山西省春季一次农业致灾冰雹天气的成因分析
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摘要
为了减少冰雹灾害,提高冰雹预报准确率,本文利用常规气象观测、卫星云图、天气雷达、加密自动站观测、危险天气报告、灾情报告等资料,对发生在山西省春季的一次农业致灾冰雹天气的形成机制和雷达特征进行了分析。结果表明,此次春季冰雹天气具有较大的特殊性,此次过程中热力因子起主导作用,低层暖平流和暖区位置较平常偏西偏北偏强,造成高低层温度平流差异大,形成"上冷下暖"的不稳定层结,冰雹发生在低层暖平流与高空冷平流的重叠区,且低层偏西风输送暖平流,与通常概念模型中偏南气流输送暖平流有较大的差异。冰雹是由孤立的对流云团产生的,地面干线和中尺度辐合线对局地冰雹对流云团有触发和加强作用。地形在雹暴单体的发生发展中起重要作用,峡谷和喇叭口地形内形成了中尺度辐合线,雷暴单体在地形中尺度辐合线上迅速发展加强,产生冰雹。此外,风向与山体正交的站点也易产生冰雹。此次春季冰雹的雷达回波反射率因子强度不是很强,高度也不高,强回波呈现低质心结构等特征,与经典的冰雹概念模型有着较大的差异。
In order to reduce hail disasters and improve the accuracy of hailstorm forecast,in this paper,the formation mechanism and radar characteristics of the spring hailstorm in Shanxi Province were analyzed by using the data of routine meteorological observation,satellite cloud images,weather radar,intensive automatic observation,dangerous weather report and the disaster information. The results showed that the spring hailstorm was quite unique and the thermodynamic factor played leading role in the process,the warm area and the location of low-layer warm advection was more northwesterly and stronger than that of the normal,which resulted in a large difference in the temperature advection between the upper and lower layers and formed unstable convection stratification with upper cooling and lower heating layers.Hailstorm occurred in the overlapping zone of the lower-level warm advection and the high-level cold advection,and the lower-level warm advection was transported by the westerly wind,which was different from the general conceptual model in which the warm advection is transported by south wind. The hailstorm was generated by isolated convective clouds,which were triggered and enhanced by the ground dry line and mesoscale convergence lines. The terrain played a great role in the development of hailstorm cells.The mesoscale convergence line was formed within the valley or flared topography,and the thunderstorm cells developed rapidly on the topographic mesoscale convergence lines,resulting in hail.In addition,the orthogonality of wind and mountain is also contribute to the occurrence of hailstorm.The radar reflectivity factor of the spring hailstorm was neither strong nor high,and the strongest echo presented a lower-level core structure,which had significant difference with the classic hailstorm conceptual model.
In order to reduce hail disasters and improve the accuracy of hailstorm forecast,in this paper,the formation mechanism and radar characteristics of the spring hailstorm in Shanxi Province were analyzed by using the data of routine meteorological observation,satellite cloud images,weather radar,intensive automatic observation,dangerous weather report and the disaster information. The results showed that the spring hailstorm was quite unique and the thermodynamic factor played leading role in the process,the warm area and the location of low-layer warm advection was more northwesterly and stronger than that of the normal,which resulted in a large difference in the temperature advection between the upper and lower layers and formed unstable convection stratification with upper cooling and lower heating layers.Hailstorm occurred in the overlapping zone of the lower-level warm advection and the high-level cold advection,and the lower-level warm advection was transported by the westerly wind,which was different from the general conceptual model in which the warm advection is transported by south wind. The hailstorm was generated by isolated convective clouds,which were triggered and enhanced by the ground dry line and mesoscale convergence lines. The terrain played a great role in the development of hailstorm cells.The mesoscale convergence line was formed within the valley or flared topography,and the thunderstorm cells developed rapidly on the topographic mesoscale convergence lines,resulting in hail.In addition,the orthogonality of wind and mountain is also contribute to the occurrence of hailstorm.The radar reflectivity factor of the spring hailstorm was neither strong nor high,and the strongest echo presented a lower-level core structure,which had significant difference with the classic hailstorm conceptual model.
引文
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[20]赵海英,董文晓,赵珺,等.2015年5月山西中南部一次飑线天气过程分析[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(11):127-132.
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[22]黄元森,丁光义,陈小梅.2012年2月23日一次冰雹过程的中尺度特征分析[J].福建气象,2013(2):6-10.
[23]吕学东,肖鹏,于竹娟,等.四川盆地东北部春夏两次冰雹天气过程对比分析[J].高原山地气象研究,2013,33(1):52-57.
[24]邝美清,蒋宗孝,张家斌,等.2013年3月20日三明市大范围冰雹过程分析[J].广东气象,2014,36(5):36-40.
[25]方标,严小冬,方可,等.贵州铜仁市春季冰雹天气特征及防雹预警阀值[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(3):212-218.
[26]张一平,俞小鼎,孙景兰,等.2012年早春河南一次高架雷暴天气成因分析[J].气象,2014,40(1):48-58.
[27]俞小鼎,熊延南,周小刚,等.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006:181-231.
[28]俞小鼎.关于冰雹的融化层高度[J].气象,2014,40(6):649-654.
[29]朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等.天气学原理与方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2000:449-455.
[30]赵海英,薄燕青,邱贵强,等.地形对山西暴雨影响的数值模拟研究[J].气象与环境科学,2017,40(2):84-91.
[2]丁建芳,杜春丽,鲍向东,等.一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究[J].气象与环境科学,2014,37(2):49-57.
[3]黄艳,裴江文.2012年新疆喀什一次罕见冰雹天气的中尺度特征[J].干旱气象,2014,32(6):989-995.
[4]袁红松,廖忠辉,彭辉志,等.湘潭市一次冰雹天气过程分析[J].贵州气象,2014,38(6):30-33.
[5]张雷,石汉青,燕亚菲,等.西藏冰雹的气候特征[J].高原山地气象研究,2012,32(1):56-60.
[6]郭媚媚,赖天文,罗炽坤,等.2011年4月17日广东强冰雹天气过程的成因及特征分析[J].热带气象学报,2012,28(3):425-432.
[7]段玮,胡娟,赵宁坤,等.云南冰雹灾害气候特征及其变化[J].灾害学,2017,32(2):90-96.
[8]郑艳,李云艳,蔡亲波,等.海南一次罕见强冰雹过程环境条件与超级单体演变特征分析[J].暴雨灾害,2014,33(2):163-170.
[9]丁建芳,刘磊,鲍向东,等.三门峡一次冰雹天气多普勒雷达资料分析[J].气象与环境科学,2012,35(3):49-53.
[10]陈关清,方标.贵州铜仁暴雨和冰雹雷达回波特征对比分析[J].气象研究与应用,2015,36(1):72-75.
[11]袁鹏飞,姬鸿丽,刘文玲.一次罕见大冰雹天气的新一代天气雷达回波分析[J].气象与环境科学,2012,35(1):62-66.
[12]丁小剑,唐明晖,陈德桥.两次冰雹过程多普勒天气雷达产品的对比分析[J].气象与环境科学,2010,33(2):42-47.
[13]潘留杰,张宏芳,王楠,等.陕西一次强对流天气过程的中尺度及雷达观测分析[J].高原气象,2013,32(1):278-289.
[14]尉英华.冷涡影响下一次冰雹强对流天气中尺度特征及形成机制[J].干旱气象,2018,36(1):27-33.
[15]李湘,张腾飞,胡娟,等.云南冰雹灾害的多普勒雷达特征统计及预警指标[J].灾害学,2015,30(3):88-93.
[16]李德俊,唐仁茂,熊守权,等.强冰雹和短时强降水天气雷达特征及临近预警[J].气象,2011,37(4):474-480.
[17]张崇莉,向明垄,赖云华,等.滇西北高原冰雹、短时强降水的多普勒雷达回波特征比较[J].暴雨灾害,2011,30(1):64-69.
[18]赵桂香,王思慜,邱贵强,等.孤立云团造成的一次强对流天气分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(1):98-109.
[19]赵瑜,赵桂香,王思慜,等.“7.28”山西中部强对流天气的中尺度分析[J].干旱气象,2017,35(5):874-885.
[20]赵海英,董文晓,赵珺,等.2015年5月山西中南部一次飑线天气过程分析[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(11):127-132.
[21]王晓玲,龙利民,王珊珊.一次春季冰雹过程的成因分析[J].暴雨灾害,2010,29(2):160-165.
[22]黄元森,丁光义,陈小梅.2012年2月23日一次冰雹过程的中尺度特征分析[J].福建气象,2013(2):6-10.
[23]吕学东,肖鹏,于竹娟,等.四川盆地东北部春夏两次冰雹天气过程对比分析[J].高原山地气象研究,2013,33(1):52-57.
[24]邝美清,蒋宗孝,张家斌,等.2013年3月20日三明市大范围冰雹过程分析[J].广东气象,2014,36(5):36-40.
[25]方标,严小冬,方可,等.贵州铜仁市春季冰雹天气特征及防雹预警阀值[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(3):212-218.
[26]张一平,俞小鼎,孙景兰,等.2012年早春河南一次高架雷暴天气成因分析[J].气象,2014,40(1):48-58.
[27]俞小鼎,熊延南,周小刚,等.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006:181-231.
[28]俞小鼎.关于冰雹的融化层高度[J].气象,2014,40(6):649-654.
[29]朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等.天气学原理与方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2000:449-455.
[30]赵海英,薄燕青,邱贵强,等.地形对山西暴雨影响的数值模拟研究[J].气象与环境科学,2017,40(2):84-91.