西藏本教文化与纳西东巴文化的比较研究——以《十三札拉神》中的“威玛”与《东巴文化真籍》中的“尤玛”为例
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摘要
在西藏本教文化的视野里,纳西东巴文化中的"尤玛神",藏语称"威玛",藏文转写为"wer-ma","威玛"在象雄语里被解释为保佑人类的非人(鬼神)之一种。随着纳西格子藏文碑的出土,"威玛神"在纳西的历史至少可以上溯到公元755年以前。通过纳西东巴文化中的尤玛神与西藏本教文化中的威玛神比较研究认为,现在我们看到的"尤玛"与"威玛"是同一个神系在纳西东巴文化和西藏本教文化中的存在形式,同时可以发现这个神系比较庞杂,想找到完全相同完全相一致是非常困难的。另一方面,"尤玛与威玛"现象说明纳西东巴文化与西藏本教文化之间普遍存在进行互识互证互补研究的必要性和可能性。
This article gives a comparative study on the image of "Wer-ma"in Tibetan Bon Religion and "Youma"in Naxi Dongba culture, and finds out that "Wer-ma"and "Youma"actually derived from the same deity system. Hence, the author argues that there is both a necessity and possibility for mutual references and complementary relations between the Tibetan Bon religion and Naxi Dongba culture.
This article gives a comparative study on the image of "Wer-ma"in Tibetan Bon Religion and "Youma"in Naxi Dongba culture, and finds out that "Wer-ma"and "Youma"actually derived from the same deity system. Hence, the author argues that there is both a necessity and possibility for mutual references and complementary relations between the Tibetan Bon religion and Naxi Dongba culture.
引文
①在象雄语里"cang-seng"是一位路神(lam-lha),见《A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms》Bon studies11,Pasar Tsultrim ten-zin changru tritsuk namdak Nyima Gatsa Lodroe Rabcal,edited by Yasuhiko nagano Samten G.Karmay.p59页。[1]Yasuhiko Nagano Samten G·Karmay:A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms,Na-tional Mueum of Ethnolgy Osaka2008.P215.
②在神明形象制造运动中,古印度传教者主张神像以印度人为模特,而赞普主张以藏人为神像模特。因此,大悲观音的模特为“克达khu-stag”,六字观音的模特为“童让达罗thang-bzang-stag-lod”,门守马头金刚的模特为“玛松贡rma-gsang-kong”,度母的模特为“焦若cog-ro-bzv”,光明佛母的模特为“焦若尼琼cog-ro-bzv-nu-chung”。详见《智者喜宴》(藏文,上下册)巴俄·祖拉陈瓦著,民族出版社1986年6月北京第一版上册第336-337页。
③赵心愚著:格子藏文碑与吐蕃告身制度的几个问题,见《纳西族考古文物资料汇编》云南民族出版社2011年8月第一版第288页。又见巴桑旺堆《吐蕃碑文与摩崖石刻考证》(藏文)西藏人民出版社2011年12月第39-42页。
[1]Yasuhiko Nagano Samten G·Karmay:A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms,Na-tional Mueum of Ethnolgy Osaka2008.P215.
[2]南喀诺布.南喀诺布选集(藏文)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[3]同美.西藏本教的神明及其特点[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版).2009,(10).
[4]A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms,Pasar Tsultrim tenzin changru tritsuk nam-dak Nyima Gatsa Lodroe Rabcal,edited by Yasu-hiko nagano Samten G.Karmay.Bon studies11.p59.
[5]南喀诺布.古代象雄与吐蕃史(藏文)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,1996:586.
[6]卡尔梅桑丹坚参选集(上)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,2007:284.
[7]同美.西藏本教是藏传佛教最典型的代表[J].世界宗教研究,2011,(2):147-157.
[8]巴俄·祖拉陈瓦.智者喜宴(上册)[M].北京:民族出版社,1986:336-337.
[9]久美却吉多杰.藏传佛教神明大全(藏文)[M].北京:民族出版社,2001.
[10]曲甘·完玛多杰.藏传佛教神明大全·译后记(汉译)[M].西宁:青海民族出版社,2004.
[11]曼日丹增朗达大师文集(藏文共13卷)[M].尼泊尔赤丹诺布泽图书馆,2005(6).
[12]元旦平措.西藏本教唐卡(藏文)[M].成都:四川民族出版社,2010.
[13]夏察扎西坚赞全集[M].成都:四川民族出版社,2001:285.
[14]戈阿干.东巴文化真籍[M].昆明:云南美术出版社,2001.
[15]戈阿干.纳西象形文字中的“人狮”形象及其文化渊源[J].文艺研究,1995,(1).
[16]赵心愚.纳西族考古文物资料汇编[M].昆明:云南民族出版社,2011:288.
[17]巴桑旺堆.吐蕃碑文与摩崖石刻考证(藏文)[M].拉萨:西藏人民出版社,2011:39-42.
A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms.Pasar Tsultrim tenzin changru tritsuk namdak Nyi-ma Gatsa Lodroe Rabcal,edited by Yasuhiko na-gano Samten G.Karmay.Bon studies(11).p59.
Basang Wangdui.tubo beiwen yu muoya shikekaozheng(An Exploration on Inscriptions on TuboTablet and Rock Carving)(in Tibetan)[M].Lhasa:xizang renmin chubanshe,2011:39-42.
dpav-bo-gtsug-1ag-phreng-ba.zhizhe xiyan(Chos byung mkhas pavi dgav ston)(the first vol.)[M]Beijing:minzu chubanshe1986:336-337.
Ge Agan.naxi xiangxing wenzi zhong de“renshi”xingxiang jiqi wenhua yuanyuan(TheImage of“Lion Man”in Naxi Pictographs and ItsOrigin)[J].Art Studies.1995(1).
——.Dongba wenhua zhenji(A Collection ofDongba Original Texts)[M].Kunming:yunnanmeishu chubanshe.2001.
Jiumeiqueji duojie.zangchuan fojiao shen-ming daquan(Deities in Tibetan Buddhism)(inTibetan)[M].Beijing:minzu chubanshe,2001.
kaermei sangdanshen xuanji(The SelectedWorks of kaermei sangdanshen)(first Vol.)[M].Beijing:zhongguo zangxue chubanshe,2007:284.
manri danzeng langda dashi wenji(CollectedWorks of Master Dainzin Glangdar)(13volumesin total,in Tibetan)[M].Triten Norbutse Li-brary in Nepal.2005.Vol6.
nam-mkhav-nor-bu.Nanka nuobu xuanji(Selected Works of nam-mkhav-nor-bu)(in Tibet-an)[M].Beijing:Zhongguo Zangxue chuban-sh,1994.
——.gudai xiangxiong yu tubo shi(zhang-bod-lo-rgyus-ti-sevi-vod)[M].Beijing:zhong-guo zangxue chubanshe,1996:586.
Qugan·Wangmaduojie,translated.zang-chuan fojiao shenming daquan·yihou ji(Deities inTibetan Buddhism·Postscript of the Translation)(Chinese Translation)[M].Xining:qinghaiminzu chubanshe,2004.
Tongmei.xizang benjiao shi zangchuan fojiaozui dianxin de daibiao(Tibetan Bon Religion is theMost Typical Representative of Tibetan Buddhism)[J].World Religion Studies.2011(2):147-157.
——.xizang benjiao shenming jiqi tedian(Deities in Tibetan Bon Religion and Their Charac-teristics[J].Journal of Southwest University forNationalities.2009(10).
xiacha zhaxi jianzan quanji(Complete Worksof Xiacha Zhaxi Jianzan)(in Tibetan,17volumesin total)[M].Chengdu:sichuan minzu chuban-she,2001(2):285.
Yasuhiko Nagano Samten G·Karmay.A Lexi-con of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms[J]NationalMuseum of Ethnology Osaka,2008.P215.
Yuandang Pingcui ed.xizang benjiao tangka(Tibetan Bon Religious Tangka)(in Tibetan)[M].Chengdu:sichuanminzu chubanshe,2010.
Zhao Xinyu.naxizu kaogu wenwu ziliao huibi-an(A Collection of Archaeological Documents ofthe Naxi)[M].Kunming:yunnan minzu chu-banshe,2011:288.
②在神明形象制造运动中,古印度传教者主张神像以印度人为模特,而赞普主张以藏人为神像模特。因此,大悲观音的模特为“克达khu-stag”,六字观音的模特为“童让达罗thang-bzang-stag-lod”,门守马头金刚的模特为“玛松贡rma-gsang-kong”,度母的模特为“焦若cog-ro-bzv”,光明佛母的模特为“焦若尼琼cog-ro-bzv-nu-chung”。详见《智者喜宴》(藏文,上下册)巴俄·祖拉陈瓦著,民族出版社1986年6月北京第一版上册第336-337页。
③赵心愚著:格子藏文碑与吐蕃告身制度的几个问题,见《纳西族考古文物资料汇编》云南民族出版社2011年8月第一版第288页。又见巴桑旺堆《吐蕃碑文与摩崖石刻考证》(藏文)西藏人民出版社2011年12月第39-42页。
[1]Yasuhiko Nagano Samten G·Karmay:A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms,Na-tional Mueum of Ethnolgy Osaka2008.P215.
[2]南喀诺布.南喀诺布选集(藏文)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[3]同美.西藏本教的神明及其特点[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版).2009,(10).
[4]A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms,Pasar Tsultrim tenzin changru tritsuk nam-dak Nyima Gatsa Lodroe Rabcal,edited by Yasu-hiko nagano Samten G.Karmay.Bon studies11.p59.
[5]南喀诺布.古代象雄与吐蕃史(藏文)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,1996:586.
[6]卡尔梅桑丹坚参选集(上)[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,2007:284.
[7]同美.西藏本教是藏传佛教最典型的代表[J].世界宗教研究,2011,(2):147-157.
[8]巴俄·祖拉陈瓦.智者喜宴(上册)[M].北京:民族出版社,1986:336-337.
[9]久美却吉多杰.藏传佛教神明大全(藏文)[M].北京:民族出版社,2001.
[10]曲甘·完玛多杰.藏传佛教神明大全·译后记(汉译)[M].西宁:青海民族出版社,2004.
[11]曼日丹增朗达大师文集(藏文共13卷)[M].尼泊尔赤丹诺布泽图书馆,2005(6).
[12]元旦平措.西藏本教唐卡(藏文)[M].成都:四川民族出版社,2010.
[13]夏察扎西坚赞全集[M].成都:四川民族出版社,2001:285.
[14]戈阿干.东巴文化真籍[M].昆明:云南美术出版社,2001.
[15]戈阿干.纳西象形文字中的“人狮”形象及其文化渊源[J].文艺研究,1995,(1).
[16]赵心愚.纳西族考古文物资料汇编[M].昆明:云南民族出版社,2011:288.
[17]巴桑旺堆.吐蕃碑文与摩崖石刻考证(藏文)[M].拉萨:西藏人民出版社,2011:39-42.
A Lexicon of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms.Pasar Tsultrim tenzin changru tritsuk namdak Nyi-ma Gatsa Lodroe Rabcal,edited by Yasuhiko na-gano Samten G.Karmay.Bon studies(11).p59.
Basang Wangdui.tubo beiwen yu muoya shikekaozheng(An Exploration on Inscriptions on TuboTablet and Rock Carving)(in Tibetan)[M].Lhasa:xizang renmin chubanshe,2011:39-42.
dpav-bo-gtsug-1ag-phreng-ba.zhizhe xiyan(Chos byung mkhas pavi dgav ston)(the first vol.)[M]Beijing:minzu chubanshe1986:336-337.
Ge Agan.naxi xiangxing wenzi zhong de“renshi”xingxiang jiqi wenhua yuanyuan(TheImage of“Lion Man”in Naxi Pictographs and ItsOrigin)[J].Art Studies.1995(1).
——.Dongba wenhua zhenji(A Collection ofDongba Original Texts)[M].Kunming:yunnanmeishu chubanshe.2001.
Jiumeiqueji duojie.zangchuan fojiao shen-ming daquan(Deities in Tibetan Buddhism)(inTibetan)[M].Beijing:minzu chubanshe,2001.
kaermei sangdanshen xuanji(The SelectedWorks of kaermei sangdanshen)(first Vol.)[M].Beijing:zhongguo zangxue chubanshe,2007:284.
manri danzeng langda dashi wenji(CollectedWorks of Master Dainzin Glangdar)(13volumesin total,in Tibetan)[M].Triten Norbutse Li-brary in Nepal.2005.Vol6.
nam-mkhav-nor-bu.Nanka nuobu xuanji(Selected Works of nam-mkhav-nor-bu)(in Tibet-an)[M].Beijing:Zhongguo Zangxue chuban-sh,1994.
——.gudai xiangxiong yu tubo shi(zhang-bod-lo-rgyus-ti-sevi-vod)[M].Beijing:zhong-guo zangxue chubanshe,1996:586.
Qugan·Wangmaduojie,translated.zang-chuan fojiao shenming daquan·yihou ji(Deities inTibetan Buddhism·Postscript of the Translation)(Chinese Translation)[M].Xining:qinghaiminzu chubanshe,2004.
Tongmei.xizang benjiao shi zangchuan fojiaozui dianxin de daibiao(Tibetan Bon Religion is theMost Typical Representative of Tibetan Buddhism)[J].World Religion Studies.2011(2):147-157.
——.xizang benjiao shenming jiqi tedian(Deities in Tibetan Bon Religion and Their Charac-teristics[J].Journal of Southwest University forNationalities.2009(10).
xiacha zhaxi jianzan quanji(Complete Worksof Xiacha Zhaxi Jianzan)(in Tibetan,17volumesin total)[M].Chengdu:sichuan minzu chuban-she,2001(2):285.
Yasuhiko Nagano Samten G·Karmay.A Lexi-con of zhangzhung and bonpo Terms[J]NationalMuseum of Ethnology Osaka,2008.P215.
Yuandang Pingcui ed.xizang benjiao tangka(Tibetan Bon Religious Tangka)(in Tibetan)[M].Chengdu:sichuanminzu chubanshe,2010.
Zhao Xinyu.naxizu kaogu wenwu ziliao huibi-an(A Collection of Archaeological Documents ofthe Naxi)[M].Kunming:yunnan minzu chu-banshe,2011:288.