姿势干扰强度的心理预期效应
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摘要
本研究基于经典快速举臂试验与落球试验范式,采用表面肌电信号分析技术,研究内、外姿势干扰强度的心理预期对腰部姿势肌肉和上肢动作肌肉预期姿势调节(APAs)和补偿姿势调节(CPAs)的影响,探讨中枢神经系统(CNS)对内、外姿势干扰的控制策略。20名健康受试者先后完成不同负荷强度的快速举臂试验和落球试验,同步采集腰部竖脊肌、腰部多裂肌和上肢肱二头肌的表面肌电信号,计算肌肉预激活时间和APAs与CPAs积分肌电值,观察内、外姿势干扰强度的心理预期对中枢APAs和CPAs控制机制的影响。结果显示内部姿势干扰条件下,干扰强度的心理预期对腰部多裂肌、腰部竖脊肌和上肢肱二头肌的APAs强度有显著影响,而对预激活时间和CPAs强度无显著影响;外部姿势干扰条件下,干扰强度的心理预期对腰部多裂肌、腰部竖脊肌和肱二头肌的APAs强度有显著影响,对肱二头肌和腰部多裂肌预激活时间有显著影响,而对CPAs强度无显著影响。突发可预期姿势干扰条件下姿势的快速反应是一个由CNS主导的神经肌肉运动控制过程。受姿势干扰强度心理预期的影响,CNS对内、外突发姿势干扰条件下腰部姿势肌肉的活动采取了不同的控制策略。在内部姿势干扰条件下,干扰刺激发生时间明确,CNS主要通过对APAs强度的调节来实现姿势肌肉的优化控制;而在外部姿势干扰条件下,干扰刺激时间不明确,CNS则通过对局部稳定肌APAs预激活时间以及局部稳定肌和整体稳定肌APAs强度的双重调节实现姿势肌肉的优化控制。干扰强度的心理预期对姿势肌肉APAs和CPAs的作用表明,心理预期效应主要源自于CNS对局部和整体稳定肌APAs控制机制的调制。
In response to sudden posture perturbation, two different neural control strategies in central nervous system are used, named anticipatory postural adjustments(APAs) and compensatory postural adjustments(CPAs). Previous studies have identified associations between psychological expectations of posture perturbation and the intensity of APAs and CPAs. However, it's unclear whether these associations are consistent with different experiment paradigm and perturbations from different sources. This study aimed to examine the psychological predictive effect of sudden posture perturbation magnitude on the APAs and CPAs by which CNS acts on focal muscles and lumbar posture muscles. Arm-raising test and Ball-hitting test were performed with surface electromyography signal analysis. 20 healthy subjects voluntarily participated in the studies. In the Arm-raising test, they rapidly raise arms with a load of 0 kg/1 kg/2 kg in both hands. In the Ball-hitting test, they caught a ball fell from eye level to the pan holding in their hands. The ball weights of 1 kg/1.5 kg/2 kg were used. EMG activities of biceps brachii(BB) as focal muscle, lumbar erector spinae(LES) and Lumbar multifidus(LMF) as posture muscle were recorded. The pre-activation time and integrated EMG of APAs and CPAs were calculated to determine the effects of perturbation magnitude from different sources on APAs and CPAs of focal and postural muscles.The results showed that the posture perturbation magnitude had a psychological predictive effect on muscles under both internal and external perturbation conditions. Under the internal perturbation condition, the APAs IEMG of BB significantly increased with the magnitude of perturbation, while the APAs IEMG of LESand LMF were different only between 0 kg load level and the other two. The pre-action time and CPAs IEMG of all these muscles have no significant different under all 3 load levels. Under the external condition, the expectation of perturbation magnitude has significant effect on the pre-action time of both BB and LMF, as well as the APAs IEMG of BB, LES and LMF. The APAs IEMG of BB and LMF were significant different between 3 load levels, while the pre-action time of BB and LMF, and the APAs IEMG of LES had no difference between 1.5 kg load and 2 kg load. Perturbation magnitude expectation had no effect on the CPAs IEMG on all 3 muscles. We conclude that psychological predictive effects of posture perturbation are existed on both posture and focal muscle activities. Such effects are exhibited differently depending on internal and external perturbation conditions. CNS will orchestrate to give an optimal control of postural muscle through adjustments of APAs IEMG under internal condition, or though adjustments of both pre-action time and APAs IEMG under external condition. The observed effects on APAs and CPAs suggest that the psychological predictive effect of sudden posture perturbation magnitude comes mainly from the CNS modulation on APAs mechanism.
In response to sudden posture perturbation, two different neural control strategies in central nervous system are used, named anticipatory postural adjustments(APAs) and compensatory postural adjustments(CPAs). Previous studies have identified associations between psychological expectations of posture perturbation and the intensity of APAs and CPAs. However, it's unclear whether these associations are consistent with different experiment paradigm and perturbations from different sources. This study aimed to examine the psychological predictive effect of sudden posture perturbation magnitude on the APAs and CPAs by which CNS acts on focal muscles and lumbar posture muscles. Arm-raising test and Ball-hitting test were performed with surface electromyography signal analysis. 20 healthy subjects voluntarily participated in the studies. In the Arm-raising test, they rapidly raise arms with a load of 0 kg/1 kg/2 kg in both hands. In the Ball-hitting test, they caught a ball fell from eye level to the pan holding in their hands. The ball weights of 1 kg/1.5 kg/2 kg were used. EMG activities of biceps brachii(BB) as focal muscle, lumbar erector spinae(LES) and Lumbar multifidus(LMF) as posture muscle were recorded. The pre-activation time and integrated EMG of APAs and CPAs were calculated to determine the effects of perturbation magnitude from different sources on APAs and CPAs of focal and postural muscles.The results showed that the posture perturbation magnitude had a psychological predictive effect on muscles under both internal and external perturbation conditions. Under the internal perturbation condition, the APAs IEMG of BB significantly increased with the magnitude of perturbation, while the APAs IEMG of LESand LMF were different only between 0 kg load level and the other two. The pre-action time and CPAs IEMG of all these muscles have no significant different under all 3 load levels. Under the external condition, the expectation of perturbation magnitude has significant effect on the pre-action time of both BB and LMF, as well as the APAs IEMG of BB, LES and LMF. The APAs IEMG of BB and LMF were significant different between 3 load levels, while the pre-action time of BB and LMF, and the APAs IEMG of LES had no difference between 1.5 kg load and 2 kg load. Perturbation magnitude expectation had no effect on the CPAs IEMG on all 3 muscles. We conclude that psychological predictive effects of posture perturbation are existed on both posture and focal muscle activities. Such effects are exhibited differently depending on internal and external perturbation conditions. CNS will orchestrate to give an optimal control of postural muscle through adjustments of APAs IEMG under internal condition, or though adjustments of both pre-action time and APAs IEMG under external condition. The observed effects on APAs and CPAs suggest that the psychological predictive effect of sudden posture perturbation magnitude comes mainly from the CNS modulation on APAs mechanism.
引文
Adkin,A.L.,Frank,J.S.,Carpenter,M.G.,&Peysar,G.W.(2002).Fear of falling modifies anticipatory posturalcontrol.Experimental Brain Research,143(2),160–170.
Aruin,A.S.,Forrest,W.R.,&Latash,M.L.(1998).Anticipatory postural adjustments in conditions of posturalinstability.Electroencephalography and ClinicalNeurophysiology,109(4),350–359.
Aruin,A.S.,Latash,M.L.(1995a).Directional specificity ofpostural muscles in feed-forward postural reactions duringfast voluntary arm movements.Experimental BrainResearch,103(2),323–332.
Aruin,A.S.,&Latash,M.L.(1995b).The role of motoraction in anticipatory postural adjustments studied withself-induced and externally triggered perturbations.Experimental Brain Research,106(2),291–300.
Aruin,A.S.,Latash,M.L.(1996).Anticipatory posturaladjustments during self-initiated perturbations of differentmagnitude triggered by a standard motor action.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,101(6),497–503.
Cholewicki,J.,&Mcgill,S.M.(1996).Mechanical stabilityof the in vivo lumbar spine:Implications for injury andchronic low back pain.Clinical Biomechanics,11(1),1–15.
Cholewicki,J.,Simons,A.P.,&Radebold,A.(2000).Radebold A.Effects of external trunk loads on lumbarspine stability.Journal of Biomechanics,33(11),1377–1385.
Eckerle,J.J.,Berg,W.P.,&Ward,R.M.(2012).The effect ofload uncertainty on anticipatory muscle activity incatching.Experimental Brain Research,220(3-4),311–318.
Eriksson,C.A.,&Thorstensson,A.(2009).Trunk musclereactions to sudden unexpected and expected perturbationsin the absence of upright postural demand.ExperimentalBrain Research,196(3),385–392.
Gantchev,G.N.,&Dimitrova,D.M.(1996).Anticipatorypostural adjustments associated with arm movementsduring balancing on unstable support surface.InternationalJournal of Psychophysiology,22(1-2),117–122.
Hodges,P.W.,Cresswell,A.,&Thorstensson,A.(1999).Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limbmovement.Experimental Brain Research,124(1),69–79.
Horak,F.B.,Esselman,P.,Anderson,M.E.,&Lynch,M.K.(1984).The effects of movement velocity,mass displaced,and task certainty on associated postural adjustments madeby normal and hemiplegic individuals.Journal ofNeurology,Neurosurgery&Psychiatry,47(9),1020–1028.
Horak,F.B.,Macpherson,J.M.(1996).Postural orientationand equilibrium.In J.Shepard&L.Rowell(Eds.),Handbook of Physiology Section 12(pp.255–292).NewYork:Oxford University.
Krishnan,V.,&Aruin,A.S.(2011).Postural control inresponse to a perturbation:Role of vision and additionalsupport.Experimental Brain Research,212(3),385–397.
Krishnan,V.,Latash,M.L.,&Aruin,A.S.(2012).Early andlate components of feed-forward postural adjustments to predictable perturbations.Clinical Neurophysiology,123(5),1016–1026.
Lacquaniti,F.,&Maioli,C.(1989a).Adaptation tosuppression of visual information during catching.Journalof Neuroscience,9(1),149–159.
Lacquaniti,F.,&Maioli,C.(1989b).The role of preparationin tuning anticipatory and reflex responses during catching.Journal of Neuroscience,9(1),134–148.
Massion,J.(1992).Movement,posture and equilibrium:Interaction and coordination.Progress in Neurobiology,38(1),35–56.
McGill,S.M.,Grenier,S.,Kavcic,N.,&Cholewicki,J.(2003).Coordination of muscle activity to assure stabilityof the lumbar spine.Journal of ElectromyographyKinesiology,13(4),353–359.
Mohapatra,S.,Krishnan,V.,&Aruin,A.S.(2012).Posturalcontrol in response to an external perturbation:Effect ofaltered proprioceptive information.Experimental BrainResearch,217(2),197–208.
Mok,N.W.,Brauer,S.G.,&Hodges,P.W.(2011).Changesin lumbar movement in people with low back pain arerelated to compromised balance.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),36(1),45–52.
Radebold,A.,Cholewicki,J.,Panjabi,M.M.,&Patel,T.C.(2000).Muscle response pattern to sudden trunk loading inhealthy individuals and in patients with chronic low backpain.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),25(8),947–954.
Santos,M.J.,Kanekar,N.,&Aruin,A.S.(2010).The role ofanticipatory postural adjustments in compensatory controlof posture:1.Electromyographic analysis.Journal ofElectromyography Kinesiology,20(3),388–397.
Shiratori,T.,&Latash,M.L.(2001).Anticipatory posturaladjustments during load catching by standing subjects.Clinical Neurophysiology,112(7),1250–1265.
Shumway-Cook,A.,&Woollacott,M.H.Bi,S.,Yan,T.B.,&Wang,N.H.(2009).Motor control:translating researchinto clinical practice(134–135).Beijing:People's MedicalPublishing House.
[Shumway-Cook,A.,&Woollacott,M.H.毕胜,燕铁斌,王宁华译.(2009).运动控制原理与实践(134–135).北京:人民卫生出版社.]
Strang,A.J.,&Berg,W.P.(2007).Fatigue-induced adaptivechanges of anticipatory postural adjustments.ExperimentalBrain Research,178(1),49–61.
Wang,J.,&Liu,Z.P.(2012).Psychological expected effect oflumbar stabilizer rapid responses to sudden trunk unloadingimbalance.China Sport Science,32(6),33–38.[王健,刘志平.(2012).躯干突发减载性失衡诱发腰椎稳定肌快速反应的心理预期效应.体育科学,32(6),33–38.]
Wilke,H.J.,Wolf,S.,Claes,L.E.,Arand,M.,&Wiesend,A.(1995).Stability increase of the lumbar spine with differentmuscle groups.A biomechanical in vitro study.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),20(2),192–198.
Aruin,A.S.,Forrest,W.R.,&Latash,M.L.(1998).Anticipatory postural adjustments in conditions of posturalinstability.Electroencephalography and ClinicalNeurophysiology,109(4),350–359.
Aruin,A.S.,Latash,M.L.(1995a).Directional specificity ofpostural muscles in feed-forward postural reactions duringfast voluntary arm movements.Experimental BrainResearch,103(2),323–332.
Aruin,A.S.,&Latash,M.L.(1995b).The role of motoraction in anticipatory postural adjustments studied withself-induced and externally triggered perturbations.Experimental Brain Research,106(2),291–300.
Aruin,A.S.,Latash,M.L.(1996).Anticipatory posturaladjustments during self-initiated perturbations of differentmagnitude triggered by a standard motor action.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,101(6),497–503.
Cholewicki,J.,&Mcgill,S.M.(1996).Mechanical stabilityof the in vivo lumbar spine:Implications for injury andchronic low back pain.Clinical Biomechanics,11(1),1–15.
Cholewicki,J.,Simons,A.P.,&Radebold,A.(2000).Radebold A.Effects of external trunk loads on lumbarspine stability.Journal of Biomechanics,33(11),1377–1385.
Eckerle,J.J.,Berg,W.P.,&Ward,R.M.(2012).The effect ofload uncertainty on anticipatory muscle activity incatching.Experimental Brain Research,220(3-4),311–318.
Eriksson,C.A.,&Thorstensson,A.(2009).Trunk musclereactions to sudden unexpected and expected perturbationsin the absence of upright postural demand.ExperimentalBrain Research,196(3),385–392.
Gantchev,G.N.,&Dimitrova,D.M.(1996).Anticipatorypostural adjustments associated with arm movementsduring balancing on unstable support surface.InternationalJournal of Psychophysiology,22(1-2),117–122.
Hodges,P.W.,Cresswell,A.,&Thorstensson,A.(1999).Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limbmovement.Experimental Brain Research,124(1),69–79.
Horak,F.B.,Esselman,P.,Anderson,M.E.,&Lynch,M.K.(1984).The effects of movement velocity,mass displaced,and task certainty on associated postural adjustments madeby normal and hemiplegic individuals.Journal ofNeurology,Neurosurgery&Psychiatry,47(9),1020–1028.
Horak,F.B.,Macpherson,J.M.(1996).Postural orientationand equilibrium.In J.Shepard&L.Rowell(Eds.),Handbook of Physiology Section 12(pp.255–292).NewYork:Oxford University.
Krishnan,V.,&Aruin,A.S.(2011).Postural control inresponse to a perturbation:Role of vision and additionalsupport.Experimental Brain Research,212(3),385–397.
Krishnan,V.,Latash,M.L.,&Aruin,A.S.(2012).Early andlate components of feed-forward postural adjustments to predictable perturbations.Clinical Neurophysiology,123(5),1016–1026.
Lacquaniti,F.,&Maioli,C.(1989a).Adaptation tosuppression of visual information during catching.Journalof Neuroscience,9(1),149–159.
Lacquaniti,F.,&Maioli,C.(1989b).The role of preparationin tuning anticipatory and reflex responses during catching.Journal of Neuroscience,9(1),134–148.
Massion,J.(1992).Movement,posture and equilibrium:Interaction and coordination.Progress in Neurobiology,38(1),35–56.
McGill,S.M.,Grenier,S.,Kavcic,N.,&Cholewicki,J.(2003).Coordination of muscle activity to assure stabilityof the lumbar spine.Journal of ElectromyographyKinesiology,13(4),353–359.
Mohapatra,S.,Krishnan,V.,&Aruin,A.S.(2012).Posturalcontrol in response to an external perturbation:Effect ofaltered proprioceptive information.Experimental BrainResearch,217(2),197–208.
Mok,N.W.,Brauer,S.G.,&Hodges,P.W.(2011).Changesin lumbar movement in people with low back pain arerelated to compromised balance.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),36(1),45–52.
Radebold,A.,Cholewicki,J.,Panjabi,M.M.,&Patel,T.C.(2000).Muscle response pattern to sudden trunk loading inhealthy individuals and in patients with chronic low backpain.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),25(8),947–954.
Santos,M.J.,Kanekar,N.,&Aruin,A.S.(2010).The role ofanticipatory postural adjustments in compensatory controlof posture:1.Electromyographic analysis.Journal ofElectromyography Kinesiology,20(3),388–397.
Shiratori,T.,&Latash,M.L.(2001).Anticipatory posturaladjustments during load catching by standing subjects.Clinical Neurophysiology,112(7),1250–1265.
Shumway-Cook,A.,&Woollacott,M.H.Bi,S.,Yan,T.B.,&Wang,N.H.(2009).Motor control:translating researchinto clinical practice(134–135).Beijing:People's MedicalPublishing House.
[Shumway-Cook,A.,&Woollacott,M.H.毕胜,燕铁斌,王宁华译.(2009).运动控制原理与实践(134–135).北京:人民卫生出版社.]
Strang,A.J.,&Berg,W.P.(2007).Fatigue-induced adaptivechanges of anticipatory postural adjustments.ExperimentalBrain Research,178(1),49–61.
Wang,J.,&Liu,Z.P.(2012).Psychological expected effect oflumbar stabilizer rapid responses to sudden trunk unloadingimbalance.China Sport Science,32(6),33–38.[王健,刘志平.(2012).躯干突发减载性失衡诱发腰椎稳定肌快速反应的心理预期效应.体育科学,32(6),33–38.]
Wilke,H.J.,Wolf,S.,Claes,L.E.,Arand,M.,&Wiesend,A.(1995).Stability increase of the lumbar spine with differentmuscle groups.A biomechanical in vitro study.Spine(Phila Pa 1976),20(2),192–198.