基于食性集团的爱鸟周人工投食建议
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摘要
爱鸟周是法定形式的全国性的鸟类保护行动。近年来,爱鸟周活动中的人工投食现象频现。鸟类的食物具有种间特异性、时空特异性,有必要对科学投食提供一些建议。2017年6～9月,以城市绿地环境中的鸟类群落为研究对象,进行了鸟类群落物种组成与优势度分析及食性集团划分方面的案例性研究。分析结果显示出:(1)该区域繁殖期共有鸟类24种,以雀形目占绝对优势;其中,麻雀和喜鹊是优势种,家燕、金腰燕、灰喜鹊、普通鳾为常见种;(2)24种鸟分为5类集团,分别为中下层偏植杂食啄拾集团、中下层偏肉杂食啄食集团、中上层偏肉杂食捕食集团、空中食肉捕食集团、地面食肉探食集团;其中,中下层偏植杂食啄拾集团占有绝对优势(>80%),其次为空中食肉捕食集团(>10%),中下层偏肉杂食啄食集团和中上层偏肉杂食捕食集团较少(约5%)。基于分析结果 ,针对该区域,可以针对中下层偏肉杂食啄食集团和中上层偏肉杂食捕食集团两类鸟类集团进行人工投食,但前提应考虑区域内投食对象的自然食物量与可获得性及投食对其行为及安全的影响等因素。同时,也提出了鸟类人工投食方面的相关建议。
Bird Week is a national legal bird protection action. In recent years, provisioning of food for birds occurred more frequently during Bird Week. Bird foods are specific to species, seasons,and regions. It is important to provide the proper types of food. We investigated species composition, dominance and diet characteristics of bird communities on urban green space from June to September 2017. We recorded 24 species of birds during breeding season on our study area, and Passeriformes was dominant. Passer montanus and Pica pica were the dominant species, while Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Cyanopica cyanus and Sitta europaea were common species.The recorded 24 birds species were classified into five clusters based on their typical diets and habitats, namely the omnivorous pecker guild that is largely herbivorous and occupied middle-lower level habitats, the omnivorous pecker guild for which animal matter dominated the diet and occupied middle-lower level habitats, the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and occupied middle-upper level habitats, the carnivorous predator guild that preferred the midair environment,and the carnivorous search guild that preferred ground environment. Most recorded birds( > 80 %)were of the omnivorous pecker guild that is largely herbivorous and occupied middle-lower level habitats. This was followed by the carnivorous predator guild that preferred midair environment( >10 %), the omnivorous pecker guild that preferred animal food and middle-lower level habitats,and the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and middle-upper level habitats were less( about 5 %). Based on the result, provisioned food for the omnivorous pecker guild that preferred animal food and middle-lower level habitats and the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and middle-upper level habitats should be considered in this study area. But we must grasp bio-information on natural diet abundance, food availability, influence of provisioned food on behavior and security of birds before food is provided. And we offer recommendations for providing food for birds.
Bird Week is a national legal bird protection action. In recent years, provisioning of food for birds occurred more frequently during Bird Week. Bird foods are specific to species, seasons,and regions. It is important to provide the proper types of food. We investigated species composition, dominance and diet characteristics of bird communities on urban green space from June to September 2017. We recorded 24 species of birds during breeding season on our study area, and Passeriformes was dominant. Passer montanus and Pica pica were the dominant species, while Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Cyanopica cyanus and Sitta europaea were common species.The recorded 24 birds species were classified into five clusters based on their typical diets and habitats, namely the omnivorous pecker guild that is largely herbivorous and occupied middle-lower level habitats, the omnivorous pecker guild for which animal matter dominated the diet and occupied middle-lower level habitats, the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and occupied middle-upper level habitats, the carnivorous predator guild that preferred the midair environment,and the carnivorous search guild that preferred ground environment. Most recorded birds( > 80 %)were of the omnivorous pecker guild that is largely herbivorous and occupied middle-lower level habitats. This was followed by the carnivorous predator guild that preferred midair environment( >10 %), the omnivorous pecker guild that preferred animal food and middle-lower level habitats,and the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and middle-upper level habitats were less( about 5 %). Based on the result, provisioned food for the omnivorous pecker guild that preferred animal food and middle-lower level habitats and the omnivorous predator guild that preferred animal food and middle-upper level habitats should be considered in this study area. But we must grasp bio-information on natural diet abundance, food availability, influence of provisioned food on behavior and security of birds before food is provided. And we offer recommendations for providing food for birds.
引文
[1]何嘉乐,刘哲铭,许青.中国东北地区小型鸟类尸体分解利用的分析[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(3):414-421.
[2]王玄,江红星,张亚楠.稳定同位素分析在鸟类食性及营养级结构中的应用[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5556-5569.
[3]王玲,丁志锋,胡君梅,等.广州城市绿地中鸟类对食源树种的偏好[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):838-844.
[4]徐世才,沈雪健,王莉,等.陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区湿地鸟类群落特征[J].生物学杂志,2016,33(4):52-55.
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[7]李春源.爱鸟周在各地[J].野生动物,1982,3(3):56.
[8]关注候鸟保护守护绿色家园---第34届爱鸟周(2015年4月1日至7日)[J].林业与生态,2015(4):2,50.
[9]中国野生动物保护协会.让我们和鸟儿共享蓝天---全国“爱鸟周”30周年[J].森林与人类,2011(3):6-9.
[10]尚玉昌.鸟类的食物多样性及其取食适应[J].生物学通报,2007,42(3):9-13.
[11]周立志,宋榆钧,马勇.紫蓬山区三种鹭雏鸟的食物多样性比较[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(3):66-68.
[12]张鹏宇,孙龙,胡海清.模拟计划火烧对哈尔滨城市林业示范基地典型林型土壤呼吸的影响[J].森林工程,2015,31(3):1-6.
[13]孙元,兰晓萍,邵红涛,等.东北林业大学城市林业示范基地弹尾虫水平分布研究[J].黑龙江大学工程学报,2013,4(3):51-54.
[14]张晶虹,刘丙万.东北林业大学城市林业示范基地蒙古栎种群扩散研究[J].现代农业科技,2013(12):135-137.
[15]王舒,童玉平,王志洁,等.哈尔滨市城市化建设对鸟类群落的影响[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(3):295-302.
[16]夏丹霞,何富英,吴庆明,等.东北林业大学校园鸟类群落多样性[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(2):258-264.
[17]段文科,张正旺.中国鸟类图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017.
[18]常家传,桂千惠子,刘伯文,等.东北鸟类图鉴[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995.
[19]陆舟,杨岗,赵东东,等.广西弄岗喀斯特森林繁殖鸟群落的集团结构[J].动物学研究,2013,34(6):601-609.
[20]陈锦云,周立志.安徽沿江浅水湖泊越冬水鸟群落的集团结构[J].生态学报,2011,31(18):5323-5331.
[21]晏玉莹,匡中帆,江亚猛,等.贵州桐梓黄莲柏菁自然保护区夏季鸟类资源初步调查[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(2):265-272.
[22]程嘉伟,邓昶身,鲁长虎.苏州太湖湖滨人工种植和原生芦苇湿地鸟类群落[J].动物学杂志,2014,49(3):347-356.
[23]谢光勇,李言阔,李佳,等.鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构[J].四川动物,2014,33(1):139-143.
[24]孙太福,聂圣鸿,国天曰,等.曲阜孔林鸟类多样性和季节变化[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(3):462-466.
[25]李慧,洪永密,邹发生,等.广州市中心城区公园鸟类多样性及季节动态[J].动物学研究,2008,29(2):203-211.
[26]邹红菲,赵钢.兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗天然带状林中繁殖鸟巢的空间格局[J].野生动物,2008,29(1):21-25.
[2]王玄,江红星,张亚楠.稳定同位素分析在鸟类食性及营养级结构中的应用[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5556-5569.
[3]王玲,丁志锋,胡君梅,等.广州城市绿地中鸟类对食源树种的偏好[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):838-844.
[4]徐世才,沈雪健,王莉,等.陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区湿地鸟类群落特征[J].生物学杂志,2016,33(4):52-55.
[5]马逸清.我国的爱鸟周活动[J].自然资源研究,1983(2):80-81,55.
[6]动物学杂志编辑部.有关我国自然保护区(动物部分)和全国爱鸟周活动情况[J].动物学杂志,1983,18(2):64.
[7]李春源.爱鸟周在各地[J].野生动物,1982,3(3):56.
[8]关注候鸟保护守护绿色家园---第34届爱鸟周(2015年4月1日至7日)[J].林业与生态,2015(4):2,50.
[9]中国野生动物保护协会.让我们和鸟儿共享蓝天---全国“爱鸟周”30周年[J].森林与人类,2011(3):6-9.
[10]尚玉昌.鸟类的食物多样性及其取食适应[J].生物学通报,2007,42(3):9-13.
[11]周立志,宋榆钧,马勇.紫蓬山区三种鹭雏鸟的食物多样性比较[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(3):66-68.
[12]张鹏宇,孙龙,胡海清.模拟计划火烧对哈尔滨城市林业示范基地典型林型土壤呼吸的影响[J].森林工程,2015,31(3):1-6.
[13]孙元,兰晓萍,邵红涛,等.东北林业大学城市林业示范基地弹尾虫水平分布研究[J].黑龙江大学工程学报,2013,4(3):51-54.
[14]张晶虹,刘丙万.东北林业大学城市林业示范基地蒙古栎种群扩散研究[J].现代农业科技,2013(12):135-137.
[15]王舒,童玉平,王志洁,等.哈尔滨市城市化建设对鸟类群落的影响[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(3):295-302.
[16]夏丹霞,何富英,吴庆明,等.东北林业大学校园鸟类群落多样性[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(2):258-264.
[17]段文科,张正旺.中国鸟类图志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017.
[18]常家传,桂千惠子,刘伯文,等.东北鸟类图鉴[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995.
[19]陆舟,杨岗,赵东东,等.广西弄岗喀斯特森林繁殖鸟群落的集团结构[J].动物学研究,2013,34(6):601-609.
[20]陈锦云,周立志.安徽沿江浅水湖泊越冬水鸟群落的集团结构[J].生态学报,2011,31(18):5323-5331.
[21]晏玉莹,匡中帆,江亚猛,等.贵州桐梓黄莲柏菁自然保护区夏季鸟类资源初步调查[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(2):265-272.
[22]程嘉伟,邓昶身,鲁长虎.苏州太湖湖滨人工种植和原生芦苇湿地鸟类群落[J].动物学杂志,2014,49(3):347-356.
[23]谢光勇,李言阔,李佳,等.鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构[J].四川动物,2014,33(1):139-143.
[24]孙太福,聂圣鸿,国天曰,等.曲阜孔林鸟类多样性和季节变化[J].野生动物学报,2017,38(3):462-466.
[25]李慧,洪永密,邹发生,等.广州市中心城区公园鸟类多样性及季节动态[J].动物学研究,2008,29(2):203-211.
[26]邹红菲,赵钢.兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗天然带状林中繁殖鸟巢的空间格局[J].野生动物,2008,29(1):21-25.