,肖茹丹,娄晓敏等.基因编辑技术研究进展和在基因治疗中的应用.遗传,2019,(1).
[38]朱晓峰.民法典编纂视野下胎儿利益的民法规范:兼评五部民法典建议稿胎儿利益保护条款.法学评论,2016,(1).
[39]Christian v.Bar.Gemeineurop?isches Deliktsrecht.München:C.H.Beck,1999.
[40]John A.Robertson.Procreative Liberty in the Era of Genomics.The American.Journal Law and Medicine,2004,(29).
[41]朱晓峰.侵权可赔损害类型论.北京:法律出版社,2017.
[42]英国纳菲尔德生物伦理委员会.基因编辑和人类生殖:社会伦理及法律规制.蒋莉译.苏州大学学报(法学版),2018,(4).
[43]王康.基因权的私法规范:背景、原则与体系.法律科学,2013,(3).
[44]Tetsuya Ishii.Germline Genome-editing Research and its Socioethical Implications.Trends in Molecular Medicine,2015,(21).
[45]Steven Olson.International Summit on Human Gene Editing:A Global Discussion,Committee on Science,Technology,and Law Policy and Global Affairs,2015-11-28.[2018-12-20]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343652/pdf/Books helf_NBK343652.pdf.
[46]王轶.论商品房预售许可证明对合同效力的影响.比较法研究,2018,(6).
[47]朱庆育.《合同法》第52条第5项评注.法学家,2016,(3).
[48]李凤梅.危害国家安全罪的规范缺失及立法补正.法商研究,2017,(5).
[49]徐光华.公众舆论与以危险方法危害公共安全罪的扩张适用.法学家,2014,(5).
[50]孙万怀.以危险方法危害公共安全罪何以成为口袋罪.现代法学,2010,(5).
[51]陆诗忠.论“以危险方法危害公共安全罪”中的“危险方法”.法律科学,2017,(5).