泥页岩热模拟实验及成岩演化模式
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摘要
随着泥页岩油气勘探开发的不断推进,对泥页岩的成岩作用研究越来越受到重视。通过对三种不同干酪根类型的泥页岩样品的热模拟实验发现,随着有机质成熟度的增加,干酪根热解生烃产生的有机质孔及不稳定矿物溶蚀孔增加,是泥页岩储集空间增加的主要原因;泥页岩成岩作用类型主要有黏土矿物转化、不稳定矿物溶蚀作用和重结晶作用;结合镜质体反射率,建立了基于热模拟实验的泥页岩综合成岩演化模式。研究表明:不同类型的干酪根在生烃过程中演化特征不同,Ⅰ型干酪根以"解聚型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质边缘孔为主;Ⅲ型干酪根以"平行脱官能团型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质内部孔为主;Ⅱ型干酪根介于两者之间,既可以产生有机质内部孔,也可以产生有机质边缘孔。
With the extensive exploration and development for the shale hydrocarbon,researchers pay more and more attention to the research of the reservoir characteristics of the shale. This article conducts pyrolysis simulation experiment on shale samples containing three different types of kerogen. It reveals that as the increasing of maturity of organic matters,the organic pores are produced in pyrolysis hydrocarbon generation of kerogen and the dissolved pores are produced in the solution of unstable minerals increased. Both of the two kinds of pores are key to the enhancement in reservoir space of shale. The diagenesis types of shale mainly include clay mineral transformation,dissolution of unstable minerals and recrystallization. The article has described a comprehensive diagenesis evolution pattern based on pyrolysis simulation experiment combined with vitrinite reflectance. The current study shows that different kinds of kerogens have diferent evolution characters in the hydrocarbon generation. At the edge of kerogen type Ⅰ,pore is produced in"dissociative hydrocarbon generation"; whilst inside kerogen type Ⅲ,pore is produced in"paralleled removal of functional group hydrocarbon generation". The characters of kerogen type Ⅱ in hydrocarbon generation are between type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ,and it can produce organic pores both inside and at the edge of the kerogen.
With the extensive exploration and development for the shale hydrocarbon,researchers pay more and more attention to the research of the reservoir characteristics of the shale. This article conducts pyrolysis simulation experiment on shale samples containing three different types of kerogen. It reveals that as the increasing of maturity of organic matters,the organic pores are produced in pyrolysis hydrocarbon generation of kerogen and the dissolved pores are produced in the solution of unstable minerals increased. Both of the two kinds of pores are key to the enhancement in reservoir space of shale. The diagenesis types of shale mainly include clay mineral transformation,dissolution of unstable minerals and recrystallization. The article has described a comprehensive diagenesis evolution pattern based on pyrolysis simulation experiment combined with vitrinite reflectance. The current study shows that different kinds of kerogens have diferent evolution characters in the hydrocarbon generation. At the edge of kerogen type Ⅰ,pore is produced in"dissociative hydrocarbon generation"; whilst inside kerogen type Ⅲ,pore is produced in"paralleled removal of functional group hydrocarbon generation". The characters of kerogen type Ⅱ in hydrocarbon generation are between type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ,and it can produce organic pores both inside and at the edge of the kerogen.
引文
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12 汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):52-62.[Tang Qingyan,Zhang Mingjie,Zhang Tongwei,et al.A review on pyrolysis experimentation on hydrocarbon generation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2013,35(1):52-62.]
13 曹建军,孔凡顺,彭木高.煤成气生气量热模拟实验条件对比综述[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(5):14-16.[Cao Jianjun,Kong Fanshun,Peng Mugao.Summary of thermal simulating experimental conditions correlation of coal-related gas generating amount[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2004,11(5):14-16.]
14 中国石油天然气总公司勘探局.石油地球化学进展(六)[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998.[China Petroleum Natural Gas Corporation Exploration Bureau.Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry(Six)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1998.]
15 Lewan M D,Roy S.Role of water in hydrocarbon generation from Type-I kerogen in Mahogany oil shale of the Green River Formation[J].Organic Geochemistry,2011,42(1):31-41.
16 Lewan M D.Experiments on the role of water in petroleum formation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1997,61(17):3691-3723.
17 崔景伟,朱如凯,崔京钢.页岩孔隙演化及其与残留烃量的关系:来自地质过程约束下模拟实验的证据[J].地质学报,2013,87(5):730-736.[Cui Jingwei,Zhu Rukai,Cui Jinggang.Relationship of porous evolution and residual hydrocarbon:Evidence from modeling experiment with geological constraints[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(5):730-736.]
18 Reed R M,Loucks R G.Imaging nanoscale pores in the Mississippian Barnett shale of the northern Fort Worth basin[C]//American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Annual Convention,Abstracts Volume,Long Beach,California,2007,16:115.
19 Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
20 邹才能,朱如凯,白斌.中国油气储层中纳米孔首次发现及其科学价值[J].岩石学报,2011,27(6):1857-1864.[Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,et al.First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(6):1857-1864.]
21 韩辉,钟宁宁,焦淑静,等.泥页岩孔隙的扫描电子显微镜观察[J].电子显微学报,2013,32(4):325-330.[Han Hui,Zhong Ningning,Jiao Shujing,et al.Scanning electron microscope observation of pores in mudstone and shale[J].Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society,2013,32(4):325-330.]
22 姜在兴.沉积学[M].2版.北京:石油工业出版社,2010.[Jiang Zaixing.Sedimentology[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.]
23 蒋有录,查明.石油天然气地质与勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006.[Jiang Youlu,Zha Ming.Oil and Gas Geology and Exploration[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2006.]
2 Slatt R M,O’Brien N R.Pore types in the Barnett and Woodford gas shales:Contribution to understanding gas storage and migration pathways in fine-grained rocks[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,95(12):2017-2030.
3 杨元,张磊,冯庆来.浙西志棠剖面下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系孔隙特征[J].地质科技情报,2012,31(6):110-117.[Yang Yuan,Zhang Lei,Feng Qinglai.Black rock series from the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation in Zhitang Section,West Zhejiang province[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2012,31(6):110-117.]
4 Milliken K L,Rudnicki M,Awwiller D N,et al.Organic matter-hosted pore system,Marcellus Formation(Devonian),Pennsylvania[J].AAPG Bulletin,2013,97(2):177-200.
5 赵静,冯增朝,杨栋,等.基于三维CT图像的油页岩热解及内部结构变化特征分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(1):112-117.[Zhao Jing,Feng Zengchao,Yang Dong,et al.Study of pyrolysis and internal structural variation of oil shale based on 3D CT images[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(1):112-117.]
6 Connan J.Time-temperature relation in oil genesis[J].AAPG Bulletin,1974,58(12):2516-2521.
7 Waples D.Time and temperature in petroleum formation:application of Lopatin’s method to petroleum exploration[J].AAPG Bulletin,1980,64(6):916-926.
8 王杰,刘文汇,腾格尔,等.南方海相层系不同类型烃源(岩)生烃模拟实验及其产物同位素演化规律[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(4),684-691.[Wang Jie,Liu Wenhui,Teng Ge’er,et al.Thermal pyrolysis of hydrocarbon generation for marine hydrocarbon sources in marine sequence of South China and stable carbon isotopes of gas products[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(4):684-691.]
9 Cramer B,Faber E,Gerling P,et al.Reaction kinetics of stable carbon isotopes in natural gas-insights from dry,open system pyrolysis experiments[J].Energy&Fuel,2001,15(3):517-532.
10 米敬奎,戴金星,张水昌,等.煤在2种不同体系的生气能力研究[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(2):245-248.[Mi Jingkui,Dai Jinxing,Zhang Shuichang,et al.Study on the gas generating ability of coal in different systems[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2007,18(2):245-248.]
11 肖芝华,胡国艺,李志生.封闭体系下压力变化对烃源岩产气率的影响[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(2):284-288.[Xiao Zhihua,Hu Guoyi,Li Zhisheng.Effect of presssure on hydrocarbon generation of source rock in close system[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2007,18(2):284-288.]
12 汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):52-62.[Tang Qingyan,Zhang Mingjie,Zhang Tongwei,et al.A review on pyrolysis experimentation on hydrocarbon generation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2013,35(1):52-62.]
13 曹建军,孔凡顺,彭木高.煤成气生气量热模拟实验条件对比综述[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(5):14-16.[Cao Jianjun,Kong Fanshun,Peng Mugao.Summary of thermal simulating experimental conditions correlation of coal-related gas generating amount[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2004,11(5):14-16.]
14 中国石油天然气总公司勘探局.石油地球化学进展(六)[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998.[China Petroleum Natural Gas Corporation Exploration Bureau.Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry(Six)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1998.]
15 Lewan M D,Roy S.Role of water in hydrocarbon generation from Type-I kerogen in Mahogany oil shale of the Green River Formation[J].Organic Geochemistry,2011,42(1):31-41.
16 Lewan M D.Experiments on the role of water in petroleum formation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1997,61(17):3691-3723.
17 崔景伟,朱如凯,崔京钢.页岩孔隙演化及其与残留烃量的关系:来自地质过程约束下模拟实验的证据[J].地质学报,2013,87(5):730-736.[Cui Jingwei,Zhu Rukai,Cui Jinggang.Relationship of porous evolution and residual hydrocarbon:Evidence from modeling experiment with geological constraints[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(5):730-736.]
18 Reed R M,Loucks R G.Imaging nanoscale pores in the Mississippian Barnett shale of the northern Fort Worth basin[C]//American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Annual Convention,Abstracts Volume,Long Beach,California,2007,16:115.
19 Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
20 邹才能,朱如凯,白斌.中国油气储层中纳米孔首次发现及其科学价值[J].岩石学报,2011,27(6):1857-1864.[Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,et al.First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(6):1857-1864.]
21 韩辉,钟宁宁,焦淑静,等.泥页岩孔隙的扫描电子显微镜观察[J].电子显微学报,2013,32(4):325-330.[Han Hui,Zhong Ningning,Jiao Shujing,et al.Scanning electron microscope observation of pores in mudstone and shale[J].Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society,2013,32(4):325-330.]
22 姜在兴.沉积学[M].2版.北京:石油工业出版社,2010.[Jiang Zaixing.Sedimentology[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010.]
23 蒋有录,查明.石油天然气地质与勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006.[Jiang Youlu,Zha Ming.Oil and Gas Geology and Exploration[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2006.]