晋西黄土区常规果农间作模式下果树遮阴时空分布特征
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摘要
为探讨晋西黄土区常规苹果树与农作物间作模式条件下不同树龄果树遮阴范围的时空分布特征,提出合理的间作作物种植区域,以山西吉县果农间作条件下4～7 a生苹果树为试验材料,遵循平行光线下的相似性原理,将果树按其树体缩小50倍,制作不同林龄的苹果树3D模型,利用树体模型在研究区进行果树遮阴范围的动态测定。结果表明:(1)在时间上,单株苹果树遮阴面积在一天内随时间先减小后增大,中午12∶00果树遮阴面积最小;在空间上,苹果树遮阴范围整体呈现不等宽弧型分布,且果树北侧遮阴大于南侧遮阴距离0.5～0.6 m。(2)在一天中,4～7 a生苹果树行间均受到同行苹果树(目标果树与邻株果树)的叠加遮阴,遮阴时长为4～9 h。(3)4 m×5 m株行距配置下间作作物的适宜种植区域为1.41～1.91 m,5 m×5 m株行距配置下间作作物的种植区域为1.63～2.14 m,且种植区域均随树龄的增加而减小。(4)间作作物行间适宜种植区域应采用南北向不等间距种植,并且适宜种植区北向距离大于南向距离0.6～0.7 m。综合研究区常规果农间作配置果树遮阴范围时空分布特征分析,传统果农间作系统下不同树龄时期,间作作物的南北方向等间距种植模式存在不合理性。本研究依据晋西黄土区常规果农间作配置模式果树遮阴范围时空分布特征,提出果农复合系统间作作物的不同株行距配置下不同树龄的间作作物合理种植区,间作作物种植需考虑南北不等间距,且随着树龄增长间作范围应不断缩小。
In order to explore temporal and spatial of shading region in different apple tree ages of conventional agroforestry system in west Shanxi Loess area, and provide reasonable planted region for intercropping, 4～7 year-old apple trees in agroforestry system were chosen as experimental material in Jixian, Shanxi Province. Similarity principle under parallel sun light was applied that apple tree was reduced by 50 times to make 3 D apple tree model used by 3 D print technology. We used 3 D apple tree model to measure dynamic change of apple tree shading range. Results showed that:(1) In term of time, the shading area of an apple tree changed from decreasing to increasing in a day, and the area was the smallest at 12∶00; In term of space, the shading region of apple tree was unequal width arc, and the shade on the north side of the fruit tree was larger than the shade on the south side by 0.5～0.6 m.(2) During the day, the 4～7 year-old apple trees were repeatedly shaded by the target apple trees and neighboring apple trees, and the shading period was 4～9 h.(3) The reasonable plant region of intercropping in 4 m×5 m was 1.41～1.91 m, the plant region of intercropping in 5 m×5 m was 1.63～2.14 m. The region was decreased as tree age increased.(4) The plant region of intercropping was applied the plant method of unequal distance in north and south, the northward distance was 0.6～0.7 m greater than the southward direction. Traditional intercropping plant that equal distance of north and south was irrational, according to temporal and spatial distribution in agroforestry system. Intercropping plant region of different ages in different configurations was proposed by the analysis of temporal and spatial distribution in agroforestry system. The planting of intercropping should consider unequal distribution in the north and south. And the plant range of intercropping should continue to shrink with the tree age.
In order to explore temporal and spatial of shading region in different apple tree ages of conventional agroforestry system in west Shanxi Loess area, and provide reasonable planted region for intercropping, 4～7 year-old apple trees in agroforestry system were chosen as experimental material in Jixian, Shanxi Province. Similarity principle under parallel sun light was applied that apple tree was reduced by 50 times to make 3 D apple tree model used by 3 D print technology. We used 3 D apple tree model to measure dynamic change of apple tree shading range. Results showed that:(1) In term of time, the shading area of an apple tree changed from decreasing to increasing in a day, and the area was the smallest at 12∶00; In term of space, the shading region of apple tree was unequal width arc, and the shade on the north side of the fruit tree was larger than the shade on the south side by 0.5～0.6 m.(2) During the day, the 4～7 year-old apple trees were repeatedly shaded by the target apple trees and neighboring apple trees, and the shading period was 4～9 h.(3) The reasonable plant region of intercropping in 4 m×5 m was 1.41～1.91 m, the plant region of intercropping in 5 m×5 m was 1.63～2.14 m. The region was decreased as tree age increased.(4) The plant region of intercropping was applied the plant method of unequal distance in north and south, the northward distance was 0.6～0.7 m greater than the southward direction. Traditional intercropping plant that equal distance of north and south was irrational, according to temporal and spatial distribution in agroforestry system. Intercropping plant region of different ages in different configurations was proposed by the analysis of temporal and spatial distribution in agroforestry system. The planting of intercropping should consider unequal distribution in the north and south. And the plant range of intercropping should continue to shrink with the tree age.
引文
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[20] 廖文超,毕华兴,高路博,等.苹果-大豆间作系统光照分布及其对作物的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(1):25-29.
[21] 包宛鑫.杏与粮棉间作系统内的光分布特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,.2011.
[22] 刘延杰.果树对行间光能的影响[J].中国林副特产.1996,(4):2-3.
[23] 高峻.太行山低山丘陵区两种农林复合模式中水肥光分布特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.
[24] 刘贤赵,康绍忠,周吉福.遮阴对作物生长影响的研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(4):65-73.
[25] 鲍彪.晋西黄土区苹果-大豆间作系统遮阴模拟对大豆生长的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[2] Zhang S X,Li Q,Cui C.Allelopathic effects in agroforestry system of Loess Area in China[M].Saarbrucken:LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co.KG,2012.
[3] 梁嘉陵,黄艳胜,王非,等.低山丘陵区果农复合生态经营模式[J].东北林业大学学报,1999,27(4):63-66.
[4] 吴晓婷,陈亮中.农林复合系统分类体系与研究方法综述[J].林业调查规划,2006,31(3):101-104.
[5] 张硕.农林复合生态经济系统研究综述[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(30):15033-15035.
[6] 李洁.晋西黄土果农复合系统苹果树耗水特征及影响因素研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.
[7] 云雷,毕华兴,田晓玲,等.晋西黄土区果农间作的种间主要竞争关系及土地生产力[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1225-1232.
[8] 马雯静.晋西黄土区农林复合系统植物根系分布研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[9] 许华森,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区苹果+大豆间作系统小气候及其对作物生产力的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):9-15.
[10] Cao F L,Kimmins J P,Wang J R.Competitive interactions in Ginkgo and crop species mixed agroforestry systems in Jiangsu,China[J].Agroforestry Systems,2012,84(3):401-415.
[11] Gao L B,Xu H S,Bi H X,et al.Intercropping competition between apple trees and crops in agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China[J].PLoS ONE,2013,8(7):e70739.
[12] Shibu J,Andrew M G.Toward Agroforestry Design[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2008:81-95.
[13] Shibu J,Andrew M G.Toward Agroforestry Design[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2008:249-250.
[14] Talbot G,Dupraz C.Simple models for light competition within agroforestry discontinuous tree stands:Are leaf clumpiness and light interception by woody parts relevant factors[J].Agroforestry Systems,2012,84(1):101-116.
[15] Bellow J G,Nair R P K.Comparing common methods for assessing understory light availability in shaded-perennialagroforestry systems[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,114(3-4):197-211.
[16] Charbonnier F,le Mairea G,Dreyerb E,et al.Competition for light in heterogeneous canopies:Application of Maestra to a (Coffea coffea arabica L.) agroforestry system[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,181:152-169.
[17] Lamanda N,Dauzat J,Jourdan C,et al.Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in coconut agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Systems,2008,72(1):63-74.
[18] 许华森.晋西黄土区苹果-大豆间作系统太阳辐射时空分布规律[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.
[19] 张东升.不同棉花密度配置的枣棉间作系统光分布和光能利用率研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2014.
[20] 廖文超,毕华兴,高路博,等.苹果-大豆间作系统光照分布及其对作物的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(1):25-29.
[21] 包宛鑫.杏与粮棉间作系统内的光分布特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,.2011.
[22] 刘延杰.果树对行间光能的影响[J].中国林副特产.1996,(4):2-3.
[23] 高峻.太行山低山丘陵区两种农林复合模式中水肥光分布特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.
[24] 刘贤赵,康绍忠,周吉福.遮阴对作物生长影响的研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(4):65-73.
[25] 鲍彪.晋西黄土区苹果-大豆间作系统遮阴模拟对大豆生长的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.