莱芜雪野剖面寒武系苗岭统凝块石沉积特征
|
摘要
以鲁西地区莱芜雪野剖面寒武系苗岭统凝块石为研究对象,分析华北地台早古生代碳酸盐台地微生物岩沉积特征;基于野外与显微观察,从宏观与微观尺度研究凝块石沉积特征与成因机制。结果表明:宏观上,将莱芜雪野剖面寒武系苗岭统划分为4个三级层序,凝块石集中发育于剖面的徐庄组和张夏组顶部,进一步划分为斑状、粗粒凝聚状、网状、条带状和树枝状凝块石。微观上,凝块石内部发育种类丰富、数量众多的钙化微生物化石,如附枝菌(Epiphyton)、葛万菌(Girvanella)、肾形菌(Renalcis)、放射状菌(Actinophycus)、胞网菌(Bacinella)和"石松藻(Lithocodium)"状钙化蓝细菌残余物等。凝块石是以蓝细菌为主导的微生物席内复杂的微生物沉淀作用形成的,证明早古生代微生物碳酸盐岩的复苏,不但为寒武系苗岭统凝块石等微生物碳酸盐岩的成因研究,以及贫乏骨骼风暴海的碳酸盐台地微生物岩沉积作用研究提供实例,也为研究寒武纪第二世末期生物灭绝事件之后华北地台碳酸盐台地沉积作用提供参考。
Taking thrombolite from Cambrian Miaoliangian Series in Xueye Section,Laiwu,western area of Shandong Province as the research target,this study deals with the microbiolites sedimentary characteristics in early Paleozoic carbonate platform,North China.Based on the field and microscopic observation,this study describes the microfabric and interprets the formation mechanism of thrombolite from the macro and micro-scales.Macroscopically,according to the sedimentary facies and the variation trend of meter-scale cycle reflected by the lithological characteristics,the strata of Cambrian Miaoliangian Series in thin section can be divided into 4 third-level sequences.It can be observed that thrombolite are concentrated in the top part of the Xuzhuang and Zhangxia Formation in this section.According to the macroscopic characteristics of thrombolite,the thrombolite from thin section can be subdivided into five types:porphyritic,coarse agglutinated,meshy,banded and arborescent.Microscopic characteristics observations show that there are various and abundant calcified microbial fossils such as Epiphyton,Girvanella,Renalcis,Actinophycus,Bacinella and Lithocodium-like calcified cyanobacterial residue.Results of research show that thrombolite is formed by the complex microbial precipitation inside the microbial mat dominated by cyanobacteria,which proves the recovery of microbial carbonate during the early Paleozoic.This research not only provide a reliable instance for further study the microbial sediments in skeleton-deficient stormy ocean of Cambrian Miaolingian Series,but also propose the details and clues for exploring carbonate platform depositions after the extinction at the end of Cambrian Epoch 2.
Taking thrombolite from Cambrian Miaoliangian Series in Xueye Section,Laiwu,western area of Shandong Province as the research target,this study deals with the microbiolites sedimentary characteristics in early Paleozoic carbonate platform,North China.Based on the field and microscopic observation,this study describes the microfabric and interprets the formation mechanism of thrombolite from the macro and micro-scales.Macroscopically,according to the sedimentary facies and the variation trend of meter-scale cycle reflected by the lithological characteristics,the strata of Cambrian Miaoliangian Series in thin section can be divided into 4 third-level sequences.It can be observed that thrombolite are concentrated in the top part of the Xuzhuang and Zhangxia Formation in this section.According to the macroscopic characteristics of thrombolite,the thrombolite from thin section can be subdivided into five types:porphyritic,coarse agglutinated,meshy,banded and arborescent.Microscopic characteristics observations show that there are various and abundant calcified microbial fossils such as Epiphyton,Girvanella,Renalcis,Actinophycus,Bacinella and Lithocodium-like calcified cyanobacterial residue.Results of research show that thrombolite is formed by the complex microbial precipitation inside the microbial mat dominated by cyanobacteria,which proves the recovery of microbial carbonate during the early Paleozoic.This research not only provide a reliable instance for further study the microbial sediments in skeleton-deficient stormy ocean of Cambrian Miaolingian Series,but also propose the details and clues for exploring carbonate platform depositions after the extinction at the end of Cambrian Epoch 2.
引文
[1]BURNE R V,MOORE L S.Microbialites:organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities[J].Palaios,1987,2(3):241-254.
[2]RIDING R.Microbialites,stromatolites,and thrombolites[M].Berlin:Encyclopedia of Earth Science,2011:635-654.
[3]RIDING R.Microbial carbonates:the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms[J].Sedimentology,2000,47(Supp.1):179-214.
[4]AITKEN J D.Classification and environmental significance of cryptalgal limestones and dolomites,with illustrations from the Cambrian and Ordovician of southwestern Alberta Biofilms[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1967,37(4):1163-1178.
[5]KENNAR J M,JAMES N P.Thrombolites and stromatolites:two distinct types of microbial structures[J].Palaios,1986,1(5):492-503.
[6]SHAPIRO R S.A comment on the systematic confusion of thrombolites[J].Palaios,2000,15(2):166-169.
[7]THEISEN T C,SUMNER D Y.Thrombolite fabrics and origins:influences of diverse microbial and metazoan processes on Cambrian thrombolite variability in the Great Basin,California and Nevada[J].Sedimentology,2016,63:2217-2252.
[8]孟祥化,乔秀夫,葛铭.华北古浅海碳酸盐风暴沉积和丁家滩相序模式[J].沉积学报,1986,5(2):1-18.MENG Xianghua,QIAO Xiufu,GE Ming.Storm deposits of the paleoepicontinental sea and the Dingjiatan Model in the Cambrian of the North China Platform[J].Acta Sedimentologia Sinica,1986,5(2):1-18.
[9]冯增昭.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:112-121.FENG Zengzhao.Lithofacies paleogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004:112-121.
[10]邱隆伟,畅通,张营革,等.义东地区碳酸盐岩储层裂缝特征、期次及成因机制[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(5):16-24.QIU Longwei,CHANG Tong,ZHANG Yingge,et al.Characteristics,stages and genetic mechanism of fractures in carbonate reservoirs in Yidong Area[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(5):16-24.
[11]王孝辕,黄江波,杨海风,等.莱北低凸起构造成因演化及其对沉积体系的控制作用[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(2):1-10.WANG Xiaoyuan,HUANG Jiangbo,YANG Haifeng,et al.Tectonic origin and evolution of the low uplift in Laibei and its control on the sedimentary system[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(2):1-10.
[12]卢姝男,吴智平,程燕君,等.孤东地区走滑作用对油气成藏的控制[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(1):32-39.LU Shunan,WU Zhiping,CHENG Yanjun,et al.Control of strike-slip effect on hydrocarbon accumulation in Gudong Area[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(1):32-39.
[13]梅冥相,张瑞,李屹尧,等.华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌[J].岩石学报,2017,33(4):1073-1093.MEI Mingxiang,ZHANG Rui,LI Yiyao,et al.Calcified cyanobacterias within the stromatolotic bioherm for the Cambrian Furongian Series in the northeastern margin of the North-China Platform[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2017,33(4):1073-1093.
[14]肖恩照,覃英伦,RIAZ M,等.吕梁山东北缘寒武系层序地层划分:以文水苍尔会剖面为例[J].东北石油大学学报,2017,41(5):43-55.XIAO Enzhao,QIN Yinglun,RIAZ M,et al.Sequence stratigraphic division of Cambrian in the northeast area of Luliang Mountain:a case study of Cangerhui Section in Wenshui City[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2017,41(5):43-55.
[15]XIAO E Z,LATIF K,RIAZ M,et al.Calcified microorganisms bloom in Furongian of the North China Platform:evidence from microbialitic-bioherm in Qijiayu Section,Hebei[J].Open Geosciences,2018,10(1):250-260.
[16]王皓,肖恩照.山西灵丘刁泉剖面寒武系第三统张夏组核形石[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(5):44-53.WANG Hao,XIAO Enzhao.Oncoids of the Third Cambrian Zhangxia Formation in the Diaoquan Section of Lingqiu,Shanxi[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(5):44-53.
[17]韩作振,陈吉涛,张晓蕾,等.鲁西寒武系第三统张夏组附枝菌与附枝菌微生物灰岩特征研究[J].地质学报,2009,83(8):1097-1103.HAN Zuozhen,CHEN Jitao,ZHANG Xiaolei,et al.Characteristics of Epiphyton and Epiphyton microbialites in the Zhangxia Formation(Third Series of Cambrian),Shandong Province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(8):1097-1103.
[18]LEE J H,CHEN J,CHOUGH S K.The Middle-Late Cambrian reef transition and related geological events:a review and new view[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,145:66-84.
[19]CHEN J,LEE J H,WOO J.Formative mechanisms,depositional processes,and geological implications of Furongian(Late Cambrian)reefs in the North China Platform[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2014,414:246-259.
[20]MENG X,MING G,TUCKER M E.Sequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositional systems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonate platform[J].Sedimentary Geology,1997,114(1):189-222.
[21]肖恩照,隋明园,覃英伦,等.河北涞源祁家峪剖面寒武系层序地层划分[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2017,36(6):16-25.XIAO Enzhao,SUI Mingyuan,QIN Yinglun,et al.Cambrian sequence stratigraphic division for Qijiayu Section in Hebei Laiyuan[J].Petroleum Geology &Oilfield Development in Daqing,2017,36(6):16-25.
[22]PENG S C,ZHAO Y L.The proposed global standard stratotype section and point(GSSP)for the conterminous base of the Miaoling Series and Wuliuan Stage at Balang,Jianhe,Guizhou,China was ratified by IUGS[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2018,42(3):325-327.
[23]RIDING R.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J].Earth Science Reviews,2002,58(1):163-231.
[24]彭善池.全球寒武系四统划分框架正式确立[J].地层学杂志,2006,30(2):147-148.PENG Shanchi.A new global framework with four series for Cambrian system[J].Journal of Stratigraph,2016,30(2):147-148.
[25]DUPRAZ C,REID R P,VISSCHER P T.Microbialites,modern[M]//Reitner J,Thiel V.Encyclopedia of Geobiology.Netherlands:Springer,2011:617-635.
[26]LUCHININA V A,TERLEEV A A.Features of calcareous algae mineralization at the transition to the Phanerozoic biosphere[J].Paleontological Journal,2014,48(14):1450-1456.
[27]CARON J,JACKSON D A.Taphonomy of the greater phyllopod bed community,Burgess Shale[J].Palaios,2006,258(3):222-256.
[28]RIDING R.Calcified Plectonema(bluegreen algae),a recent example of Girvanellafrom Aldabra Atoll[J].Palaeontology,1977,20:33-46.
[29]齐永安,张喜洋,代明月,等.豫西寒武系微生物岩中的葛万菌化石及其微观结构[J].古生物学报,2017,56(2):28-41.QI Yongan,ZHANG Xiyang,DAI Mingyue,et al.GirvanellaFossils and their microstructure from Cambrian microbiolites of Western Henan[J].Journal of Paleontology,2017,56(2):28-41.
[30]PENTECOST A,RIDING R.Calcification in cyanobacteria[J].Biomineralization in Lower Plants and Animals,1986,30:73-90.
[31]RIDING R.Cyanobacterial calcification,carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms,and Proterozoic-Cambrian changes in atmospheric composition[J].Geobiology,2006,4(4):299-316.
[32]SCHLAGER W,WARRLICHW G.Record of sea-level fall in tropical carbonates[J].Basin Research,2009,21(2):209-224.
[33]CHERCHI A,SCHROEDER R.Remarks on the systematic position of Lithocodium Elliott,aproblematic microorganism from the Mesozoic carbonate platforms of the Tethyan Realm[J].Facies,2006,52(3):435-440.
[34]KRUSE P D,REITNER J R.Northern Australian microbial-metazoan reefs after the Mid-Cambrian mass extinction[J].Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists,2014,45:31-53.
[35]WALTER M R,HEYS G R.Links between the rise of the metazoa and the decline of stromatolites[J].Precambrian Research,1985,29(1):149-174.
[36]梅冥相.从凝块石概念的演变论微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(6):1-9.MEI Mingxiang.Discussion on advances of microbial carbonates from the terminological change of thrombolites[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(6):1-9.
[37]FELDMANN M,MCKENZIE J A.Stromatolite-thrombolite associations in a modern environment,lee stocking island,Bahamas[J].Palaios,1998,13(2):201-212.
[38]DUPRAZ C,REID R P,BRAISSANT O,et al.Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats[J].Earth Science Reviews,2009,96(3):141-162.
[39]梅冥相,RIAZ M,刘丽,等.辽东半岛复州湾剖面寒武系第二统光合作用生物膜建造的核形石[J].古地理学报,2019,21(1):31-48.MEI Mingxiang,RIAZ M,LIU Li,et al.Oncoids built by photosynthetic biofilms:an example from the Series 2of Cambrian at Fuzhouwan Section in Liaodong Peninsula[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2019,21(1):31-48.
[40]BOSAK T,KNOLL A H,PETROFF A P.The Meaning of Stromatolites[J].Annual Review of Earth &Planetary Sciences,2013,41(41):21-44.
[2]RIDING R.Microbialites,stromatolites,and thrombolites[M].Berlin:Encyclopedia of Earth Science,2011:635-654.
[3]RIDING R.Microbial carbonates:the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms[J].Sedimentology,2000,47(Supp.1):179-214.
[4]AITKEN J D.Classification and environmental significance of cryptalgal limestones and dolomites,with illustrations from the Cambrian and Ordovician of southwestern Alberta Biofilms[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1967,37(4):1163-1178.
[5]KENNAR J M,JAMES N P.Thrombolites and stromatolites:two distinct types of microbial structures[J].Palaios,1986,1(5):492-503.
[6]SHAPIRO R S.A comment on the systematic confusion of thrombolites[J].Palaios,2000,15(2):166-169.
[7]THEISEN T C,SUMNER D Y.Thrombolite fabrics and origins:influences of diverse microbial and metazoan processes on Cambrian thrombolite variability in the Great Basin,California and Nevada[J].Sedimentology,2016,63:2217-2252.
[8]孟祥化,乔秀夫,葛铭.华北古浅海碳酸盐风暴沉积和丁家滩相序模式[J].沉积学报,1986,5(2):1-18.MENG Xianghua,QIAO Xiufu,GE Ming.Storm deposits of the paleoepicontinental sea and the Dingjiatan Model in the Cambrian of the North China Platform[J].Acta Sedimentologia Sinica,1986,5(2):1-18.
[9]冯增昭.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:112-121.FENG Zengzhao.Lithofacies paleogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004:112-121.
[10]邱隆伟,畅通,张营革,等.义东地区碳酸盐岩储层裂缝特征、期次及成因机制[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(5):16-24.QIU Longwei,CHANG Tong,ZHANG Yingge,et al.Characteristics,stages and genetic mechanism of fractures in carbonate reservoirs in Yidong Area[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(5):16-24.
[11]王孝辕,黄江波,杨海风,等.莱北低凸起构造成因演化及其对沉积体系的控制作用[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(2):1-10.WANG Xiaoyuan,HUANG Jiangbo,YANG Haifeng,et al.Tectonic origin and evolution of the low uplift in Laibei and its control on the sedimentary system[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(2):1-10.
[12]卢姝男,吴智平,程燕君,等.孤东地区走滑作用对油气成藏的控制[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(1):32-39.LU Shunan,WU Zhiping,CHENG Yanjun,et al.Control of strike-slip effect on hydrocarbon accumulation in Gudong Area[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(1):32-39.
[13]梅冥相,张瑞,李屹尧,等.华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌[J].岩石学报,2017,33(4):1073-1093.MEI Mingxiang,ZHANG Rui,LI Yiyao,et al.Calcified cyanobacterias within the stromatolotic bioherm for the Cambrian Furongian Series in the northeastern margin of the North-China Platform[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2017,33(4):1073-1093.
[14]肖恩照,覃英伦,RIAZ M,等.吕梁山东北缘寒武系层序地层划分:以文水苍尔会剖面为例[J].东北石油大学学报,2017,41(5):43-55.XIAO Enzhao,QIN Yinglun,RIAZ M,et al.Sequence stratigraphic division of Cambrian in the northeast area of Luliang Mountain:a case study of Cangerhui Section in Wenshui City[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2017,41(5):43-55.
[15]XIAO E Z,LATIF K,RIAZ M,et al.Calcified microorganisms bloom in Furongian of the North China Platform:evidence from microbialitic-bioherm in Qijiayu Section,Hebei[J].Open Geosciences,2018,10(1):250-260.
[16]王皓,肖恩照.山西灵丘刁泉剖面寒武系第三统张夏组核形石[J].东北石油大学学报,2018,42(5):44-53.WANG Hao,XIAO Enzhao.Oncoids of the Third Cambrian Zhangxia Formation in the Diaoquan Section of Lingqiu,Shanxi[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2018,42(5):44-53.
[17]韩作振,陈吉涛,张晓蕾,等.鲁西寒武系第三统张夏组附枝菌与附枝菌微生物灰岩特征研究[J].地质学报,2009,83(8):1097-1103.HAN Zuozhen,CHEN Jitao,ZHANG Xiaolei,et al.Characteristics of Epiphyton and Epiphyton microbialites in the Zhangxia Formation(Third Series of Cambrian),Shandong Province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(8):1097-1103.
[18]LEE J H,CHEN J,CHOUGH S K.The Middle-Late Cambrian reef transition and related geological events:a review and new view[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,145:66-84.
[19]CHEN J,LEE J H,WOO J.Formative mechanisms,depositional processes,and geological implications of Furongian(Late Cambrian)reefs in the North China Platform[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2014,414:246-259.
[20]MENG X,MING G,TUCKER M E.Sequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositional systems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonate platform[J].Sedimentary Geology,1997,114(1):189-222.
[21]肖恩照,隋明园,覃英伦,等.河北涞源祁家峪剖面寒武系层序地层划分[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2017,36(6):16-25.XIAO Enzhao,SUI Mingyuan,QIN Yinglun,et al.Cambrian sequence stratigraphic division for Qijiayu Section in Hebei Laiyuan[J].Petroleum Geology &Oilfield Development in Daqing,2017,36(6):16-25.
[22]PENG S C,ZHAO Y L.The proposed global standard stratotype section and point(GSSP)for the conterminous base of the Miaoling Series and Wuliuan Stage at Balang,Jianhe,Guizhou,China was ratified by IUGS[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2018,42(3):325-327.
[23]RIDING R.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J].Earth Science Reviews,2002,58(1):163-231.
[24]彭善池.全球寒武系四统划分框架正式确立[J].地层学杂志,2006,30(2):147-148.PENG Shanchi.A new global framework with four series for Cambrian system[J].Journal of Stratigraph,2016,30(2):147-148.
[25]DUPRAZ C,REID R P,VISSCHER P T.Microbialites,modern[M]//Reitner J,Thiel V.Encyclopedia of Geobiology.Netherlands:Springer,2011:617-635.
[26]LUCHININA V A,TERLEEV A A.Features of calcareous algae mineralization at the transition to the Phanerozoic biosphere[J].Paleontological Journal,2014,48(14):1450-1456.
[27]CARON J,JACKSON D A.Taphonomy of the greater phyllopod bed community,Burgess Shale[J].Palaios,2006,258(3):222-256.
[28]RIDING R.Calcified Plectonema(bluegreen algae),a recent example of Girvanellafrom Aldabra Atoll[J].Palaeontology,1977,20:33-46.
[29]齐永安,张喜洋,代明月,等.豫西寒武系微生物岩中的葛万菌化石及其微观结构[J].古生物学报,2017,56(2):28-41.QI Yongan,ZHANG Xiyang,DAI Mingyue,et al.GirvanellaFossils and their microstructure from Cambrian microbiolites of Western Henan[J].Journal of Paleontology,2017,56(2):28-41.
[30]PENTECOST A,RIDING R.Calcification in cyanobacteria[J].Biomineralization in Lower Plants and Animals,1986,30:73-90.
[31]RIDING R.Cyanobacterial calcification,carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms,and Proterozoic-Cambrian changes in atmospheric composition[J].Geobiology,2006,4(4):299-316.
[32]SCHLAGER W,WARRLICHW G.Record of sea-level fall in tropical carbonates[J].Basin Research,2009,21(2):209-224.
[33]CHERCHI A,SCHROEDER R.Remarks on the systematic position of Lithocodium Elliott,aproblematic microorganism from the Mesozoic carbonate platforms of the Tethyan Realm[J].Facies,2006,52(3):435-440.
[34]KRUSE P D,REITNER J R.Northern Australian microbial-metazoan reefs after the Mid-Cambrian mass extinction[J].Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists,2014,45:31-53.
[35]WALTER M R,HEYS G R.Links between the rise of the metazoa and the decline of stromatolites[J].Precambrian Research,1985,29(1):149-174.
[36]梅冥相.从凝块石概念的演变论微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(6):1-9.MEI Mingxiang.Discussion on advances of microbial carbonates from the terminological change of thrombolites[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(6):1-9.
[37]FELDMANN M,MCKENZIE J A.Stromatolite-thrombolite associations in a modern environment,lee stocking island,Bahamas[J].Palaios,1998,13(2):201-212.
[38]DUPRAZ C,REID R P,BRAISSANT O,et al.Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats[J].Earth Science Reviews,2009,96(3):141-162.
[39]梅冥相,RIAZ M,刘丽,等.辽东半岛复州湾剖面寒武系第二统光合作用生物膜建造的核形石[J].古地理学报,2019,21(1):31-48.MEI Mingxiang,RIAZ M,LIU Li,et al.Oncoids built by photosynthetic biofilms:an example from the Series 2of Cambrian at Fuzhouwan Section in Liaodong Peninsula[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2019,21(1):31-48.
[40]BOSAK T,KNOLL A H,PETROFF A P.The Meaning of Stromatolites[J].Annual Review of Earth &Planetary Sciences,2013,41(41):21-44.