施药喷嘴分级可行性及方法研究
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摘要
针对国产农用喷嘴的雾滴粒径分级数据及方法缺失的问题,该文依据ASAE S572.1标准,以NJS-01植保低速风洞为平台建立了雾滴粒径标准测试方法。在规范的测试条件和测量程序下,以Teejet 11001、11003、11006、8008和6510不锈钢芯扇形喷嘴为参考喷嘴,测试了Teejet F110、Lurmark F110、国产Lanao F110、YZS80、YZK80等24种待分类喷嘴在0.2、0.3、0.4 MPa下的雾滴粒径。在此基础上建立了参考喷嘴的雾滴粒径分级参考图,提出了基于该参考图的喷嘴分级方法。同时用Teejet、Lurmark标准扇形雾喷嘴的测试数据和厂家提供的分级结果,验证了喷嘴分级方法的正确性和适用性。该文运用该分级方法对国产Lanao F110、YZS80、YZK80系列喷嘴在不同压力下的雾滴粒径进行分级,可为该类型国产喷嘴的选型和应用提供参考。
Measurement result of droplet size is affected by many factors such as spray liquid property, flow rate, spray pressure, orifice shape, and so on. Droplet size measurement results are different under different test methods. That means the droplet size measurement results of nozzles under different conditions have no significance of comparison and direct utilization. Nozzle classification based on droplet spectrum ignores the difference of laboratory data and obtain the same or similar nozzle classification results. However, nozzle classification method and test criteria have not been popularized or implemented in China, which leads to a fact that the nozzles made in China can not be classified or be compared with international nozzles. If ASAE nozzle classification reference map is used directly, the classification result will be misjudged. In order to solve the problem of the lack of data and methods of droplet size classification for domestic agricultural nozzles, a standard test method for droplet size was established in NJS-01 plant protection low speed wind tunnel based on ASAE S572.1 standard. Test conditions were as follows: airflow speed was 6.7 m/s and sampling distance was 30.5 cm. Sampling area was the whole spray section of laser scanning at a certain sampling distance. After determined standard test conditions and procedures, five reference nozzles were tested, namely Teejet 11001, 11003, 11006, 8008 and 6510 stainless steel core fans nozzle. On this basis, a reference map for droplet size classification of reference nozzles was established, and a nozzle classification method based on the reference map was proposed. According to the reference map of droplet size classification in NJS laboratory, droplet size was divided into 6 grades: very fine(VF), fine(F), medium(M), coarse(C), very coarse(VC) and extremely coarse(XC). Due to the limitation of measurement range and accuracy of DP-02 laser particle size analyzer, in this paper, we only considered the droplet size classification of common plant protection nozzles, and did not measure IP-16 and 6515 reference nozzles, which correspond for categories of extremely fine/very fine(XF/VF) and extremely coarse/ultra-coarse(XC/UC). Droplet sizes of 24 to be classified nozzles were measured at the pressure of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 MPa. To be classified nozzles were Teejet F110(01-08), Lurmark F110(015-05), Lanao F110(015-05), YZS80(02-04) and YZK80(02-04). Nozzles were classified according to the position of droplet spectrum polyline on the reference map. Compared with test classification levels of Teejet F110(01-08) and Lurmark F110(015-05) standard fan-shaped spray nozzles and nominal nozzle levels provided by manufacturers, our results showed that most of the test levels of nozzles were in accordance with the nominal nozzle levels provided by manufacturers, except for the inconsistencies of classification levels of individual nozzles under individual pressures, which could indicate that the reference map of droplet size classification established by NJS wind tunnel laboratory and the nozzle classification method based on droplet spectrum were correct and adaptable. Droplet sizes of Lanao F110, YZS80 and YZK80 nozzles under different pressures were classified by this classification method, and the classification level of nozzles increased with the increase of nozzle type(nozzle aperture), and decreased with the increase of spray pressure. The same type of nozzles can be classified into different levels under different spray pressures. Droplet size was influenced by geometry shape of nozzle, the order of droplet size from large to small was YZS80, F110 and YZK80 under the same nozzle number and pressure. The results of classification were instructive for perfecting technical parameters of domestic nozzles, making it easy for users to choose nozzle type and to determine working pressure.
Measurement result of droplet size is affected by many factors such as spray liquid property, flow rate, spray pressure, orifice shape, and so on. Droplet size measurement results are different under different test methods. That means the droplet size measurement results of nozzles under different conditions have no significance of comparison and direct utilization. Nozzle classification based on droplet spectrum ignores the difference of laboratory data and obtain the same or similar nozzle classification results. However, nozzle classification method and test criteria have not been popularized or implemented in China, which leads to a fact that the nozzles made in China can not be classified or be compared with international nozzles. If ASAE nozzle classification reference map is used directly, the classification result will be misjudged. In order to solve the problem of the lack of data and methods of droplet size classification for domestic agricultural nozzles, a standard test method for droplet size was established in NJS-01 plant protection low speed wind tunnel based on ASAE S572.1 standard. Test conditions were as follows: airflow speed was 6.7 m/s and sampling distance was 30.5 cm. Sampling area was the whole spray section of laser scanning at a certain sampling distance. After determined standard test conditions and procedures, five reference nozzles were tested, namely Teejet 11001, 11003, 11006, 8008 and 6510 stainless steel core fans nozzle. On this basis, a reference map for droplet size classification of reference nozzles was established, and a nozzle classification method based on the reference map was proposed. According to the reference map of droplet size classification in NJS laboratory, droplet size was divided into 6 grades: very fine(VF), fine(F), medium(M), coarse(C), very coarse(VC) and extremely coarse(XC). Due to the limitation of measurement range and accuracy of DP-02 laser particle size analyzer, in this paper, we only considered the droplet size classification of common plant protection nozzles, and did not measure IP-16 and 6515 reference nozzles, which correspond for categories of extremely fine/very fine(XF/VF) and extremely coarse/ultra-coarse(XC/UC). Droplet sizes of 24 to be classified nozzles were measured at the pressure of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 MPa. To be classified nozzles were Teejet F110(01-08), Lurmark F110(015-05), Lanao F110(015-05), YZS80(02-04) and YZK80(02-04). Nozzles were classified according to the position of droplet spectrum polyline on the reference map. Compared with test classification levels of Teejet F110(01-08) and Lurmark F110(015-05) standard fan-shaped spray nozzles and nominal nozzle levels provided by manufacturers, our results showed that most of the test levels of nozzles were in accordance with the nominal nozzle levels provided by manufacturers, except for the inconsistencies of classification levels of individual nozzles under individual pressures, which could indicate that the reference map of droplet size classification established by NJS wind tunnel laboratory and the nozzle classification method based on droplet spectrum were correct and adaptable. Droplet sizes of Lanao F110, YZS80 and YZK80 nozzles under different pressures were classified by this classification method, and the classification level of nozzles increased with the increase of nozzle type(nozzle aperture), and decreased with the increase of spray pressure. The same type of nozzles can be classified into different levels under different spray pressures. Droplet size was influenced by geometry shape of nozzle, the order of droplet size from large to small was YZS80, F110 and YZK80 under the same nozzle number and pressure. The results of classification were instructive for perfecting technical parameters of domestic nozzles, making it easy for users to choose nozzle type and to determine working pressure.
引文
[1]董福龙,周宏平.国外植保喷嘴技术开发进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2018,40(4):866-874.Dong Fulong,Zhou Hongping.Development of foreign plant protection nozzles[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2018,40(4):866-874.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]张慧春,郑加强,周宏平,等.农药喷施过程中雾滴沉积分布与脱靶飘移研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):114-122.Zhang Huichun,Zheng Jiaqiang,Zhou Hongping,et al.Droplet deposition distribution and off-target drift during pesticide spraying operation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):114-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]张京,宋坚利,何雄奎,等.扇形雾喷头雾化过程中雾滴运动特性[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(4):66-69.Zhang Jing,Song Jianli,He Xiongkui,et al.Droplets movement characteristics in atomization process of flat fan nozzle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(4):66-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]杨希娃,周继中,何雄奎,等.喷头类型对药液沉积和麦蚜防效的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):46-50.Yang Xiwa,Zhou Jizhong,He Xiongkui,et al.Influences of nozzle types on pesticide deposition and insecticidal effect to wheat aphids[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(7):46-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]林英赫.标准喷头与农民自制喷头对比示范应用[J].农业与技术,2018(12):247.
[6]郝保平,于志勇.当前农药使用中存在的主要问题与对策探讨[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(1):58-60.Hao Baoping,Yu Zhiyong.Analysis of pesticide utilization in agricultural production[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2007,35(1):58-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]肖晓华.农药利用率的影响因子及其应对措施[J].南方农业,2017,11(7):5-7.
[8]马晓峰.提高农药利用率的技术[J].植物医生,2018(4):49-51.
[9]De Schamphelerie M,Spanoghe P,Nuyttens D,et al.Classification of spray nozzles based on droplet size distributions and wind tunnel tests[J].Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci,2006,71(2):201-207.
[10]张瑞瑞,张真,徐刚,等.喷雾助剂类型及浓度对喷头雾化效果影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(20):36-43.Zhang Ruirui,Zhang Zhen,Xu Gang,et al.Effect of spray adjuvant types and concentration on nozzle atomization[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(20):36-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Hoffmann W C,Bagley W E,Fritz B K,et al.Effects of water hardness on spray droplet size under aerial application conditions[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(1):11-14.
[12]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C,Lan Y B.Evaluation of the EPAdrift reduction technology(DRT)low-speed wind tunnel protocol[J].Journal of ASTM International,2009,6(4):12.
[13]Elsik C M.Round-robin evaluation of ASTM standard test method E2798 for spray drift reduction adjuvants[J].J ASTMInt.,2011,8(8):1-22.
[14]Doble S J,Matthews G A,Rutherford I,et al.A system for classifying hydraulic nozzles and other atomizers into categories of spray quality[J].Proc.Brighton Crop Prot.Conf.-Weeds 1985,3:1125-1133.
[15]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C.Measuring spray droplet size from agricultural nozzles using laser diffraction[J].Journal of Visualized Experiments Jove,2016(115):1-7.
[16]Frost A R,Lake J R.The significance of drop velocity to the determination of drop size distributions of agricultural sprays[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1981,26(4):367-370.
[17]唐青,陈立平,张瑞瑞,等.高速气流条件下标准扇形喷头和空气诱导喷头雾化特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):121-128.Tang Qing,Chen Liping,Zhang Ruirui,et al.Atomization characteristics of normal flat fan nozzle and air induction nozzle under high speed airflow conditions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(22):121-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]谢晨,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.两类扇形雾喷头雾化过程比较研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):25-30.Xie Chen,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Comparative research of two kinds of flat fan nozzle atomization process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(5):25-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wang S,Dorr G J,Khashehchi M,et al.Performance of selected agricultural spray nozzles using Particle Image Velocimetry[J].Journal of Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,17(3):601-613.
[20]American Society of Agricultural Engineers.Spray nozzle classification by droplet spectra:S572.1[S].St.Joseph,Missouri:ASAE Standards,2009.
[21]宋坚利,刘亚佳,张京,等.扇形雾喷头雾滴飘失机理[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(6):63-69.Song Jianli,Liu Yajia,Zhang Jing,et al.Drift mechanism of flat fan nozzle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(6):63-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王双双,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.农用喷头雾化粒径测试方法比较及分布函数拟合[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):34-42.Wang Shuangshuang,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Measurement comparison and fitted distribution equation of droplet size for agricultural nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(20):34-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Womac A R.Quality control of standardized reference spray nozzles[J].Transactions of the Asae,2000,43(43):47-56.
[24]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C,Kruger G R,et al.Comparison of drop size data from ground and aerial application nozzles at three testing laboratories[J].Atomization and Sprays,2014,24(2):181-192.
[25]傅泽田,祁力钧,PCH Miller.转子式喷头喷雾飘移性能试验和分级[J].农业机械学报,1999,30(2):43-48.Fu Zetian,Qi Lijun,PCH Miller.The Measurement and classification on drift property of spinning disk sprayers[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1999,30(2):43-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]张慧春,Gary Dorr,郑加强,等.喷雾飘移的风洞试验和回归模型[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):94-100.Zhang Huichun,Gary Dorr,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Wind tunnel experiment and regression model for spray drift[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):94-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]茹煜,朱传银,包瑞.风洞条件下雾滴飘移模型与其影响因素分析[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(10):66-72.Ru Yu,Zhu Chuanyin,Bao Rui.Spray drift model of droplets and analysis of influencing factors based on wind tunnel[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(10):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]王潇楠,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.助剂类型及浓度对不同喷头雾滴飘移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):49-55.Wang Xiaonan,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Effect of adjuvant types and concentration on spray drift potential of different nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(22):49-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]张慧春,Gary D,郑加强,等.扇形喷头雾滴粒径分布风洞试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(6):53-57.Zhang Huichun,Gary D,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Wind tunnel experiment of influence on droplet size distribution of flat fan nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(6):53-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Shopfactory.Nozzles&Caps:Hypro-Lurmark,Teejet-Spraying Systems[EB/OL].[2019-05-21].http://ky-4779-bp.shopfactory.com/index.html.
[2]张慧春,郑加强,周宏平,等.农药喷施过程中雾滴沉积分布与脱靶飘移研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):114-122.Zhang Huichun,Zheng Jiaqiang,Zhou Hongping,et al.Droplet deposition distribution and off-target drift during pesticide spraying operation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):114-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]张京,宋坚利,何雄奎,等.扇形雾喷头雾化过程中雾滴运动特性[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(4):66-69.Zhang Jing,Song Jianli,He Xiongkui,et al.Droplets movement characteristics in atomization process of flat fan nozzle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(4):66-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]杨希娃,周继中,何雄奎,等.喷头类型对药液沉积和麦蚜防效的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):46-50.Yang Xiwa,Zhou Jizhong,He Xiongkui,et al.Influences of nozzle types on pesticide deposition and insecticidal effect to wheat aphids[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(7):46-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]林英赫.标准喷头与农民自制喷头对比示范应用[J].农业与技术,2018(12):247.
[6]郝保平,于志勇.当前农药使用中存在的主要问题与对策探讨[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(1):58-60.Hao Baoping,Yu Zhiyong.Analysis of pesticide utilization in agricultural production[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2007,35(1):58-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]肖晓华.农药利用率的影响因子及其应对措施[J].南方农业,2017,11(7):5-7.
[8]马晓峰.提高农药利用率的技术[J].植物医生,2018(4):49-51.
[9]De Schamphelerie M,Spanoghe P,Nuyttens D,et al.Classification of spray nozzles based on droplet size distributions and wind tunnel tests[J].Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci,2006,71(2):201-207.
[10]张瑞瑞,张真,徐刚,等.喷雾助剂类型及浓度对喷头雾化效果影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(20):36-43.Zhang Ruirui,Zhang Zhen,Xu Gang,et al.Effect of spray adjuvant types and concentration on nozzle atomization[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(20):36-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Hoffmann W C,Bagley W E,Fritz B K,et al.Effects of water hardness on spray droplet size under aerial application conditions[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(1):11-14.
[12]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C,Lan Y B.Evaluation of the EPAdrift reduction technology(DRT)low-speed wind tunnel protocol[J].Journal of ASTM International,2009,6(4):12.
[13]Elsik C M.Round-robin evaluation of ASTM standard test method E2798 for spray drift reduction adjuvants[J].J ASTMInt.,2011,8(8):1-22.
[14]Doble S J,Matthews G A,Rutherford I,et al.A system for classifying hydraulic nozzles and other atomizers into categories of spray quality[J].Proc.Brighton Crop Prot.Conf.-Weeds 1985,3:1125-1133.
[15]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C.Measuring spray droplet size from agricultural nozzles using laser diffraction[J].Journal of Visualized Experiments Jove,2016(115):1-7.
[16]Frost A R,Lake J R.The significance of drop velocity to the determination of drop size distributions of agricultural sprays[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1981,26(4):367-370.
[17]唐青,陈立平,张瑞瑞,等.高速气流条件下标准扇形喷头和空气诱导喷头雾化特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):121-128.Tang Qing,Chen Liping,Zhang Ruirui,et al.Atomization characteristics of normal flat fan nozzle and air induction nozzle under high speed airflow conditions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(22):121-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]谢晨,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.两类扇形雾喷头雾化过程比较研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):25-30.Xie Chen,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Comparative research of two kinds of flat fan nozzle atomization process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(5):25-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wang S,Dorr G J,Khashehchi M,et al.Performance of selected agricultural spray nozzles using Particle Image Velocimetry[J].Journal of Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,17(3):601-613.
[20]American Society of Agricultural Engineers.Spray nozzle classification by droplet spectra:S572.1[S].St.Joseph,Missouri:ASAE Standards,2009.
[21]宋坚利,刘亚佳,张京,等.扇形雾喷头雾滴飘失机理[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(6):63-69.Song Jianli,Liu Yajia,Zhang Jing,et al.Drift mechanism of flat fan nozzle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(6):63-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王双双,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.农用喷头雾化粒径测试方法比较及分布函数拟合[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):34-42.Wang Shuangshuang,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Measurement comparison and fitted distribution equation of droplet size for agricultural nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(20):34-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Womac A R.Quality control of standardized reference spray nozzles[J].Transactions of the Asae,2000,43(43):47-56.
[24]Fritz B K,Hoffmann W C,Kruger G R,et al.Comparison of drop size data from ground and aerial application nozzles at three testing laboratories[J].Atomization and Sprays,2014,24(2):181-192.
[25]傅泽田,祁力钧,PCH Miller.转子式喷头喷雾飘移性能试验和分级[J].农业机械学报,1999,30(2):43-48.Fu Zetian,Qi Lijun,PCH Miller.The Measurement and classification on drift property of spinning disk sprayers[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1999,30(2):43-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]张慧春,Gary Dorr,郑加强,等.喷雾飘移的风洞试验和回归模型[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):94-100.Zhang Huichun,Gary Dorr,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Wind tunnel experiment and regression model for spray drift[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):94-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]茹煜,朱传银,包瑞.风洞条件下雾滴飘移模型与其影响因素分析[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(10):66-72.Ru Yu,Zhu Chuanyin,Bao Rui.Spray drift model of droplets and analysis of influencing factors based on wind tunnel[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(10):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]王潇楠,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.助剂类型及浓度对不同喷头雾滴飘移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):49-55.Wang Xiaonan,He Xiongkui,Song Jianli,et al.Effect of adjuvant types and concentration on spray drift potential of different nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(22):49-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]张慧春,Gary D,郑加强,等.扇形喷头雾滴粒径分布风洞试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(6):53-57.Zhang Huichun,Gary D,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Wind tunnel experiment of influence on droplet size distribution of flat fan nozzles[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(6):53-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Shopfactory.Nozzles&Caps:Hypro-Lurmark,Teejet-Spraying Systems[EB/OL].[2019-05-21].http://ky-4779-bp.shopfactory.com/index.html.