圈养马麝的个性分类
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摘要
本研究在甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区马麝繁育场展开,分别于2012年7月和2013年8月,针对374只圈养马麝,采用基于量表的个性评价法进行评价调查。结果表明:可建立包含17个个性项目的圈养马麝个性量表,因子分析显示每个项目公因子方差和载荷均大于0. 4,各因子累计贡献率为60. 33%,表明此量表具有较好的结构效度。此外Cronbach’sα系数为0. 787,表明量表具有较高的内部一致性信度,量表设计合理;因子分析和聚类分析结果显示,可将圈养马麝划分为五大个性维度:侵略性、社会性、刻板性、温顺性、活跃性。研究发现,圈养马麝个性维度与野生个体的个性类型划分存在差异,主要是受圈养条件和人为干扰等影响。圈养马麝个性量表和五大个性维度的建立对指导马麝繁育管理具有重要实践价值,填补了马麝个性研究的空缺,并为进一步进行麝类动物个性研究奠定了基础。另外,此类个性层次研究方法具有较好区分度,可为其他动物个性的初期研究提供参考。
This study was carried out at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm located in the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province. In July 2012 and August 2013 respectively,focusing on 374 captive alpine musk deer( Moschus chrysogaster sifanicus),we conducted a survey using the personality rating method. The results showed that a personality scale of captive musk deer with 17 items could be established. Factor analysis showed that the common factor variances and loads of each item were all greater than 0. 4,and the cumulative contribution rate of each factor was 60. 33%,indicating that this scale had good construct validity. Furthermore,the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0. 787,indicating that the scale has a high internal consistency reliability and the scale design is reasonable. The results of factor analysis and cluster analysis show that the personalities of captive musk deer can be divided into 5 major dimensions: Aggressiveness,Sociability,Stereotypy,Docility,Activity. The study found that there is a difference in personality between the captive musk deer and wild individuals,mainly due to the influence of captive conditions and human interference. The establishment of the captive musk deer personality scale and five personality dimensions has important practical value in guiding the management of musk deer breeding,which has filled the vacancy of personality research on alpine musk deer and laid the foundation for further study on the personality of musk deer. In addition,the system of such research methods has good applicability and can provide a reference for early-stage research of other animals' personality.
This study was carried out at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm located in the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province. In July 2012 and August 2013 respectively,focusing on 374 captive alpine musk deer( Moschus chrysogaster sifanicus),we conducted a survey using the personality rating method. The results showed that a personality scale of captive musk deer with 17 items could be established. Factor analysis showed that the common factor variances and loads of each item were all greater than 0. 4,and the cumulative contribution rate of each factor was 60. 33%,indicating that this scale had good construct validity. Furthermore,the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0. 787,indicating that the scale has a high internal consistency reliability and the scale design is reasonable. The results of factor analysis and cluster analysis show that the personalities of captive musk deer can be divided into 5 major dimensions: Aggressiveness,Sociability,Stereotypy,Docility,Activity. The study found that there is a difference in personality between the captive musk deer and wild individuals,mainly due to the influence of captive conditions and human interference. The establishment of the captive musk deer personality scale and five personality dimensions has important practical value in guiding the management of musk deer breeding,which has filled the vacancy of personality research on alpine musk deer and laid the foundation for further study on the personality of musk deer. In addition,the system of such research methods has good applicability and can provide a reference for early-stage research of other animals' personality.
引文
Bell A M. 2007. Animal personalities. Nature, 447:539-540.
Bergvall U A,Schapers A,Kjellander P,Weiss A. 2011. Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama. Animal Behaviour, 81(1):101-112.
Blumstein D T, Holland B D, Daniel J C. 2006. Predator discrimination and personality in captive Vancouver Island marmots(Marmota vancouverensis). Animal Conservation, 9(3):274-282.
Caspi A, Roberts B W, Shiner R L 2005. Personality development:stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56:453-484.
Cheng Q,Qu J P,Zhang H,Zhang Y M. 2017. Personality variation and adaptation to the environment of the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 37(2):115-123.(in Chinese)
Ding X L, Qiang J N, Fang J Q, Ma D J, Gao Y. 2013. An analysis on the personality exploratory traits of the puppy. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 48(1):118-124.(in Chinese)
Freeman E W,Schulte B A,Brown J L. 2010. Using behavioral observations and keeper questionnaires to assess social relationships among captive female african elephants. Zoo Biology,29(2):140-153.
Gosling S D. 2001. From mice to men:what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127:45-86.
Gosling S D. 2008. Personality in non-human animals. Social and Personality Psychology, 2(2):985-1001.
Li C,Xin L. 2008. Research on the evaluation method of the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,25(5):541-544.(in Chinese)
Liao M. 2016. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire and application of SPSS Software. Technology Outlook, 26(16):290.(in Chinese)
Modlmeier A P,Liebmann J E,Foitzik S. 2012. Diverse societies are more productive:a lesson from ants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 279(1736):2142-2150.
Meng X X,Feng J C,Zhou Y J,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xue C,Xu H F.2007a. Descriptive studies on ethogram and behavior patterns of musk deer. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 26(1):46-50.(in Chinese)
Meng X X,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xue H F. 2007b. Stereotyped behavior of captive(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglong Mountain Nature Reserve. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 3:355-358.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Yang Q S, Feng Z J, Xu H F, Feng J C, Zhou Y J. 2007c.Stereotypic behavior of alpine musk deer in captivity. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 1:47-48, 57.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Gong B C, Xue D Y, Feng J C, Yang Q S, Feng Z J. 2011.Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captivealpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(22):6896-6901.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Pan S X, Luan X F, Feng J C. 2010. Spring habitat selection by Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Western China. Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(20):5509-5517.(in Chinese)
Nettle D,Penke L. 2010. Personality:bridging the literatures from human psychology and behavioural ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 365(1560):4043-4050.
Natoli E,Say L,Cafazzo S,Bonanni R,Schmid M,Pontier D.2005.Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to feline immunodeficiency virus. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(1):151-157.
Penke L,Dennisen J, Miller G. 2007. The evolutionary genetics of personality. European Journal of Personality, 21(5):549-587.
Reale D, Reader S M, Sol D, McDougall P T, Dingemanse N J. 2007.Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological Reviews, 82(2):291-318.
Sih A, Bell A M, Johnson J C, Ziemba R E. 2004. Behavioral syndromes:an integrative overview. The Quarterly Review of Biology,79(3):241-277.
Stamps J, Groothuis T. 2010. The development of animal personality:relevance,concepts and perspectives. Biological Reviews, 85(2):301-325.
Vazire S,Gosling S D,Dickey A S,Schapiro S J. 2007. Measuring personality in nonhuman animals. In:Robins R W,Fraley R C,Krueger R F eds. Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology. New York:The Guildford Press, 190-206.
Wilson D S, Clark A B, Coleman K, Dearstyne T. 1994. Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 9(11):442-446.
Wolf M, van Doom G S, Leimar 0, Weissing F J. 2007. Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature,447:581-584.
Watters J V, Powell D M. 2012. Measuring animal personality for use in population management in zoos:suggested methods and rationale.Zoo Biology, 31(1):1-12.
Xu Z Q,Xu H F. 2002. The social behavior in female musk deer and its influence on offspring's survival. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 22(2):155-158, 86.(in Chinese)
Zhang D J, Meng X X, Hui C Y, Feng J C, Zhou Y J. 2007. Observation of behavior of captive stables. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 9:91-93.(in Chinese)
Zhang H,Tian M F. 2007. The application of reliability analysis in questionnaire design. Statistics and Decisiony 21:25-27.(in Chinese)
Zhang Q,Fu S J,Xia J G. 2017. Recent progress on the personality of fish. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 36(12):3623-3628.(in Chinese)
Zeng L Q, Fu C, Xi L, Peng J L, Fu S J. 2017. Phenotypic correlations and individual variation of energy metabolism and personality in juvenile Chinese bream(Parabramis pekinensis). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(14):4807-4816.(in Chinese)
丁晓麟,强京宁,方建强,马大君,蒿阳,王锋.2013.幼犬个性特征的探索性因素分析.动物学杂志,48(1):118-124.
李灿,辛玲.2008.调查问卷的信度与效度的评价方法研究.中国卫生统计,25(5):541-544.
张东晶,孟秀祥,惠岑怿,冯金朝,周宜君.2007.圈养马麝的行为观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医,9:91-93.
张虎,田茂峰.2007.信度分析在调查问卷设计中的应用.统计与决策,21:25-27.
张嫱,付世建,夏继刚.2017.鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展.生态学杂志,36(12):3623-3628.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯柞建,薛程,徐宏发.2007a.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,26(1):46-50.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯柞建,徐宏发.2007b.兴隆山自然保护区麝场圈养马麝刻板行为的比较.生态学杂志,3:355-358.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,徐宏发,冯金朝,周宜君. 2007c.圈养马麝的刻板行为.东北林业大学学报,1:47-48, 57.
孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,冯金朝,杨奇森,冯柞建.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,31(22):6896-6901.
孟秀祥,潘世秀,栾晓峰,冯金朝.2010.兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择.生态学报,30(20):5509-5517.
徐正强,徐宏发.2002.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响.兽类学报,22(2):155-158,86.
曾令清,付成,奚露,彭姜岚,付世建.2017.鳊幼鱼能量代谢和个性行为的个体变异及表型关联.生态学报,37(14):4807-4816.
程琪,曲家鹏,张贺,张堰铭.2017.高原鼠兔个性特征的地理变异及其对环境的适应.兽类学报,37(2):115-123.
廖敏.2016.问卷的信度和效度以及SPSS软件运用.科技展望,26(16):390.
Bergvall U A,Schapers A,Kjellander P,Weiss A. 2011. Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama. Animal Behaviour, 81(1):101-112.
Blumstein D T, Holland B D, Daniel J C. 2006. Predator discrimination and personality in captive Vancouver Island marmots(Marmota vancouverensis). Animal Conservation, 9(3):274-282.
Caspi A, Roberts B W, Shiner R L 2005. Personality development:stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56:453-484.
Cheng Q,Qu J P,Zhang H,Zhang Y M. 2017. Personality variation and adaptation to the environment of the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 37(2):115-123.(in Chinese)
Ding X L, Qiang J N, Fang J Q, Ma D J, Gao Y. 2013. An analysis on the personality exploratory traits of the puppy. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 48(1):118-124.(in Chinese)
Freeman E W,Schulte B A,Brown J L. 2010. Using behavioral observations and keeper questionnaires to assess social relationships among captive female african elephants. Zoo Biology,29(2):140-153.
Gosling S D. 2001. From mice to men:what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127:45-86.
Gosling S D. 2008. Personality in non-human animals. Social and Personality Psychology, 2(2):985-1001.
Li C,Xin L. 2008. Research on the evaluation method of the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,25(5):541-544.(in Chinese)
Liao M. 2016. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire and application of SPSS Software. Technology Outlook, 26(16):290.(in Chinese)
Modlmeier A P,Liebmann J E,Foitzik S. 2012. Diverse societies are more productive:a lesson from ants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 279(1736):2142-2150.
Meng X X,Feng J C,Zhou Y J,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xue C,Xu H F.2007a. Descriptive studies on ethogram and behavior patterns of musk deer. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 26(1):46-50.(in Chinese)
Meng X X,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xue H F. 2007b. Stereotyped behavior of captive(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglong Mountain Nature Reserve. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 3:355-358.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Yang Q S, Feng Z J, Xu H F, Feng J C, Zhou Y J. 2007c.Stereotypic behavior of alpine musk deer in captivity. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 1:47-48, 57.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Gong B C, Xue D Y, Feng J C, Yang Q S, Feng Z J. 2011.Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captivealpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(22):6896-6901.(in Chinese)
Meng X X, Pan S X, Luan X F, Feng J C. 2010. Spring habitat selection by Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Western China. Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(20):5509-5517.(in Chinese)
Nettle D,Penke L. 2010. Personality:bridging the literatures from human psychology and behavioural ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 365(1560):4043-4050.
Natoli E,Say L,Cafazzo S,Bonanni R,Schmid M,Pontier D.2005.Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to feline immunodeficiency virus. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(1):151-157.
Penke L,Dennisen J, Miller G. 2007. The evolutionary genetics of personality. European Journal of Personality, 21(5):549-587.
Reale D, Reader S M, Sol D, McDougall P T, Dingemanse N J. 2007.Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological Reviews, 82(2):291-318.
Sih A, Bell A M, Johnson J C, Ziemba R E. 2004. Behavioral syndromes:an integrative overview. The Quarterly Review of Biology,79(3):241-277.
Stamps J, Groothuis T. 2010. The development of animal personality:relevance,concepts and perspectives. Biological Reviews, 85(2):301-325.
Vazire S,Gosling S D,Dickey A S,Schapiro S J. 2007. Measuring personality in nonhuman animals. In:Robins R W,Fraley R C,Krueger R F eds. Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology. New York:The Guildford Press, 190-206.
Wilson D S, Clark A B, Coleman K, Dearstyne T. 1994. Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 9(11):442-446.
Wolf M, van Doom G S, Leimar 0, Weissing F J. 2007. Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature,447:581-584.
Watters J V, Powell D M. 2012. Measuring animal personality for use in population management in zoos:suggested methods and rationale.Zoo Biology, 31(1):1-12.
Xu Z Q,Xu H F. 2002. The social behavior in female musk deer and its influence on offspring's survival. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 22(2):155-158, 86.(in Chinese)
Zhang D J, Meng X X, Hui C Y, Feng J C, Zhou Y J. 2007. Observation of behavior of captive stables. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 9:91-93.(in Chinese)
Zhang H,Tian M F. 2007. The application of reliability analysis in questionnaire design. Statistics and Decisiony 21:25-27.(in Chinese)
Zhang Q,Fu S J,Xia J G. 2017. Recent progress on the personality of fish. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 36(12):3623-3628.(in Chinese)
Zeng L Q, Fu C, Xi L, Peng J L, Fu S J. 2017. Phenotypic correlations and individual variation of energy metabolism and personality in juvenile Chinese bream(Parabramis pekinensis). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(14):4807-4816.(in Chinese)
丁晓麟,强京宁,方建强,马大君,蒿阳,王锋.2013.幼犬个性特征的探索性因素分析.动物学杂志,48(1):118-124.
李灿,辛玲.2008.调查问卷的信度与效度的评价方法研究.中国卫生统计,25(5):541-544.
张东晶,孟秀祥,惠岑怿,冯金朝,周宜君.2007.圈养马麝的行为观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医,9:91-93.
张虎,田茂峰.2007.信度分析在调查问卷设计中的应用.统计与决策,21:25-27.
张嫱,付世建,夏继刚.2017.鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展.生态学杂志,36(12):3623-3628.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯柞建,薛程,徐宏发.2007a.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,26(1):46-50.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯柞建,徐宏发.2007b.兴隆山自然保护区麝场圈养马麝刻板行为的比较.生态学杂志,3:355-358.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,徐宏发,冯金朝,周宜君. 2007c.圈养马麝的刻板行为.东北林业大学学报,1:47-48, 57.
孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,冯金朝,杨奇森,冯柞建.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,31(22):6896-6901.
孟秀祥,潘世秀,栾晓峰,冯金朝.2010.兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择.生态学报,30(20):5509-5517.
徐正强,徐宏发.2002.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响.兽类学报,22(2):155-158,86.
曾令清,付成,奚露,彭姜岚,付世建.2017.鳊幼鱼能量代谢和个性行为的个体变异及表型关联.生态学报,37(14):4807-4816.
程琪,曲家鹏,张贺,张堰铭.2017.高原鼠兔个性特征的地理变异及其对环境的适应.兽类学报,37(2):115-123.
廖敏.2016.问卷的信度和效度以及SPSS软件运用.科技展望,26(16):390.