风沙流/沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测
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摘要
风沙流与沙尘暴是发生在高雷诺数大气边界层中的气固两相流,对风沙流与沙尘暴的深入认识、准确预报和科学防治都要基于对风沙运动规律的认知和把握,因而需要借鉴高雷诺数湍流的研究成果。本文综述了高雷诺数壁湍流和风沙流/沙尘暴研究的现状,着重介绍了在中国民勤地区建立的沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测站,以及基于观测站的观测列阵所获得的初步成果,展望了进一步的发展方向。
Wind-blown sand and dust storm are typical gas-solid two phase flow occur in high Reynolds atmospheric boundary layer turbulence. Better understanding, accurate prediction and effective controlling of wind-blown sand and dust storm all rely on knowledges of sand/dust particle movement, and therefore on the research results on high Reynolds wall turbulence: The driving force of particle movement. After a briefly review on high Reynolds wall turbulence and sand/dust storm researches, the Qingtu Lake Observation Array(QLOA) established in Minqin county was introduced in detail. Preliminary results achieved in the light of observed data and outlook were described.
Wind-blown sand and dust storm are typical gas-solid two phase flow occur in high Reynolds atmospheric boundary layer turbulence. Better understanding, accurate prediction and effective controlling of wind-blown sand and dust storm all rely on knowledges of sand/dust particle movement, and therefore on the research results on high Reynolds wall turbulence: The driving force of particle movement. After a briefly review on high Reynolds wall turbulence and sand/dust storm researches, the Qingtu Lake Observation Array(QLOA) established in Minqin county was introduced in detail. Preliminary results achieved in the light of observed data and outlook were described.
引文
[1]Marusic I,Mckeon B J,Monkewitz P A,et al.Wall-bounded turbulentflows at high Reynolds numbers:Recent advances and key issues[J].Physics of Fluids,2010,22(6):1-58.
[2]王式功,董光荣,陈惠忠,等.沙尘暴研究的进展[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(4):349-356.
[3]史培军,王一谋.我国沙尘暴灾害及其研究进展与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):71-77.
[4]国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006━2020年)[EB/OL].[2016-12-31].http://www.most.gov.cn/mostinfo/xinxifenlei/gjkjgh/200811/t20081129_65774.htm.
[5]全国防沙治沙规划(2011—2020年)[EB/OL].[2016-12-31].http://www.forestry.gov.cn/Common Action.do?dispatch=more&colid=218&p=10.
[6]Schlichting H,Gersten K.Boundary layer theory[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2000.
[7]Klewicki J C.Reynolds number dependence,scaling,and dynamics ofturbulent boundary layers[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,2010,132(9):094001.
[8]Bailey S C C,Vallikivi M,Hultmark M,et al.Estimating the value ofvon Kármán's constant in turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2014,749:79-98.
[9]Chauhan K A,Nagib H M,Monkewitz P A.Evidence on non-universal-ity of Karman constant[J].Progress in Turbulence II,2007,109:159-163.
[10]Zanoun E S,Durst F,Nagib H.Evaluating the law of the wall in two-dimensional fully developed turbulent channel flows[J].Physics of Flu-ids,2003,15(10):3079-3089.
[11]Monty J P.Developments in smooth wall turbulent duct flows[D].Uni-versity of Melbourne,Department of Mechanical and ManufacturingEngineering,2005.
[12]Pope S B.Turbulent flows[M].Oxford:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[13]Zagarola M V,Smits A J.Mean-flow scaling of turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998,373(1):33-79.
[14]Mc Keon B J,Li J,Jiang W,Morrison J F,et al.Further observationson the mean velocity distribution in fully developed pipe flow[J].Jour-nal of Fluid Mechanics,2004,501:135-147
[15]Nagib H M,Chauhan K A,Monkewitz P A.Approach to an Asymptot-ic State for Zero Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers[J].Philosophical Transactions,2007,365(1852):755-770.
[16]Jimenez J,Moser R D.What are we learning from simulating wall tur-bulence?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Math-ematical Physical and Engineering Sciences,2007,365(1852):715-732.
[17]Marusic I,Kunkel G J.Streamwise turbulence intensity formulationfor flat-plate boundary layers[J].Physics of Fluids,2003,15(8):2461-2464.
[18]Hoyas S,Jimenez J.Scaling of the velocity fluctuations in turbulentchannels up to Reτ=2003[J].Physics of Fluids,2006,18(1):L41.
[19]Zhou J,Adrian R,Balachandar S,Kendall T.Mechanisms for generat-ing coherent packets of hairpin vortices in channel flow[J].Journal ofFluid Mechanics,1999,387(1):353-396.
[20]Balakumar B J,Adrian R J.Large-and very-large-scale motions inchannel and boundary-layer flows[J].Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Scienc-es,2007,365(1852):665-681.
[21]Guala M,Hommema S E,Adrian R J.Large-scale and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2006,554:521-542.
[22]Hutchins N,Marusic I.Large-scale influences in near-wall turbulence[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-MathematicalPhysical and Engineering Sciences,2007,365(1852):647-664.
[23]Monty J P,Chong M S.Turbulent channel flow:comparison of stream-wise velocity data from experiments and direct numerical simulation[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2009,633:461-474.
[24]Mathis R,Hutchins N,Marusic I.Large-scale amplitude modulationof the small-scale structures in turbulent boundary layers[J].Journalof Fluid Mechanics,2009,628:311-337.
[25]Panton R L.Overview of the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbu-lence[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2001,37(4):341-383.
[26]Smits A,Mc Keon B,Marusic I.High-Reynolds number wall turbu-lence[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2011,43(1):353-375.
[27]George W K.Is there a universal log law for turbulent wall-boundedflows?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Mathe-matical Physical&Engineering Sciences,2007,365(365):789-806.
[28]Mathis R,Marusic I,Chernyshenko S I,et al.Estimating wall-shear-stress fluctuations given an outer region input[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2013,715(1):163-180.
[29]Bagnold R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dune[M].London:Methuen,1941.
[30]Owen P R.Saltation of uniform grains in air[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,1964,20(2):225-242.
[31]White B R.Soil transport by winds on Mars[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1979,4(B9):4643–4651.
[32]Ungar J E,Haff P K.Steady-state saltation in air[J].Sedimentology,1987,34(2):289–299
[33]Sauermann G,Kroy K,Herrmann H J.A continuum saltation modelfor sand dunes[J].Physics Review E,2001,64:031305.
[34]Zheng X J.Mechanics of Wind-blown Sand Movements[M].BerlinHeidelberg:Springer,2009.
[35]Zheng X J,Huang N,Zhou Y.Laboratory measurement of electrifica-tion of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltationmovement[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(D10):231-231.
[36]Zheng X J,Huang N,Zhou Y H.The effect of electrostatic force onthe evolution of sand saltation cloud[J].The European Physical Jour-nal E,2006,19:129-138.
[37]Bo T L,Zheng X J.The formation and evolution of aeolian dune fieldsunder unidirectional wind[J].Geomorphology,2011,134(3):408-416.
[38]姜金荣,张小曳,迟学斌,等.沙尘暴数值预报模式CUACE-Dust的并行与优化[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010(增1):52-55.
[39]李耀辉,赵建华,薛纪善,等.基于GRAPES的西北地区沙尘暴数值预报模式及其应用研究[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(9):999-1011.
[40]Lu H,Shao Y.Toward quantitative prediction of dust storms:an inte-grated wind erosion modelling system and its applications[J].Environ-mental Modelling&Software,2001,16(3):233-249.
[41]Shao Y.Physics and modeling of wind erosion[M].Boston:Kluwer Ac-ademic Publishers,2000.
[42]Schlatter P,?rlüR.Assessment of direct numerical simulation data ofturbulent boundary layers[J].Indian Journal of Pediatrics,2010,659(4):116-126.
[43]Mollinger A M,Nieuwstadt F T M.Measurement of the lift force on aparticle fixed to the wall in the viscous sublayer of a fully developedturbulent boundary layer[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1996,316:285-306.
[44]Leenders J K,van Boxel J H,Sterk G.Wind forces and related salta-tion transport[J].Geomorphology,2005,71:357-372.
[45]Baas A C W.Wavelet power spectra of aeolian sand transport byboundary layer turbulence[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(5):L05403.
[46]Zeng Q,Cheng X,Hu F,et al.Gustiness and coherent structure ofstrong winds and their role in dust emission and entrainment[J].Ad-vances in atmospheric sciences,2010,27(1):1-13.
[47]Jacob C,Anderson W.Conditionally averaged large-scale motions inthe neutral atmospheric boundary layer:insights for aeolian processes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2017,162(1):21-41..
[48]Hultmark,Marcus.A theory for the streamwise turbulent fluctuationsin high Reynolds number pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2012,707(3):575-584.
[49]Vallikivi M,Ganapathisubramani B,Smits A.Spectral scaling inboundary layers and pipes at very high Reynolds numbers[J].Journalof Fluid Mechanics,2015,771:303-326.
[50]Vincenti P,Klewicki J,Morrill-Winter C,et al.Streamwise velocitystatistics in turbulent boundary layers that spatially develop to highReynolds number[J].Experiments in Fluids,2013,54(12):1629.
[51]Squire D T,Morrill-Winter C,Hutchins N,et al.Comparison of turbu-lent boundary layers over smooth and rough surfaces up to high Reyn-olds numbers[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2016,795:210–240.
[52]Winkel E S,Cutbirth J M,Ceccio S L,et al.Turbulence profiles froma smooth flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds number[J].Experimental Thermal&Fluid Science,2012,40(40):140-149.
[53]Schultz M P,Flack K A.Reynolds-number scaling of turbulent chan-nel flow[J].Physics of Fluids,2013,25(2):011702-159.
[54]Ahn J,Lee J H,Jin L,et al.Direct numerical simulation of a 30Rlong turbulent pipe flow at Reτ=3008[J].Physics of Fluids,2015,27(6):065110.
[55]Sillero J A,Jiménez J,Moser R D.One-point statistics for turbulentwall-bounded flows at Reynolds numbers up toδ+≈2000[J].Physicsof Fluids,2013,25(10):5102.
[56]Schlatter P,?rlüR.Turbulent boundary layers at moderate Reynoldsnumbers:inflow length and tripping effects[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2012,710(5):5-34.
[57]Lee M,Malaya N,Moser R D.Direct numerical simulation of turbu-lent channel flow up to Reτ≈5200[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2015,774(4):395-415.
[58]Hutchins N,Chauhan K,Marusic I,et al.Towards reconciling thelarge-scale structure of turbulent boundary layers in the atmosphereand laboratory[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2012,145(2):273-306.
[59]Wang G H,Zheng X J.Very large scale motions in the atmosphericsurfacelayer:A field investigation[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2016,802:464-489.
[60]兰州大学举办“高雷诺数湍流国际研讨会”[EB/OL].(2016-10-14).http://news.lzu.edu.cn/c/201610/41419.html.
[2]王式功,董光荣,陈惠忠,等.沙尘暴研究的进展[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(4):349-356.
[3]史培军,王一谋.我国沙尘暴灾害及其研究进展与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):71-77.
[4]国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006━2020年)[EB/OL].[2016-12-31].http://www.most.gov.cn/mostinfo/xinxifenlei/gjkjgh/200811/t20081129_65774.htm.
[5]全国防沙治沙规划(2011—2020年)[EB/OL].[2016-12-31].http://www.forestry.gov.cn/Common Action.do?dispatch=more&colid=218&p=10.
[6]Schlichting H,Gersten K.Boundary layer theory[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2000.
[7]Klewicki J C.Reynolds number dependence,scaling,and dynamics ofturbulent boundary layers[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,2010,132(9):094001.
[8]Bailey S C C,Vallikivi M,Hultmark M,et al.Estimating the value ofvon Kármán's constant in turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2014,749:79-98.
[9]Chauhan K A,Nagib H M,Monkewitz P A.Evidence on non-universal-ity of Karman constant[J].Progress in Turbulence II,2007,109:159-163.
[10]Zanoun E S,Durst F,Nagib H.Evaluating the law of the wall in two-dimensional fully developed turbulent channel flows[J].Physics of Flu-ids,2003,15(10):3079-3089.
[11]Monty J P.Developments in smooth wall turbulent duct flows[D].Uni-versity of Melbourne,Department of Mechanical and ManufacturingEngineering,2005.
[12]Pope S B.Turbulent flows[M].Oxford:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[13]Zagarola M V,Smits A J.Mean-flow scaling of turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998,373(1):33-79.
[14]Mc Keon B J,Li J,Jiang W,Morrison J F,et al.Further observationson the mean velocity distribution in fully developed pipe flow[J].Jour-nal of Fluid Mechanics,2004,501:135-147
[15]Nagib H M,Chauhan K A,Monkewitz P A.Approach to an Asymptot-ic State for Zero Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers[J].Philosophical Transactions,2007,365(1852):755-770.
[16]Jimenez J,Moser R D.What are we learning from simulating wall tur-bulence?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Math-ematical Physical and Engineering Sciences,2007,365(1852):715-732.
[17]Marusic I,Kunkel G J.Streamwise turbulence intensity formulationfor flat-plate boundary layers[J].Physics of Fluids,2003,15(8):2461-2464.
[18]Hoyas S,Jimenez J.Scaling of the velocity fluctuations in turbulentchannels up to Reτ=2003[J].Physics of Fluids,2006,18(1):L41.
[19]Zhou J,Adrian R,Balachandar S,Kendall T.Mechanisms for generat-ing coherent packets of hairpin vortices in channel flow[J].Journal ofFluid Mechanics,1999,387(1):353-396.
[20]Balakumar B J,Adrian R J.Large-and very-large-scale motions inchannel and boundary-layer flows[J].Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Scienc-es,2007,365(1852):665-681.
[21]Guala M,Hommema S E,Adrian R J.Large-scale and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2006,554:521-542.
[22]Hutchins N,Marusic I.Large-scale influences in near-wall turbulence[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-MathematicalPhysical and Engineering Sciences,2007,365(1852):647-664.
[23]Monty J P,Chong M S.Turbulent channel flow:comparison of stream-wise velocity data from experiments and direct numerical simulation[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2009,633:461-474.
[24]Mathis R,Hutchins N,Marusic I.Large-scale amplitude modulationof the small-scale structures in turbulent boundary layers[J].Journalof Fluid Mechanics,2009,628:311-337.
[25]Panton R L.Overview of the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbu-lence[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2001,37(4):341-383.
[26]Smits A,Mc Keon B,Marusic I.High-Reynolds number wall turbu-lence[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2011,43(1):353-375.
[27]George W K.Is there a universal log law for turbulent wall-boundedflows?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Mathe-matical Physical&Engineering Sciences,2007,365(365):789-806.
[28]Mathis R,Marusic I,Chernyshenko S I,et al.Estimating wall-shear-stress fluctuations given an outer region input[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2013,715(1):163-180.
[29]Bagnold R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dune[M].London:Methuen,1941.
[30]Owen P R.Saltation of uniform grains in air[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,1964,20(2):225-242.
[31]White B R.Soil transport by winds on Mars[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1979,4(B9):4643–4651.
[32]Ungar J E,Haff P K.Steady-state saltation in air[J].Sedimentology,1987,34(2):289–299
[33]Sauermann G,Kroy K,Herrmann H J.A continuum saltation modelfor sand dunes[J].Physics Review E,2001,64:031305.
[34]Zheng X J.Mechanics of Wind-blown Sand Movements[M].BerlinHeidelberg:Springer,2009.
[35]Zheng X J,Huang N,Zhou Y.Laboratory measurement of electrifica-tion of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltationmovement[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(D10):231-231.
[36]Zheng X J,Huang N,Zhou Y H.The effect of electrostatic force onthe evolution of sand saltation cloud[J].The European Physical Jour-nal E,2006,19:129-138.
[37]Bo T L,Zheng X J.The formation and evolution of aeolian dune fieldsunder unidirectional wind[J].Geomorphology,2011,134(3):408-416.
[38]姜金荣,张小曳,迟学斌,等.沙尘暴数值预报模式CUACE-Dust的并行与优化[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010(增1):52-55.
[39]李耀辉,赵建华,薛纪善,等.基于GRAPES的西北地区沙尘暴数值预报模式及其应用研究[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(9):999-1011.
[40]Lu H,Shao Y.Toward quantitative prediction of dust storms:an inte-grated wind erosion modelling system and its applications[J].Environ-mental Modelling&Software,2001,16(3):233-249.
[41]Shao Y.Physics and modeling of wind erosion[M].Boston:Kluwer Ac-ademic Publishers,2000.
[42]Schlatter P,?rlüR.Assessment of direct numerical simulation data ofturbulent boundary layers[J].Indian Journal of Pediatrics,2010,659(4):116-126.
[43]Mollinger A M,Nieuwstadt F T M.Measurement of the lift force on aparticle fixed to the wall in the viscous sublayer of a fully developedturbulent boundary layer[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1996,316:285-306.
[44]Leenders J K,van Boxel J H,Sterk G.Wind forces and related salta-tion transport[J].Geomorphology,2005,71:357-372.
[45]Baas A C W.Wavelet power spectra of aeolian sand transport byboundary layer turbulence[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(5):L05403.
[46]Zeng Q,Cheng X,Hu F,et al.Gustiness and coherent structure ofstrong winds and their role in dust emission and entrainment[J].Ad-vances in atmospheric sciences,2010,27(1):1-13.
[47]Jacob C,Anderson W.Conditionally averaged large-scale motions inthe neutral atmospheric boundary layer:insights for aeolian processes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2017,162(1):21-41..
[48]Hultmark,Marcus.A theory for the streamwise turbulent fluctuationsin high Reynolds number pipe flow[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2012,707(3):575-584.
[49]Vallikivi M,Ganapathisubramani B,Smits A.Spectral scaling inboundary layers and pipes at very high Reynolds numbers[J].Journalof Fluid Mechanics,2015,771:303-326.
[50]Vincenti P,Klewicki J,Morrill-Winter C,et al.Streamwise velocitystatistics in turbulent boundary layers that spatially develop to highReynolds number[J].Experiments in Fluids,2013,54(12):1629.
[51]Squire D T,Morrill-Winter C,Hutchins N,et al.Comparison of turbu-lent boundary layers over smooth and rough surfaces up to high Reyn-olds numbers[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2016,795:210–240.
[52]Winkel E S,Cutbirth J M,Ceccio S L,et al.Turbulence profiles froma smooth flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds number[J].Experimental Thermal&Fluid Science,2012,40(40):140-149.
[53]Schultz M P,Flack K A.Reynolds-number scaling of turbulent chan-nel flow[J].Physics of Fluids,2013,25(2):011702-159.
[54]Ahn J,Lee J H,Jin L,et al.Direct numerical simulation of a 30Rlong turbulent pipe flow at Reτ=3008[J].Physics of Fluids,2015,27(6):065110.
[55]Sillero J A,Jiménez J,Moser R D.One-point statistics for turbulentwall-bounded flows at Reynolds numbers up toδ+≈2000[J].Physicsof Fluids,2013,25(10):5102.
[56]Schlatter P,?rlüR.Turbulent boundary layers at moderate Reynoldsnumbers:inflow length and tripping effects[J].Journal of Fluid Me-chanics,2012,710(5):5-34.
[57]Lee M,Malaya N,Moser R D.Direct numerical simulation of turbu-lent channel flow up to Reτ≈5200[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2015,774(4):395-415.
[58]Hutchins N,Chauhan K,Marusic I,et al.Towards reconciling thelarge-scale structure of turbulent boundary layers in the atmosphereand laboratory[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2012,145(2):273-306.
[59]Wang G H,Zheng X J.Very large scale motions in the atmosphericsurfacelayer:A field investigation[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2016,802:464-489.
[60]兰州大学举办“高雷诺数湍流国际研讨会”[EB/OL].(2016-10-14).http://news.lzu.edu.cn/c/201610/41419.html.