利用水系流域偏转研究走滑断层的运动模式——以南汀河断裂带为例
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摘要
构造地貌能够记录构造运动的长期积累,并能通过相关参数定量表达。水系是对构造作用反映最敏感的地貌之一,长期以来许多研究者利用水系来反映和研究构造。但是过去的研究大都集中在垂直运动的构造作用区域上,尤其是正断层区域上,而对走滑作用区域的研究非常少。文中以南汀河断裂带为研究区域,利用高精度DEM数据提取水系。通过研究断层附近水系流域的偏转来研究南汀河断裂带的运动模式。通过分析流水地貌对断层活动的响应特征,对断裂带的空间展布和活动性进行了分析,为探讨活动断层与地貌响应之间的关系提供良好范例。
Since the 1970 s,active tectonics has advanced from qualitative research to quantitative research.Many researchers focus on which qualitative parameters to obtain and how to obtain them. It is usually accepted that the following parameters are necessary for quantitative descriptions of active faults:length of a fault or segment,displacements,slip rates,and paleo-earthquake events. Because of the complex nature of problems concerned and limited capability of human recognition,there are still some errors and uncertainties in these parameters. Tectonic geomorphology provides a useful tool to help solve the problems above. Tectonic geomorphology could record long-term accumulation of tectonics,and quantize them by relevant parameters. Tectonic movements have been exerting significant influence upon formation of topography and landforms,and such processes are usually extremely slow over very long time which cannot be documented by human history and any instruments. Observations,especially direct measurements of various features of geomorphology can reveal details of tectonic movement,including slip on active faults. In the early time,such studies were usually limited in one or two parameters of geomorphology to characterize active tectonics. With rapid development of computer and DEM technologies,it is possible to use multiple parameters of landforms to describe regional tectonic activity. Previous work in this aspect focused on large scales,while a little on small scale faults or individual faults. And existing studies are mostly concerned with normal or thrust faults dominated by vertical motion. In this paper,we focus on the Nantinghe Fault,which is strike-slip fault. Based on high resolution DEM extracted from ALOS data,we extract 180 drainages along the Nantinghe Fault. Based on the relationship between deflection angles and faulting,we analyze the segmentation and activity. Using the distribution patterns of the factors,this study examines the geometry and activity of the Nantinghe Fault,which were obtained from comprehensive remote sensing interpretation and field investigations. The results provide an example for research on the relationship between faulting and landforms.
Since the 1970 s,active tectonics has advanced from qualitative research to quantitative research.Many researchers focus on which qualitative parameters to obtain and how to obtain them. It is usually accepted that the following parameters are necessary for quantitative descriptions of active faults:length of a fault or segment,displacements,slip rates,and paleo-earthquake events. Because of the complex nature of problems concerned and limited capability of human recognition,there are still some errors and uncertainties in these parameters. Tectonic geomorphology provides a useful tool to help solve the problems above. Tectonic geomorphology could record long-term accumulation of tectonics,and quantize them by relevant parameters. Tectonic movements have been exerting significant influence upon formation of topography and landforms,and such processes are usually extremely slow over very long time which cannot be documented by human history and any instruments. Observations,especially direct measurements of various features of geomorphology can reveal details of tectonic movement,including slip on active faults. In the early time,such studies were usually limited in one or two parameters of geomorphology to characterize active tectonics. With rapid development of computer and DEM technologies,it is possible to use multiple parameters of landforms to describe regional tectonic activity. Previous work in this aspect focused on large scales,while a little on small scale faults or individual faults. And existing studies are mostly concerned with normal or thrust faults dominated by vertical motion. In this paper,we focus on the Nantinghe Fault,which is strike-slip fault. Based on high resolution DEM extracted from ALOS data,we extract 180 drainages along the Nantinghe Fault. Based on the relationship between deflection angles and faulting,we analyze the segmentation and activity. Using the distribution patterns of the factors,this study examines the geometry and activity of the Nantinghe Fault,which were obtained from comprehensive remote sensing interpretation and field investigations. The results provide an example for research on the relationship between faulting and landforms.
引文
蔡庆空,蒋金豹,张玲,等.2014.ALOS-PRISM立体像对提取DEM的应用研究[J].测绘科学,39(1):70-73.
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丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段:原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社.
DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault:Principle,Method and Application[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何宏林,周本刚.1993.地震活动断层分段与最大潜在地震[J].地震地质,15(4):333-340.
HE Hong-lin,ZHOU Ben-gang.1993.Segmentation of seismo-active faults and the potential maximum earthquake magnitude on the segments[J].Seismology and Geology,15(4):333-340(in Chinese).
石峰.2014.南汀河断裂带构造地貌研究[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。
SHI Feng.2014.Tectonic geomorphology of the Nantinghe Fault in southeastern Yunnan[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing.
汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.2005.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
TANG Guo-an,LIU Xue-jun,LU Guo-nian.2005.Principle and Method of Digital Elevation Model and Geo-science Analysis[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
王晋南,王洋龙,安晓文,等.2006.南汀河西支断裂北东段最新活动性分析[J].地震研究,29(3):264-268.
WANG Jin-nan,WANG Yang-long,AN Xiao-wen,et al.2006.Analysis of latest activity on NE-segment of west branch of Nantinghe Fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,29(3):264-268(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2008.昆仑山地震(MW7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),38(7):785-796.
XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.,2008.Rupture behavior and deformation localization of the Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8)and their tectonic implications[J].Science in China(Ser D),51(10):1361-1374.
朱玉新,李玶,任金卫.1994.南定河断裂带断层活动特征与古地震事件[J].中国地震,10(4):347-356.
ZHU Yu-xin,LI Ping,REN Jin-wei.1994.Activity of Nandinghe fault zone and its paleoearthquake events[J].Earthquake Research in China,10(4):347-356(in Chinese).
Burbank D W,Anderson R S.2012.Tectonic Geomorphology[M].West Sussex,UK.Wiley-Blackwell.
Castelltort S,Goren L,Willett S D,et al.2012.River drainage patterns in the New Zealand Alps primarily controlled by plate tectonics strain[J].Nature Geosciences,5:744-788.
Cowie P A,Vanneste C,Sornette D.1993.Statistical physics model for the spatiotemporal evolution of faults[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B12):21809-21822.
Gupta A,Scholz C H.2000.A model of normal fault interaction based on observations and theory[J].Journal of Structural Geology,22:865-879.
Keller E A,Printer N.2002.Active Tectonics:Earthquake,Uplift,and Landscape[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Tang W Q,et al.2003.Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Inference from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B4):2217.doi:10.1029/2001JB000861.
Li C Y,Pang J Z,Zhang Z Q.2012.Characteristics,geometry,and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the 14 April 2010 Yushu earthquake,eastern Tibet,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,102(4):1618-1638.
Lifton N A,Chase C G.1992.Tectonic,climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry:Implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabirel Mountains,California[J].Geomorphology,5(1-2):77-114.
Maruya M,Ohyama H.2007.Estimation of height measurement accuracy for ALOS PRISM triplet images[C].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2869-2872.
Pieri D C.1984.Junction angles in drainage networks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research.89(B8):6878-6884.
Scholz C H.1990.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting[M].Cambridge University Press.Cambridge,UK.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquake:Example from the Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,89(B7):5681-5698.
Sun H,He H,Wei Z,et al.,2017.Late Quaternary paleoearthquakes along the northern segment of the Nantinghe Fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,138:258-271.
Takaku J,Futamura N,Iijima T,et al.2007.High resolution DSM generation from ALOS PRISM[J].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1974-1977.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau[J].Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515-518.
CAI Qing-kong,JIANG Jin-bao,ZHANG Ling,et al.2014 Study on DEM extraction by ALOS-PRISM stereo pair[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,39(1):70-73(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段:原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社.
DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault:Principle,Method and Application[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何宏林,周本刚.1993.地震活动断层分段与最大潜在地震[J].地震地质,15(4):333-340.
HE Hong-lin,ZHOU Ben-gang.1993.Segmentation of seismo-active faults and the potential maximum earthquake magnitude on the segments[J].Seismology and Geology,15(4):333-340(in Chinese).
石峰.2014.南汀河断裂带构造地貌研究[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。
SHI Feng.2014.Tectonic geomorphology of the Nantinghe Fault in southeastern Yunnan[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing.
汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.2005.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
TANG Guo-an,LIU Xue-jun,LU Guo-nian.2005.Principle and Method of Digital Elevation Model and Geo-science Analysis[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
王晋南,王洋龙,安晓文,等.2006.南汀河西支断裂北东段最新活动性分析[J].地震研究,29(3):264-268.
WANG Jin-nan,WANG Yang-long,AN Xiao-wen,et al.2006.Analysis of latest activity on NE-segment of west branch of Nantinghe Fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,29(3):264-268(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2008.昆仑山地震(MW7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),38(7):785-796.
XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.,2008.Rupture behavior and deformation localization of the Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8)and their tectonic implications[J].Science in China(Ser D),51(10):1361-1374.
朱玉新,李玶,任金卫.1994.南定河断裂带断层活动特征与古地震事件[J].中国地震,10(4):347-356.
ZHU Yu-xin,LI Ping,REN Jin-wei.1994.Activity of Nandinghe fault zone and its paleoearthquake events[J].Earthquake Research in China,10(4):347-356(in Chinese).
Burbank D W,Anderson R S.2012.Tectonic Geomorphology[M].West Sussex,UK.Wiley-Blackwell.
Castelltort S,Goren L,Willett S D,et al.2012.River drainage patterns in the New Zealand Alps primarily controlled by plate tectonics strain[J].Nature Geosciences,5:744-788.
Cowie P A,Vanneste C,Sornette D.1993.Statistical physics model for the spatiotemporal evolution of faults[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B12):21809-21822.
Gupta A,Scholz C H.2000.A model of normal fault interaction based on observations and theory[J].Journal of Structural Geology,22:865-879.
Keller E A,Printer N.2002.Active Tectonics:Earthquake,Uplift,and Landscape[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Tang W Q,et al.2003.Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Inference from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B4):2217.doi:10.1029/2001JB000861.
Li C Y,Pang J Z,Zhang Z Q.2012.Characteristics,geometry,and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the 14 April 2010 Yushu earthquake,eastern Tibet,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,102(4):1618-1638.
Lifton N A,Chase C G.1992.Tectonic,climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry:Implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabirel Mountains,California[J].Geomorphology,5(1-2):77-114.
Maruya M,Ohyama H.2007.Estimation of height measurement accuracy for ALOS PRISM triplet images[C].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2869-2872.
Pieri D C.1984.Junction angles in drainage networks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research.89(B8):6878-6884.
Scholz C H.1990.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting[M].Cambridge University Press.Cambridge,UK.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquake:Example from the Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,89(B7):5681-5698.
Sun H,He H,Wei Z,et al.,2017.Late Quaternary paleoearthquakes along the northern segment of the Nantinghe Fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,138:258-271.
Takaku J,Futamura N,Iijima T,et al.2007.High resolution DSM generation from ALOS PRISM[J].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1974-1977.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau[J].Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515-518.