单相输油管道蜡沉积研究进展
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摘要
含蜡原油在管道输送过程中的蜡沉积问题突出,严重威胁管道的流动安全。从蜡沉积机理、蜡沉积试验装置及蜡沉积模型角度,介绍了国内外蜡沉积问题的最新研究成果,阐述了蜡沉积厚度测量的新方法,着重分析了原油温度和流速对蜡沉积厚度和沉积层含蜡量的影响,并介绍了蜡沉积模型的研究进展。根据相关研究现状,提出输油管道蜡沉积问题研究应从蜡沉积机理入手,结合环道试验装置,分析蜡沉积试验特性,同时应该考虑原油析蜡后表现出的非牛顿特性对蜡沉积的影响。研究结果对解决输油管道蜡沉积问题,保障含蜡原油管道的输送安全,提高输送效率具有重要的工程意义。
Wax deposition is very prominent in the pipeline transportation process of waxy oil, and it endangers the flow safety of the pipeline seriously. In this paper, the latest domestic and foreign research results of wax deposition were introduced from the aspects of wax deposition mechanism, wax deposition experimental device and wax deposition model, and the new methods to measure the thickness of wax deposition were illustrated. The effects of crude oil temperature and flow rate on wax deposition thickness and wax content in deposition layer were mainly analyzed. And besides, the research progress of the wax deposition model was introduced. According to the related research status, it was proposed to study the wax deposition in oil pipelines with the wax deposition mechanism as the beginning and analyze the characteristics of wax deposition experiments by virtue of loop experiment device while considering the effect of non-Newtonian characteristic emerging after wax precipitation on the wax deposition. It is of great engineering significance to solving the wax deposition in oil pipelines, ensuring the pipeline transportation safety of waxy oil and improving the transportation efficiency.
Wax deposition is very prominent in the pipeline transportation process of waxy oil, and it endangers the flow safety of the pipeline seriously. In this paper, the latest domestic and foreign research results of wax deposition were introduced from the aspects of wax deposition mechanism, wax deposition experimental device and wax deposition model, and the new methods to measure the thickness of wax deposition were illustrated. The effects of crude oil temperature and flow rate on wax deposition thickness and wax content in deposition layer were mainly analyzed. And besides, the research progress of the wax deposition model was introduced. According to the related research status, it was proposed to study the wax deposition in oil pipelines with the wax deposition mechanism as the beginning and analyze the characteristics of wax deposition experiments by virtue of loop experiment device while considering the effect of non-Newtonian characteristic emerging after wax precipitation on the wax deposition. It is of great engineering significance to solving the wax deposition in oil pipelines, ensuring the pipeline transportation safety of waxy oil and improving the transportation efficiency.
引文
[1]WANG W,HUANG Q Y,WANG C H,et al.Effect of operating conditions on wax deposition in a laboratory flow loop characterized with DSC technique[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis&Calorimetry,2015,119(1):471-485.
[2]LEI Y,HAN S,ZHANG J,et al.Study on the effect of dispersed and aggregated asphaltene on wax crystallization,gelation,and flow behavior of crude oil[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(4):2314-2321.
[3]BAI C,ZHANG J.Thermal,macroscopic,and microscopic characteristics of wax deposits in field pipelines[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(2):752-759.
[4]王玮,宫敬.石油多相管流蜡沉积研究进展[J].化工机械,2006,33(4):198-203.WANG W,GONG J.Research progress of the wax deposition of multi-phase flow in petroleum fields[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2006,33(4):198-203.
[5]蔡均猛,张国忠,邢晓凯,等.含蜡原油管道蜡沉积研究进展[J].油气储运,2002,21(11):12-16.CAI J M,ZHANG G Z,XING X K,et al.Research developments of wax deposition in waxy crude oil pipelines[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2002,21(11):12-16.
[6]张冬杨.输油管道蜡沉积规律及经济运行方案研究[D].大庆:东北石油大学,2015:20-22.ZHANG D Y.Study on the law of wax deposition and economic operation method of oil pipeline[D].Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2015:20-22.
[7]MATLACH W J,NEWBERRY M E.Paraffin deposition and rheological evaluation of high wax content Altamont crude oils[C].Salt Lake City:Rocky Mountain regional meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers,1983:SPE-11851-MS.
[8]HAMOUDA A,RAVNEY J.Prediction of wax deposition in pipelines and field experience on the influence of wax on dragreducer performance[C].Houston:The 24th Annual OTC,1992:61-64.
[9]HSUJ,SANTAMARIA M M,BRUBAKERJ P.Waxdeposition of waxylivecrude sunderturbulent flow conditions[C].New Orleans:The 69th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,1996:23-26.
[10]HUANG Z,LU Y,HOFFMANN R,et al.The effect of operating temperatures on wax deposition[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(11):5180-5188.
[11]全青,王玮,王鹏宇,等.易凝高黏含蜡原油蜡沉积规律及老化现象[J].油气储运,2016,35(3):259-262.QUAN Q,WANG W,WANG P Y,et al.Wax deposition and aging of waxy crude oil with high pour point and high viscosity[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(3):259-262.
[12]毕权,黄启玉,范开峰.原油蜡沉积规律及沉积物性质的径向差异[J].油气储运,2016,35(9):952-957.BI Q,HUANG Q Y,FANG K F.Wax deposit laws of crude oil and radial differences of sediment properties[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(9):952-957.
[13]HAJ-SHAFIEI S,SERAFINI D,MEHROTRA A K.Asteady-state heat-transfer model for solids deposition from waxy mixtures in a pipeline[J].Fuel,2014,137(6):346-359.
[14]苏鑫.海底含蜡原油管道蜡沉积与清管周期研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2015:3-4.SU X.Study on wax deposition and cleaning cycle of submarine waxy crude oil pipeline[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2015:3-4.
[15]CORRERA S,FASANO A,FUSI L,et al.Modelling wax diffusion in crude oils:The cold finger device[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2007,31(10):2286-2298.
[16]ZOUGARI M,JACOBS S,JOHN RATULOWSKI A,et al.Novel organic solids deposition and control device for liveoils:design and applications[J].Energy&Fuels,2006,20(4):1656-1663.
[17]李俊刚,王志华,龙安厚,等.输油管道系统管壁温度与原油温度对蜡沉积的影响[J].大庆石油学院学报,2006,30(3):21-23.LI J G,WANG Z H,LONG A H,et al.Effect of pipe wall and crude oil temperature on wax deposition in pipeline transportation[J].Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,2006,30(3):21-23.
[18]黄启玉,张劲军,高学峰,等.大庆原油蜡沉积规律研究[J].石油学报,2006,30(4):125-129.HUANG Q Y,ZHANG J J,GAO X F,et al.Study on wax deposition of Daqing crude oil[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,30(4):125-129.
[19]李汉勇,宫敬,于达,等.石油管线蜡沉积试验研究进展[J].石油矿场机械,2010,39(6):5-11.LI H Y,GONG J,YU D,et al.Progress in the experimental study on waxdeposition in petroleum pipeline[J].Oil Field Equipment,2010,39(6):5-11.
[20]GONG J,ZHANG Y,LIAO L,et al.Wax deposition in the oil/gas two-phase flow for a horizontal pipe[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(4):1624-1632.
[21]张宇.多相流动体系中的蜡沉积规律研究[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2011:70-86.ZHANG Y.Study on wax deposition in multiphase flow[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2011:70-86.
[22]姜远征.含蜡原油管道蜡沉积的数据处理与模型研究[D].保定:华北电力大学,2012:23-44.JIANG Y Z.Research of oil pipeline’s wax deposit and data processing[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University,2012:23-44.
[23]RIBEIRO F S,MENDES P R S,BRAGA S L.Obstruction of pipelines due to paraffin deposition during the flow of crude oils[J].International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,1997,40(18):4319-4328.
[24]CHEN X T,BUTLER T,VOLK M,et al.Techniques for measuring wax thickness during single and multiphase flow[C].San Antonio:SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition,1997:24-27.
[25]RAINER H,AMUNDSEN L.Single-phase wax deposition experiments[J].Energy&Fuels,2010,24(2):1069-1080.
[26]ISAKSEN L,URDAHL O.On-line monitoring of wax deposition[R].Rio de Janeiro:ISCOP,1995:26-29.
[27]ANDERSEN M I,ISAKSEN,URDAHL O.Ultrasonic instrumentation for on-line monitoring of solid deposition in pipes[C].Oklahoma:SPE Production Operations Symposium,1997:SPE-37437-MS.
[28]HALSTENSEN M,ARVOH B K,AMUNDSEN L,et al.Online estimation of wax deposition thickness in single-phase sub-sea pipelines based on acoustic chemometrics:A feasibility study[J].Fuel,2013,105(2):718-727.
[29]全青,于达,李雪,等.多相管流蜡沉积实验研究进展[J].化工机械,2014,41(6):712-717.QUAN Q,YU D,LI X,et al.Progress in experimental research of multiphase flow paraffin deposition[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2014,41(6):712-717.
[30]VALINEJAD R,SOLAIMANY N A R.An experimental design approach for investigating the effects of operating factors on the wax deposition in pipelines[J].Fuel,2013,106(2):843-850.
[31]HARUN A,KHAIRUL I N A L N,HASSAN Z,et al.An overview of wax crystallization,deposition mechanism and effect of temperature&shear[C].Shanghai:IEEE,2016:1-5.
[32]SHENG Z,FAN Z,HUANG Z,et al.Effects of operating conditions on wax deposit carbon number distribution:Theory and experiment[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(12):7379-7388.
[33]LU Y,HUANG Z,HOFFMANN R,et al.Counterintuitive effects of the oil flow rate on wax deposition[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(7):4091-4097.
[34]范开峰,黄启玉,毕权,等.管输含蜡原油沉积物的性质[J].油气储运,2016,35(9):946-951.FAN K F,HUANG Q Y,BI Q,et al.Properties of deposits in waxy crude oil pipeline[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(9):946-951.
[35]白成玉,魏蕾.管道蜡沉积物抗剪切强度研究进展[J].当代化工,2016,45(1):105-108.BAI C Y,WEI L.Research progress of the shear strength of wax deposit in pipelines[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2016,45(1):105-108.
[36]白成玉.蜡沉积物对现场管道运行影响研究[J].当代化工,2016,45(2):276-278.BAI C Y.Study on effect of wax deposit on field pipeline operation[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2016,45(2):276-278.
[37]苏文坤,成庆林,孙巍.原油管道蜡沉积预测模型研究进展[J].化工机械,2016,43(1):20-23.SU W K,CHENG Q L,SUN W.Progress in researching wax deposition mode of oil pipelines[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2016,43(1):20-23.
[38]HERNANDEZ O.Investigation of single-phase paraffin deposition characteristics[D].Tulsa:The University of Tulsa,2002:33-58.
[39]HUANG Z Y,LEE H S,SENRA M,et al.A fundamental model of wax deposition in subsea oil pipelines[J].AICh EJournal,2011,57(11):2955-2964.
[40]BIDMUS H O,MEHROTRA A K.Comments on“The effect of operating temperatures on wax deposition”by Huang et al[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(6):3963-3966.
[41]ESKIN D,RATULOWSKI J,AKBARZADEH K.Modelling wax deposition in oil transport pipelines[J].The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,2014,92(6):973-988.
[42]ESKIN D,RATULOWSKI J,AKBARZADEH K.A model of wax deposit layer formation[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2013,97(7):311-319.
[2]LEI Y,HAN S,ZHANG J,et al.Study on the effect of dispersed and aggregated asphaltene on wax crystallization,gelation,and flow behavior of crude oil[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(4):2314-2321.
[3]BAI C,ZHANG J.Thermal,macroscopic,and microscopic characteristics of wax deposits in field pipelines[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(2):752-759.
[4]王玮,宫敬.石油多相管流蜡沉积研究进展[J].化工机械,2006,33(4):198-203.WANG W,GONG J.Research progress of the wax deposition of multi-phase flow in petroleum fields[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2006,33(4):198-203.
[5]蔡均猛,张国忠,邢晓凯,等.含蜡原油管道蜡沉积研究进展[J].油气储运,2002,21(11):12-16.CAI J M,ZHANG G Z,XING X K,et al.Research developments of wax deposition in waxy crude oil pipelines[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2002,21(11):12-16.
[6]张冬杨.输油管道蜡沉积规律及经济运行方案研究[D].大庆:东北石油大学,2015:20-22.ZHANG D Y.Study on the law of wax deposition and economic operation method of oil pipeline[D].Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2015:20-22.
[7]MATLACH W J,NEWBERRY M E.Paraffin deposition and rheological evaluation of high wax content Altamont crude oils[C].Salt Lake City:Rocky Mountain regional meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers,1983:SPE-11851-MS.
[8]HAMOUDA A,RAVNEY J.Prediction of wax deposition in pipelines and field experience on the influence of wax on dragreducer performance[C].Houston:The 24th Annual OTC,1992:61-64.
[9]HSUJ,SANTAMARIA M M,BRUBAKERJ P.Waxdeposition of waxylivecrude sunderturbulent flow conditions[C].New Orleans:The 69th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,1996:23-26.
[10]HUANG Z,LU Y,HOFFMANN R,et al.The effect of operating temperatures on wax deposition[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(11):5180-5188.
[11]全青,王玮,王鹏宇,等.易凝高黏含蜡原油蜡沉积规律及老化现象[J].油气储运,2016,35(3):259-262.QUAN Q,WANG W,WANG P Y,et al.Wax deposition and aging of waxy crude oil with high pour point and high viscosity[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(3):259-262.
[12]毕权,黄启玉,范开峰.原油蜡沉积规律及沉积物性质的径向差异[J].油气储运,2016,35(9):952-957.BI Q,HUANG Q Y,FANG K F.Wax deposit laws of crude oil and radial differences of sediment properties[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(9):952-957.
[13]HAJ-SHAFIEI S,SERAFINI D,MEHROTRA A K.Asteady-state heat-transfer model for solids deposition from waxy mixtures in a pipeline[J].Fuel,2014,137(6):346-359.
[14]苏鑫.海底含蜡原油管道蜡沉积与清管周期研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2015:3-4.SU X.Study on wax deposition and cleaning cycle of submarine waxy crude oil pipeline[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2015:3-4.
[15]CORRERA S,FASANO A,FUSI L,et al.Modelling wax diffusion in crude oils:The cold finger device[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2007,31(10):2286-2298.
[16]ZOUGARI M,JACOBS S,JOHN RATULOWSKI A,et al.Novel organic solids deposition and control device for liveoils:design and applications[J].Energy&Fuels,2006,20(4):1656-1663.
[17]李俊刚,王志华,龙安厚,等.输油管道系统管壁温度与原油温度对蜡沉积的影响[J].大庆石油学院学报,2006,30(3):21-23.LI J G,WANG Z H,LONG A H,et al.Effect of pipe wall and crude oil temperature on wax deposition in pipeline transportation[J].Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,2006,30(3):21-23.
[18]黄启玉,张劲军,高学峰,等.大庆原油蜡沉积规律研究[J].石油学报,2006,30(4):125-129.HUANG Q Y,ZHANG J J,GAO X F,et al.Study on wax deposition of Daqing crude oil[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,30(4):125-129.
[19]李汉勇,宫敬,于达,等.石油管线蜡沉积试验研究进展[J].石油矿场机械,2010,39(6):5-11.LI H Y,GONG J,YU D,et al.Progress in the experimental study on waxdeposition in petroleum pipeline[J].Oil Field Equipment,2010,39(6):5-11.
[20]GONG J,ZHANG Y,LIAO L,et al.Wax deposition in the oil/gas two-phase flow for a horizontal pipe[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(4):1624-1632.
[21]张宇.多相流动体系中的蜡沉积规律研究[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2011:70-86.ZHANG Y.Study on wax deposition in multiphase flow[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2011:70-86.
[22]姜远征.含蜡原油管道蜡沉积的数据处理与模型研究[D].保定:华北电力大学,2012:23-44.JIANG Y Z.Research of oil pipeline’s wax deposit and data processing[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University,2012:23-44.
[23]RIBEIRO F S,MENDES P R S,BRAGA S L.Obstruction of pipelines due to paraffin deposition during the flow of crude oils[J].International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,1997,40(18):4319-4328.
[24]CHEN X T,BUTLER T,VOLK M,et al.Techniques for measuring wax thickness during single and multiphase flow[C].San Antonio:SPE Technical Conference and Exhibition,1997:24-27.
[25]RAINER H,AMUNDSEN L.Single-phase wax deposition experiments[J].Energy&Fuels,2010,24(2):1069-1080.
[26]ISAKSEN L,URDAHL O.On-line monitoring of wax deposition[R].Rio de Janeiro:ISCOP,1995:26-29.
[27]ANDERSEN M I,ISAKSEN,URDAHL O.Ultrasonic instrumentation for on-line monitoring of solid deposition in pipes[C].Oklahoma:SPE Production Operations Symposium,1997:SPE-37437-MS.
[28]HALSTENSEN M,ARVOH B K,AMUNDSEN L,et al.Online estimation of wax deposition thickness in single-phase sub-sea pipelines based on acoustic chemometrics:A feasibility study[J].Fuel,2013,105(2):718-727.
[29]全青,于达,李雪,等.多相管流蜡沉积实验研究进展[J].化工机械,2014,41(6):712-717.QUAN Q,YU D,LI X,et al.Progress in experimental research of multiphase flow paraffin deposition[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2014,41(6):712-717.
[30]VALINEJAD R,SOLAIMANY N A R.An experimental design approach for investigating the effects of operating factors on the wax deposition in pipelines[J].Fuel,2013,106(2):843-850.
[31]HARUN A,KHAIRUL I N A L N,HASSAN Z,et al.An overview of wax crystallization,deposition mechanism and effect of temperature&shear[C].Shanghai:IEEE,2016:1-5.
[32]SHENG Z,FAN Z,HUANG Z,et al.Effects of operating conditions on wax deposit carbon number distribution:Theory and experiment[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(12):7379-7388.
[33]LU Y,HUANG Z,HOFFMANN R,et al.Counterintuitive effects of the oil flow rate on wax deposition[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(7):4091-4097.
[34]范开峰,黄启玉,毕权,等.管输含蜡原油沉积物的性质[J].油气储运,2016,35(9):946-951.FAN K F,HUANG Q Y,BI Q,et al.Properties of deposits in waxy crude oil pipeline[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(9):946-951.
[35]白成玉,魏蕾.管道蜡沉积物抗剪切强度研究进展[J].当代化工,2016,45(1):105-108.BAI C Y,WEI L.Research progress of the shear strength of wax deposit in pipelines[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2016,45(1):105-108.
[36]白成玉.蜡沉积物对现场管道运行影响研究[J].当代化工,2016,45(2):276-278.BAI C Y.Study on effect of wax deposit on field pipeline operation[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2016,45(2):276-278.
[37]苏文坤,成庆林,孙巍.原油管道蜡沉积预测模型研究进展[J].化工机械,2016,43(1):20-23.SU W K,CHENG Q L,SUN W.Progress in researching wax deposition mode of oil pipelines[J].Chemical Engineering&Machinery,2016,43(1):20-23.
[38]HERNANDEZ O.Investigation of single-phase paraffin deposition characteristics[D].Tulsa:The University of Tulsa,2002:33-58.
[39]HUANG Z Y,LEE H S,SENRA M,et al.A fundamental model of wax deposition in subsea oil pipelines[J].AICh EJournal,2011,57(11):2955-2964.
[40]BIDMUS H O,MEHROTRA A K.Comments on“The effect of operating temperatures on wax deposition”by Huang et al[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(6):3963-3966.
[41]ESKIN D,RATULOWSKI J,AKBARZADEH K.Modelling wax deposition in oil transport pipelines[J].The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,2014,92(6):973-988.
[42]ESKIN D,RATULOWSKI J,AKBARZADEH K.A model of wax deposit layer formation[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2013,97(7):311-319.