摘要
内疚作为一种典型的道德情绪,被认为具有亲社会作用,但很多研究却发现内疚并不总能促进亲社会行为。为了明确内疚对亲社会行为的作用,分析造成结论分歧的可能原因,本研究采用元分析方法探讨了特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响。共有46篇文献92个独立样本纳入元分析(N=17248)。元分析结果表明:(1)特质内疚与亲社会行为之间存在中等程度的正相关,二者之间的关系受到亲社会行为类型的调节,相比较捐赠、助人、环保行为等,特质内疚与补偿之间的相关更强;(2)启动内疚状态能显著提升个体的亲社会行为,但两者之间的关联呈较小的效应量,亲社会行为对象在其中起到调节作用,感到内疚的个体更愿意对受害方做出亲社会行为;(3) p曲线(p-curve)分析发现,两个元分析研究的p曲线均呈显著右偏态,表明特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响均存在真实的效应,而不是出版偏倚或者p hacking导致。
A large body of research has examined the relationship between guilt and prosocial behavior–yet the findings are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of trait and state guilt on prosocial behavior, as well as potential moderators of this effect. A literature search yielded 46 qualified papers with 92 effect sizes and 17248 participants. Results showed that trait guilt was significantly associated with prosocial behavior(r = 0.36, p < 0.001), and this relationship was moderated by the type of prosocial behavior. The induction of state guilt also significantly impacted prosocial behavior, with a small effect size(d = 0.24, p < 0.001) – and this relationship was moderated by whether the recipient of the prosocial behavior was also the victim of the guilt-evoking act. No other moderators were found. The p-curve analysis showed that the p-curves of the two meta-analyzes were right skewed, indicating that the relationship between the guilt proneness and prosocial behavior and the effect of state guilt on the prosocial behavior had a real effect, not caused by publication bias or p hacking.
引文
曹萍.(2012).试论中西方传统文化的差异及其根源.社科纵横,27(11),128-129.
*丁芳,周鋆,胡雨.(2014).初中生内疚情绪体验的发展及其对公平行为的影响.心理科学,37(5),1154-1159.
*丁菀.(2015).道德补偿行为的发生机制:道德情绪和道德认同的不同作用.硕士学位论文,浙江师范大学.
*杜灵燕.(2012).内疚与羞耻对道德判断、道德行为影响的差异研究.硕士学位论文,中国地质大学(北京).
*方圆.(2017).大学生内疚感与亲社会倾向关系实证研究.南阳师范学院学报,16(2),61-64.
胡金生.(2008).中文版内疚感问卷的信、效度及调查结果.中国健康心理学,16(2),236-238.
*黄晓娇.(2016).初中生的内疚水平及其与公共物品困境中合作行为的关系.硕士学位论文,上海师范大学.
*康家慧.(2014).高职院校学生道德判断能力、内疚与亲社会行为的关系研究.硕士学位论文,河北师范大学.
冷冰冰,王香玲,高贺明,李富洪.(2015).内疚的认知和情绪活动及其脑区调控.心理科学进展,23(12),2064-2071.
*李娟.(2008).犯罪青少年的道德情绪及其与社会行为的关系.硕士学位论文,山东师范大学.
*李磊.(2012).外显、内隐利他行为及其预测源研究.硕士学位论文,西北师范大学.
*刘金梅.(2009).不同虚拟内疚类型下青少年亲社会行为选择研究.硕士学位论文,西北师范大学.
*刘谞.(2011).社会情绪和社会规范对独裁者博弈中公平行为的影响研究.硕士学位论文,浙江大学.
*吕丽.(2017).群体内疚与群体羞耻的差异研究.硕士学位论文,中国地质大学(北京).
*毛静思.(2012).中学生道德判断能力、内疚与亲社会行为的关系研究.硕士学位论文,四川师范大学.
乔建中,王蓓.(2003).霍夫曼虚拟内疚理论述评.心理学探新,23(3),25-28.
石伟,闫现洋,刘杰.(2011).对不公正历史事件的情绪反应--群体内疚.心理科学进展,19(2),224-232.
*孙铭鸿.(2015).初中生内疚情绪对其禁止性道德行为和指定性道德行为的影响.硕士学位论文,沈阳师范大学.
王洁,陈健芷,杨琳,高爽.(2013).感觉寻求与网络成瘾关系的元分析.心理科学进展,21(10),1720-1730.
王小凤,占友龙,燕良轼.(2016).中文版内疚和羞耻倾向量表的信效度检验.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),865-868.
吴鹏,刘华山.(2014).道德推理与道德行为关系的元分析.心理学报,46(8),1192-1207.
张琨,方平,姜媛,于悦,欧阳恒磊.(2014).道德视野下的内疚.心理科学进展,22(10),1628-1636.
*张晓贤,桑标.(2012).儿童内疚情绪对其亲社会行为的影响.心理科学,35(2),314-320.
Barr,P.(2004).Guilt-and shame-proneness and the grief of perinatal bereavement.Psychology and Psychotherapy:Theory,Research and Practice,77(4),493-510.
Berndsen,M.,&Mcgarty,C.(2010).The impact of magnitude of harm and perceived difficulty of making reparations on group-based guilt and reparation towards victims of historical harm.European Journal of Social Psychology,40(3),500-513.
Bolino,M.C.,&Grant,A.M.(2016).The bright side of being prosocial at work,and the dark side,too:A review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives,behavior,and impact in organizations.The Academy of Management Annals,10(1),599-670.
Borenstein,M.,Hedges,L.,Higgins,J.,&Rothstein,H.R.(2009).Introduction to meta-analysis.West Sussex,UK:Wiley&Sons.
*Brown,R.,&Cehajic,S.(2008).Dealing with the past and facing the future:Mediators of the effects of collective guilt and shame in Bosnia and Herzegovina.European Journal of Social Psychology,38(4),669-684.
*?ehajic-Clan?y,S.,Effron,D.A.,Halperin,E.,Liberman,V.,&Ross,L.D.(2011).Affirmation,acknowledgment of in-group responsibility,group-based guilt,and support for reparative measures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,101(2),256-270.
Cohen,T.R.(2010).Moral emotions and unethical bargaining:The differential effects of empathy and perspective taking in deterring deceitful negotiation.Journal of Business Ethics,94(4),569-579.
Cohen,T.R.,Wolf,S.T.,Panter,A.T.,&Insko,C.A.(2011).Introducing the GASP scale:A new measure of guilt and shame proneness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,100(5),947-966.
Cohen,T.R.,Panter,A.T.,&Turan,N.(2012).Guilt proneness and moral character.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(5),355-359.
Doosje,B.,Branscombe,N.R.,Spears,R.,&Manstead,A.S.R.(1998).Guilty by association:When one’s group has a negative history.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(4),872-876.
Dovidio,J.F.,Piliavin,J.A.,Schroeder,D.A.,&Penner,L.(2006).The social psychology of prosocial behavior.Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum Publishers.
Dumont,K.,&Waldzus,S.(2014).Group-based guilt and reparation in the context of social change.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,44(4),331-341.
Duval,S.,&Tweedie,R.(2000).Trim and fill:A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis.Biometrics,56(2),455-463.
*de Hooge,I.E.,Nelissen,R.M.A.,Breugelmans,S.M.,&Zeelenberg,M.(2011).What is moral about guilt?Acting“prosocially”at the disadvantage of others.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,100(3),462-473.
*de Hooge,I.E.,Zeelenberg,M.,&Breugelmans,S.M. (2007).Moral sentiments and cooperation:Differential influences of shame and guilt.Cognition and Emotion,21(5),1025-1042.
Egger,M.,Smith,G.D.,Schneider,M.,&Minder,C.(1997).Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple,graphical test.British Medical Journal,315(7109),629-634.
Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,Shepard,S.A.,Murphy,B.C.,Jones,S.,&Guthrie,I.K.(1998).Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children’s sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality.Developmental Psychology,34(5),910-24.
*Ferguson,M.A.,&Branscombe,N.R.(2010).Collective guilt mediates the effect of beliefs about global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behavior.Journal of Environmental Psychology,30(2),135-142.
*Figueiredo,A.,Doosje,B.,&Valentim,J.P.(2016).Group-based compunction and anger:Their antecedents and consequences in relation to colonial conflicts.International Journal of Conflict&Violence,9(1),90-105.
*Furukawa,Y.,Nakashima,K.,&Morinaga,Y.(2016).Influence of social context on the relationship between guilt and prosocial behaviour.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,19(1),49-54.
George,J.M.,&Brief,A.P.(1992).Feeling good-doing good:A conceptual analysis of the mood at workorganizational spontaneity relationship.Psychological Bulletin,112(2),310-329.
Ghorbani,M.(2013).Guilt,shame,and reparative behavior:The effect of psychological proximity.Journal of Business Ethics,114(2),311-323.
*Graton,A.,Ric,F.,&Gonzalez,E.(2016).Reparation or reactance?The influence of guilt on reaction to persuasive communication.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,62,40-49.
Greene,J.(2003).From neural'is'to moral'ought':What are the moral implications of neuroscientific moral psychology?.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,4(10),846-849.
*Halmburger,A.,Baumert,A.,&Schmitt,M.(2015).Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood:A multimethod approach.European Journal of Social Psychology,45(1),39-51.
*Harth,N.S.,Leach,C.W.,&Kessler,T.(2013).Guilt,anger,and pride about in-group environmental behaviour:Different emotions predict distinct intentions.Journal of Environmental Psychology,34,18-26.
*Iyer,A.,Schmader,T.,&Lickel,B.(2007).Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country:The role of anger,shame,and guilt.Pers Soc Psychol Bull,33(4),572-587.
*Jordan,J.,Flynn,F.J.,&Cohen,T.R.(2016).Correction to‘forgive them for I have sinned:The relationship between guilt and forgiveness of others'transgressions’.European Journal of Social Psychology,46(2),265-266.
*Kahn,D.T.,Liberman,V.,Halperin,E.,&Ross,L.(2016).Intergroup sentiments,political identity,and their influence on responses to potentially ameliorative proposals in the context of an intractable conflict.Journal of Conflict Resolution,60(1),61-88.
Ketelaar,T.,&Au,W.T.(2003).The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games:An affect-as-information interpretation of the role of emotion in social interaction.Cognition and Emotion.17(3),429-453.
Kim,S.,Thibodeau,R.,&Jorgensen,R.S.(2011).Shame,guilt,and depressive symptoms:A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,137(1),68-96.
*Konstam,V.,Chernoff,M.,&Deveney,S.(2011).Toward forgiveness:The role of shame,guilt anger,and empathy.Counseling and Values,46(1),26-39.
Kubany,E.S.,&Watson,S.B.(2003).Guilt:Elaboration of a multidimensional model.The Psychological Record,53(1),51-90.
Kugler,K.,&Jones,W.H.(1992).On conceptualizing and assessing guilt.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,62(2),318-327.
Kuppens,S.,Laurent,L.,Heyvaert,M.,&Onghena,P.(2013).Associations between parental psychological control and relational aggression in children and adolescents:A multilevel and sequential meta-analysis.Developmental Psychology,49(9),1697-1712.
*Leach,C.W.,Iyer,A.,&Pedersen,A.(2006).Anger and guilt about ingroup advantage explain the willingness for political action.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,32(9),1232-1245.
*Leonard,M.A.,Yung,S.M.,&Cairns,E.(2015).Predicting intergroup forgiveness from in-group identification and collective guilt in adolescent and adult affiliates of a Northern Irish cross-community organization.Peace and Conflict:Journal of Peace Psychology,21(2),155-167.
*Linda,T.,Stefan,S.,&Lugo,R.G.(2016).Empathy,guilt proneness,and gender:Relative contributions to prosocial behaviour.Europe's Journal of Psychology,12(2),260-270.
Locke,G.W.,Shilkret,R.,Everett,J.E.,&Petry,N.M.(2013).Interpersonal guilt in college student pathological gamblers.The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol abuse,39(1),28-32.
Martin,A.,&Olson,K.R.(2015).Beyond good and evil:What motivations underlie children’s prosocial behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(2),159-175.
*Mashuri,A.,Zaduqisti,E.,&Alroy-Thiberge,D.(2017).The role of dual categorization and relative ingroup prototypicality in reparations to a minority group:An examination of empathy and collective guilt as mediators.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,20(1),33-44.
*Mcgarty,C.,Pedersen,A.,Leach,C.W.,Mansell,T.,Waller,J.,&Bliuc,A-M.(2005).Group‐based guilt as a predictor of commitment to apology.British Journal of Social Psychology,44(4),659-680.
*Ongley,S.F.,Nola,M.,&Malti,T.(2014).Children's giving:Moral reasoning and moral emotions in the development of donation behaviors.Frontiers in Psychology,5,458-465.
Penner,L.A.,Dovidio,J.F.,Piliavin,J.A.,&Schroeder,D.A.(2005).Prosocial behavior:Multilevel perspectives.Annual Review of Psychology,56(1),365-392.
*Polman,E.,&Ruttan,R.L.(2012).Effects of anger,guilt,and envy on moral hypocrisy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,38(1),129-139.
*Roberts,W.,Strayer,J.,&Denham,S.(2014).Empathy,anger,guilt:Emotions and prosocial behaviour.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,46(4),465-474.
*Roos,S.,Hodges,E.V.,&Salmivalli,C.(2014).Do guiltand shame-proneness differentially predict prosocial,aggressive,and withdrawn behaviors during early adolescence?Developmental Psychology,50(3),941-946.
*Rotella,K.N.,&Richeson,J.A.(2013).Body of guilt:Using embodied cognition to mitigate backlash to reminders of personal&ingroup wrongdoing.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(4),643-650.
Rothstein,H.R.,Sutton,A.J.,&Borenstein,M.(2006).Publication bias in meta-analysis:Prevention,assessment and adjustments.Hoboken,NJ:Wiley.
Schaumberg,R.L.,&Flynn,F.J.(2012).Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown:The link between guiltproneness and leadership.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103(2),327-342.
*Shepherd,L.,Spears,R.,&Manstead,A.S.R.(2013).‘This will bring shame on our nation’:The role of anticipated group-based emotions on collective action.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(1),42-57.
Simonsohn,U.,Nelson,L.D.,&Simmons,J.P.(2014).P-curve and effect size:Correcting for publication bias using only significant results.Perspectives on Psychological Science A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science,9(6),666-681.
*Solak,N.,Tagar,M.R.,Cohen-Chen,S.,Saguy,T.,&Halperin,E.(2016).Disappointment expression evokes collective guilt and collective action in intergroup conflict:The moderating role of legitimacy perceptions.Cognition and Emotion,31(6),1112-6.
*Strelan,P.(2007).Who forgives others,themselves,and situations?The roles of narcissism,guilt,self-esteem,and agreeableness.Personality and Individual Differences,42(2),259-269.
*Swim,J.K.,&Miller,D.L.(1999).White guilt:Its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,25(4),500-514.
Tangney,J.P.(1990).Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt:Development of the self-conscious affect and attribution inventory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59(1),102-111.
Tangney,J.P.,&Dearing,R.L.(2002).Shame and guilt.New York,NY,USA:Guilford Press.
Tangney,J.P.,Youman,K.,&Stuewig,J.(2009).Proneness to shame and proneness to guilt.In M.R.Leary&R.H.Hoyle(Eds.),Handbook of individual differences in social behavior(pp.192-209).New York,NY,USA:The Guilford Press.
Tignor,S.M.,&Colvin,C.R.(2016).The interpersonal adaptiveness of dispositional guilt and shame:Ameta-analytic investigation.Journal of Personality,85(3),341-363.
Turner,J.H.,&Stets,J.E.(2006).Moral emotions.In J.E.Stets&J.H.Turner(Eds.),Handbook of the sociology of emotions.(pp.545-566).New York:Springer.
Viechtbauer,W.(2010).Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package.Journal of Statistical Software,36(3).
*Wan,D.,Xie,R.B.,Sun,B.H.,Li,W.J.,Wang,D.,&Rui,Z.(2016).Why does the“sinner”act prosocially?The mediating role of guilt and the moderating role of moral identity in motivating moral cleansing.Frontiers in Psychology,7(1878),1317-1324.
*Wohl,M.J.A.,Matheson,K.,Branscombe,N.R.,&Anisman,H.(2013).Victim and perpetrator groups'responses to the Canadian government's apology for the head tax on Chinese immigrants and the moderating influence of collective guilt.Political Psychology,34(5),713-729.
*Zhang,H.,Chen,S.,Wang,R.,Jiang,J.,Xu,Y.,&Zhao,H.(2017).How upward moral comparison influences prosocial behavioral intention:Examining the mediating role of guilt and the moderating role of moral identity.Frontiers in Psychology,8,1554-1563.
*Zimmermann,A.,Abrams,D.,Doosje,B.,&Manstead,A.S.R.(2011).Causal and moral responsibility:Antecedents and consequences of group-based guilt.European Journal of Social Psychology,41(7),825-839.