美国地缘政治战略演变中的遏制思维:从“选择性遏制”到“印太战略”
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摘要
地缘政治战略理论是美国制定外交政策及全球战略的理论基础。将潜在对手遏制在一个地缘经济范围内,是维护美国战略利益的需要。"选择性遏制"的思维贯穿于整个冷战过程,也为华盛顿主导的遏制中国联盟所使用。但是随着中国和印度在亚洲的同时崛起,以及全球经济及地缘政治重心由大西洋向"印太"地区的历史性转移,"印太"地区作为一个整体日益受到美国、澳大利亚、日本等国政府的关注。2017年11月,特朗普在APEC会议上提出了新的亚洲政策构想——"印太战略"。这一战略的提出,既是特朗普政府调整外交政策的需要,也是美国应对中国"一带一路"倡议可能带给其巨大压力之举,还是美国实行"诱导性"战术需要的一个载体。可以说,未来中美两国在"印太"一线围堵与突破的战略博弈将更加激烈。处在中美印"战略三角"格局中的中国和印度在印度洋上的安全合作对于两国来说是双赢的策略,如何推进两国大步迈向合作,目前虽有难度,但仍有多种努力的途径。
Geopolitical strategy theory is the basis for the US to set its foreign policy and global strategy. To maintain its strategic interest, the US has to contain its potential rivals in a geo-economic zone. "Selective containment" mentality went through the cold war period, and was adopted by the alliance dominated by Washington to contain China. However,with the simultaneous rise of China and India in Asia, and the historic shift of the global economic and geopolitical center from Atlantic Ocean to "Indo-Pacific" region, the "Indo-Pacific" region as a whole has received increasingly more attention from the governments of the US, Australia and Japan. In November of 2017, President Trump put forward at the APEC meetings a new version of Asian policy, namely, "Indo-Pacific" strategy, which is necessary for the Trump administration to adjust its foreign policy, an action taken by the US to deal with the potential pressure from China's "Belt and Road Initiative", and also a carrier for the US to carry out its "induced" tactics. China and the US, so to speak, will engage in more fierce strategic game of containment vs. breakthrough in "Indo-Pacific" region. As China and India are both situated in the "strategic triangle" of China, India and the US, the security cooperation between China and India over the Indian Ocean is a win-win strategy for both. There are difficulties to push the two counties to march toward cooperation, but many feasible approaches still remain.
Geopolitical strategy theory is the basis for the US to set its foreign policy and global strategy. To maintain its strategic interest, the US has to contain its potential rivals in a geo-economic zone. "Selective containment" mentality went through the cold war period, and was adopted by the alliance dominated by Washington to contain China. However,with the simultaneous rise of China and India in Asia, and the historic shift of the global economic and geopolitical center from Atlantic Ocean to "Indo-Pacific" region, the "Indo-Pacific" region as a whole has received increasingly more attention from the governments of the US, Australia and Japan. In November of 2017, President Trump put forward at the APEC meetings a new version of Asian policy, namely, "Indo-Pacific" strategy, which is necessary for the Trump administration to adjust its foreign policy, an action taken by the US to deal with the potential pressure from China's "Belt and Road Initiative", and also a carrier for the US to carry out its "induced" tactics. China and the US, so to speak, will engage in more fierce strategic game of containment vs. breakthrough in "Indo-Pacific" region. As China and India are both situated in the "strategic triangle" of China, India and the US, the security cooperation between China and India over the Indian Ocean is a win-win strategy for both. There are difficulties to push the two counties to march toward cooperation, but many feasible approaches still remain.
引文
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[2]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫.争论中的国际关系理论[M].阎学通,陈寒溪等译.北京:世界知识出版社,2003.166-167.
[3]孙向东.地缘政治学:思想史上的不同视角[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,2004.39.
[4]胡志丁,陆大道.基于批判地缘政治学视角解读经典地缘政治理论[J].地理学报,2015,(6):854.
[5]章毅君.美国的地缘政治战略及二战后的美土关系[J].历史教学,2003,(3):24.
[6]侯典芹.传统地缘政治学对美国“遏制”战略的影响及其现实意义[J].苏州大学学报,2017,(4).
[7]姬高升.美国的地缘战略[J].国际观察,2000,(4):9.
[8]乔治.F.凯南.凯南日记[M].曹明玉译.北京:中信出版集团,2016.2.
[9]约翰·加迪斯.遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析[M].时殷弘等译.北京:世界知识出版社,2005.30.
[10]威廉·内斯特.国际关系:21世纪的政治与经济[M].姚远,汪恒译.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.121.
[11]张曙光.美国遏制战略与冷战起源再探[M].北京:上海外语教育出版社,2007.4-7.
[12]Foreign Relations of the United States(1948).1973.Vol.9.The Far East:China[M].Washington:United States Government Printing Office.16 vols.pp.826-834.
[13]陶文钊.美国对华政策文件集(1949-1972)第一卷(上)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2003.104-105.
[14]姜彦名,王传辉.浅析冷战初期美国对华经济政策[J].法制与社会,2008,(33):371.
[15]周建明.遏制战略中的“相对安全”目标[J].国际观察,2007,(6):71.
[16]约翰·米尔斯海默.大国政治的悲剧[M].王义栀,唐小松译.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.406-407.
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[18]门洪华.中国对美国的主流战略认知[J].国际观察,2014,(1):16.
[19]吴佩环.2016中国周边国家军事形势综述[J].坦克装甲车辆·新军事,2017,(2):34.
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[23]安倍抵印被莫迪“熊抱”,将签众多协议完成日印首次军备采购[DB/OL].http://www.thepaper.cn/news Detail_forward_1793800.
[24]The'New Cold War'Was Never Inevitable[DB/OL].http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-new-cold-war-wasnever-inevitable-22023.
[25]荣鹰.从“马拉巴尔”军演看大国印太战略互动新态势[J].和平与发展,2017,(5):52.
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[29]梅冠群.从特朗普亚洲行看中美关系的六个“之争”[J].中国发展观察,2017,(22):30.
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