空气流动对室内健康体育运动人体热舒适的影响及设计策略研究
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摘要
本文通过实验室实验、主观问卷和能耗模拟的方法,研究室内健康体育运动中空气流动对运动状态下人体热舒适的影响及其节能效果,得出以下结论:运动状态下人体对温度和风速均有更大的接受和适应范围;运动强度增加时对风速的需求增加,气流可通过增加人体表面蒸发和对流散热量而补偿环境温度的升高,在保证人体舒适的同时显著节约建筑制冷能耗。基于以上结论探讨了采用空气流动时室内健康体育运动空间热环境设计和改进策略。
With the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living quality, people are paying more and more attention on doing physical exercise regularly. Therefore, the demand for indoor spaces such as sports and fitness centers gets higher recently. Exercising people need lower temperature to maintain comfort because of their higher metabolic rates, making indoor sports facilities energy intensive in warm climates. In absence of comfort standard for sports facilities, it is necessary to find efficient cooling strategies in such spaces to maintain comfortable indoor environment while saving energy. This study aimed to investigate comfort and energy performance of air movement on cooling exercising people in warm temperatures. Twenty subjects(10 men, 10 women) were exposed to four temperatures(20℃, 22℃, 24℃, 26℃, 50% RH) while exercising at 2, 4 and 6 MET on an ergometer for 60 min(20 min for each MET), during which they could control a ceiling fan based on their thermal preference. A separate control condition of 20℃ with no fan(20 NF) was also tested. The fan power was monitored to predict the corresponding preferred air speeds(PAP). They were surveyed on their thermal comfort at the end of each MET session. Energy saving potential with air movement were conducted using EnergyPlus. The model building was designed to be a 4 000 m2, single story fitness center. Modifications were made to either meet minimum ventilation requirements and lighting standards. The energy model was tested in five different cities in different climate zones(including Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Kunming) with changing setpoint temperature(SP) from 20℃ to 22℃, 24℃, and 26℃. The current study found that air movement was able to maintain the same level of thermal comfort at warmer temperatures than a control temperature of 20℃ at 2, 4 and MET. This has important implication in sports facilities, for which could be cooled with air movement at higher room setpoint temperatures. The significant energy saving potential should be encouraging for designer to pursue alternative cooling with air movement in sports facilities. The preferred air speeds for each MET and temperatures has important implication for conditioning spaces for different activities in sports facilities. Results showed that human has a greater acceptance and adaptation range for temperature and air speeds during exercise than sedentary state. The comfort could be maintained at warmer temperatures up to 26℃ with air movement compared to 20℃ with no air movement at 2, 4 and 6 MET. When the exercise intensity increases, the demand for air speeds increases. And MET had a significant effect on preferred air speeds especially at 6 MET, for which subject preferred 1.2 m/s even at 20℃. The energy saving potential for all cities by increasing setpoint temperature from 20℃ were 18%～41% at 22℃ SP, 38%～72% 24℃ SP and 61%～86% 26℃ SP for different climates. Air movement can compensate for the increase of the ambient temperature by increasing the surface evaporation and convection heat dissipation of the human body, saving the building cooling energy while ensuring the comfort of the human body. Compared with the front air supply, the uniform air movement at the top is more effective for improving the thermal comfort of the human body during exercise. In conclusion, human thermal comfort could be maintained at warmer temperatures up to 26℃ SP with personal controlled air movement, compared to 20℃ SP with no air movement. People preferred higher air speeds during exercise than sedentary state. By using air movement in sports facilities with elevated SP temperature, significant energy can be saved. Relationships of ambient temperature and preferred air speed at different activity levels were established, which could be used in developing automatic control algorithms for sports facilities.
With the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living quality, people are paying more and more attention on doing physical exercise regularly. Therefore, the demand for indoor spaces such as sports and fitness centers gets higher recently. Exercising people need lower temperature to maintain comfort because of their higher metabolic rates, making indoor sports facilities energy intensive in warm climates. In absence of comfort standard for sports facilities, it is necessary to find efficient cooling strategies in such spaces to maintain comfortable indoor environment while saving energy. This study aimed to investigate comfort and energy performance of air movement on cooling exercising people in warm temperatures. Twenty subjects(10 men, 10 women) were exposed to four temperatures(20℃, 22℃, 24℃, 26℃, 50% RH) while exercising at 2, 4 and 6 MET on an ergometer for 60 min(20 min for each MET), during which they could control a ceiling fan based on their thermal preference. A separate control condition of 20℃ with no fan(20 NF) was also tested. The fan power was monitored to predict the corresponding preferred air speeds(PAP). They were surveyed on their thermal comfort at the end of each MET session. Energy saving potential with air movement were conducted using EnergyPlus. The model building was designed to be a 4 000 m2, single story fitness center. Modifications were made to either meet minimum ventilation requirements and lighting standards. The energy model was tested in five different cities in different climate zones(including Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Kunming) with changing setpoint temperature(SP) from 20℃ to 22℃, 24℃, and 26℃. The current study found that air movement was able to maintain the same level of thermal comfort at warmer temperatures than a control temperature of 20℃ at 2, 4 and MET. This has important implication in sports facilities, for which could be cooled with air movement at higher room setpoint temperatures. The significant energy saving potential should be encouraging for designer to pursue alternative cooling with air movement in sports facilities. The preferred air speeds for each MET and temperatures has important implication for conditioning spaces for different activities in sports facilities. Results showed that human has a greater acceptance and adaptation range for temperature and air speeds during exercise than sedentary state. The comfort could be maintained at warmer temperatures up to 26℃ with air movement compared to 20℃ with no air movement at 2, 4 and 6 MET. When the exercise intensity increases, the demand for air speeds increases. And MET had a significant effect on preferred air speeds especially at 6 MET, for which subject preferred 1.2 m/s even at 20℃. The energy saving potential for all cities by increasing setpoint temperature from 20℃ were 18%～41% at 22℃ SP, 38%～72% 24℃ SP and 61%～86% 26℃ SP for different climates. Air movement can compensate for the increase of the ambient temperature by increasing the surface evaporation and convection heat dissipation of the human body, saving the building cooling energy while ensuring the comfort of the human body. Compared with the front air supply, the uniform air movement at the top is more effective for improving the thermal comfort of the human body during exercise. In conclusion, human thermal comfort could be maintained at warmer temperatures up to 26℃ SP with personal controlled air movement, compared to 20℃ SP with no air movement. People preferred higher air speeds during exercise than sedentary state. By using air movement in sports facilities with elevated SP temperature, significant energy can be saved. Relationships of ambient temperature and preferred air speed at different activity levels were established, which could be used in developing automatic control algorithms for sports facilities.
引文
[1]张培刚,许炎,胡苏,等.居民需求导向的公共体育设施选择与空间布局[J].规划师,2017,33(4):132-137.ZHANG P G,XU Y,HU S,et al.Sports Facility and Its layout for residents’needs[J].Planners,2017,33(4):132-137.
[2]陆诗亮,张春雨,鞠曦.嵌入·生长--基于下沉模式的体育建筑设计研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2017,32(6):17-24.LU S L,ZHANG C Y,JU X.Embedment and development-research on sports architecture design based on the sinking mode[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2017,32(6):17-24.
[3]中华人民共和国国务院办公厅.国务院关于印发全民健身计划(2011-2015年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-02/24/content_1809557.htm.General Office of the State Council,PRC.Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the National Fitness Program(2011-2015)[EB/OL]:http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/201102/24/content_1809557.htm,01-08-2015.
[4]孙一民,汪奋强.公共体育场馆的建设标准刍议[J].南方建筑,2009(6):4-5.SUN Y M,WANG F Q.Essays on building standard of public sports venue[J].South Architecture,2009(6):4-5.
[5]AINSWORTH B E,HASKELL W L,WHITTM C,et al.Compendium of Physical Activities:an Update of Activity Codes and METIntensities[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2000,32(s9):498-504.
[6]JGJ31-2003.体育建筑设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.JGJ31-2003 Design code for sports building[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2003.
[7]GB9668-1996.体育馆卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.GB9668-1996 Hygien ic st and ard for gymnasium[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
[8]GBT 18266.2-2002国家质量技术监督局.体育场所等级的划分:第2部分健身房星级的划分及评定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.GBT 18266.2-2002 Ranking standard for sports facilities,Part 2:Star-rating standard for gymnasium[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
[9]American College of Sports Medicine.ACSM’s Health/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines[M].4th edition.Champaign City:Human Kinetics,Inc.,2012.
[10]International Fitness Association.Gym Temperature and Noise Limits[EB/OL].[2019-03-04].http://www.ifafitness.com/health/temperature.htm.
[11]FANGER P O.Thermal comrt:analysis and application in environmental engineering[M].Copenhagen:Danish Technical Press,1970.
[12]欧阳沁.建筑环境中气流动态特征与影响因素研究[D].北京:清华大学,2005.OUYANG Q.Studies on the Dynamic Characteristics of Airflow and In luencing Factors in Built Environment[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2005.
[13]FANGER P O,MELIKOV A K,HANZAWAH,et al.Air turbulence and sensation of draught[D].Energy and buildings,1988,12(1):21-39.
[14]TOFTUM J.Air movement-good or bad?[J].Indoor Air,2004,14(s7):40-45.
[15]TANABE S,KIMURA K.Effects of air temperature,humidity,and air movement on thermal comfort under hot and humid conditions[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1994,100(2):953-969.
[16]ARENS E,XU T,MIURA K,et al.Study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement[J].Energy&Buildings,1998,27(1):45-59.
[17]翟永超.湿热环境下空气流动对人体热舒适影响的实验研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013.ZHAI Y C.Low energy comfort with air movement in hot-humid environments[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013.
[18]HOYT T,ARENS E,ZHANG H.Extending air temperature setpoints:Simulated energy savings and design considerations for new and retrofit buildings[J].Building and Environment,2015(88):89-96.
[19]TOFTUM J,NIELSEN R.Impact of metabolic rate on human response to air movements during work in cool environments[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1996,18(4):307-316.
[20]GRIEFAHN B,CHRISTA K,GEHRING U.The impact of draught related to air velocity,air temperature and workload[J].Applied Ergonomics,2001,32(4):407-417.
[21]KASHIMURA O.Effects of wind and air temperature on some physiological reactions and thermal sensation in endurance exercise[J].Japanese Journal of Biometeorology,1985(22):73-81.
[22]JONES B W,HSIEH K,HASHINAGA M.The effect of air velocity on thermal comfort at moderate activity levels[J].ASHRAETransactions,1986,92(2B):761-769.
[23]陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.LU Y Q.P ract ical heating and air conditioning design hand book[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2008.
(1)指20 NF和26 FF的显著差异。
(2)指26 CF和26 FF的显著差异。
[2]陆诗亮,张春雨,鞠曦.嵌入·生长--基于下沉模式的体育建筑设计研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2017,32(6):17-24.LU S L,ZHANG C Y,JU X.Embedment and development-research on sports architecture design based on the sinking mode[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2017,32(6):17-24.
[3]中华人民共和国国务院办公厅.国务院关于印发全民健身计划(2011-2015年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-02/24/content_1809557.htm.General Office of the State Council,PRC.Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the National Fitness Program(2011-2015)[EB/OL]:http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/201102/24/content_1809557.htm,01-08-2015.
[4]孙一民,汪奋强.公共体育场馆的建设标准刍议[J].南方建筑,2009(6):4-5.SUN Y M,WANG F Q.Essays on building standard of public sports venue[J].South Architecture,2009(6):4-5.
[5]AINSWORTH B E,HASKELL W L,WHITTM C,et al.Compendium of Physical Activities:an Update of Activity Codes and METIntensities[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2000,32(s9):498-504.
[6]JGJ31-2003.体育建筑设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.JGJ31-2003 Design code for sports building[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2003.
[7]GB9668-1996.体育馆卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.GB9668-1996 Hygien ic st and ard for gymnasium[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
[8]GBT 18266.2-2002国家质量技术监督局.体育场所等级的划分:第2部分健身房星级的划分及评定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.GBT 18266.2-2002 Ranking standard for sports facilities,Part 2:Star-rating standard for gymnasium[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
[9]American College of Sports Medicine.ACSM’s Health/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines[M].4th edition.Champaign City:Human Kinetics,Inc.,2012.
[10]International Fitness Association.Gym Temperature and Noise Limits[EB/OL].[2019-03-04].http://www.ifafitness.com/health/temperature.htm.
[11]FANGER P O.Thermal comrt:analysis and application in environmental engineering[M].Copenhagen:Danish Technical Press,1970.
[12]欧阳沁.建筑环境中气流动态特征与影响因素研究[D].北京:清华大学,2005.OUYANG Q.Studies on the Dynamic Characteristics of Airflow and In luencing Factors in Built Environment[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2005.
[13]FANGER P O,MELIKOV A K,HANZAWAH,et al.Air turbulence and sensation of draught[D].Energy and buildings,1988,12(1):21-39.
[14]TOFTUM J.Air movement-good or bad?[J].Indoor Air,2004,14(s7):40-45.
[15]TANABE S,KIMURA K.Effects of air temperature,humidity,and air movement on thermal comfort under hot and humid conditions[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1994,100(2):953-969.
[16]ARENS E,XU T,MIURA K,et al.Study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement[J].Energy&Buildings,1998,27(1):45-59.
[17]翟永超.湿热环境下空气流动对人体热舒适影响的实验研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013.ZHAI Y C.Low energy comfort with air movement in hot-humid environments[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013.
[18]HOYT T,ARENS E,ZHANG H.Extending air temperature setpoints:Simulated energy savings and design considerations for new and retrofit buildings[J].Building and Environment,2015(88):89-96.
[19]TOFTUM J,NIELSEN R.Impact of metabolic rate on human response to air movements during work in cool environments[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1996,18(4):307-316.
[20]GRIEFAHN B,CHRISTA K,GEHRING U.The impact of draught related to air velocity,air temperature and workload[J].Applied Ergonomics,2001,32(4):407-417.
[21]KASHIMURA O.Effects of wind and air temperature on some physiological reactions and thermal sensation in endurance exercise[J].Japanese Journal of Biometeorology,1985(22):73-81.
[22]JONES B W,HSIEH K,HASHINAGA M.The effect of air velocity on thermal comfort at moderate activity levels[J].ASHRAETransactions,1986,92(2B):761-769.
[23]陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.LU Y Q.P ract ical heating and air conditioning design hand book[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2008.
(1)指20 NF和26 FF的显著差异。
(2)指26 CF和26 FF的显著差异。