特质焦虑对急性心理性应激反应的预测
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摘要
急性应激反应使得个体在紧急情况下迅速调动心理生理资源,从而更好地面对当前的挑战。本研究采用特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST),以心率和唾液皮质醇为应激反应指标,在控制了性别、年龄和受教育时间三个人口学变量的条件下,探讨特质焦虑对急性心理性应激反应的预测作用。结果发现:(1)TSST成功地诱发了被试的应激反应,表现为心率加快和唾液皮质醇含量升高;(2)分层回归结果显示,特质焦虑对急性应激状态下的心率变化具有预测作用,对唾液皮质醇变化的预测效应未达到显著水平。上述结果表明特质焦虑和急性应激反应的快反应指标——交感神经系统——密切相关,特质焦虑水平越高,急性应激状态下的交感神经系统反应越小。特质焦虑水平较高的个体可能由于长期的焦虑造成心肌细胞的过度消耗,从而导致急性应激反应受限。
Recently, An increasing number of studies are focusing on individual differences in response to acute psychological stress. Emerging evidence suggests that personality, especially trait anxiety, might be a significant predictive factor of individual difference in response to acute stress. Most of the previous studies have taken trait anxiety as a categorical(discontinuous)construct. However, a full-range analysis of trait anxiety could result in greater statistical power and less parameter estimation bias. The present study aims to examine whether and how the continuum of trait anxiety scores predict the acute psychological stress response induced by a standardized laboratory stress induction procedure(the Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) while controlling for the potentially confounding factors of gender, age and education years. A total of 54 healthy students(35 males, 19 females), aged 18~25 years(mean: 22.57 ± 1.67) and educated for 13~18 years(mean: 15.89 ± 1.34), were recruited from universities in Beijing. Several inclusion criteria were employed to control for potential factors influencing the stress response(see 2.1 for details). The acute psychological stress was induced by the TSST and the stress response was measured with heart rate(the index of the response in sympathetic adrenal medulla) and salivary cortisol(the index of the response in hypothalamus pituitary-adrenal). Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were utilized to study how trait anxiety predicts the heart rate and salivary cortisol response toward stress.The result showed that the TSST elicited significantly acute psychological stress responses. Specifically, both heart rate and salivary cortisol during the TSST were higher than that measured at any other time points. Regression analysis corroborated that after controlling for gender, age and education years, trait anxiety significantly and negatively predicted heart rate response(β =-0.35, p < 0.01), but not salivary cortisol response to acute psychological stress. The present findings suggest that trait anxiety is a powerful predictor of sympathetic adrenal medulla response, i.e., individuals with higher level of trait anxiety perform lower sympathetic nerve activity in rapid response to acute psychological stress. Individuals with high trait anxiety may experience long-term anxiety in their daily life and chronic consumption of psychophysiological resources, thereby resulting in the limited response to acute stressors.
Recently, An increasing number of studies are focusing on individual differences in response to acute psychological stress. Emerging evidence suggests that personality, especially trait anxiety, might be a significant predictive factor of individual difference in response to acute stress. Most of the previous studies have taken trait anxiety as a categorical(discontinuous)construct. However, a full-range analysis of trait anxiety could result in greater statistical power and less parameter estimation bias. The present study aims to examine whether and how the continuum of trait anxiety scores predict the acute psychological stress response induced by a standardized laboratory stress induction procedure(the Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) while controlling for the potentially confounding factors of gender, age and education years. A total of 54 healthy students(35 males, 19 females), aged 18~25 years(mean: 22.57 ± 1.67) and educated for 13~18 years(mean: 15.89 ± 1.34), were recruited from universities in Beijing. Several inclusion criteria were employed to control for potential factors influencing the stress response(see 2.1 for details). The acute psychological stress was induced by the TSST and the stress response was measured with heart rate(the index of the response in sympathetic adrenal medulla) and salivary cortisol(the index of the response in hypothalamus pituitary-adrenal). Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were utilized to study how trait anxiety predicts the heart rate and salivary cortisol response toward stress.The result showed that the TSST elicited significantly acute psychological stress responses. Specifically, both heart rate and salivary cortisol during the TSST were higher than that measured at any other time points. Regression analysis corroborated that after controlling for gender, age and education years, trait anxiety significantly and negatively predicted heart rate response(β =-0.35, p < 0.01), but not salivary cortisol response to acute psychological stress. The present findings suggest that trait anxiety is a powerful predictor of sympathetic adrenal medulla response, i.e., individuals with higher level of trait anxiety perform lower sympathetic nerve activity in rapid response to acute psychological stress. Individuals with high trait anxiety may experience long-term anxiety in their daily life and chronic consumption of psychophysiological resources, thereby resulting in the limited response to acute stressors.
引文
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Asmundson,G.J.G.,Weeks,J.W.,Carleton,R.N.,Thibodeau,M.A.,&Fetzner,M.G.(2011).Revisiting the latent structure of the anxiety sensitivity construct:More evidence of dimensionality.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,25(1),138-147.
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Bale,T.L.,&Epperson,C.N.(2015).Sex differences and stress across the lifespan.Nature Neuroscience,18(10),1413-1420.
Beevers,C.G.,Lee,H.J.,Wells,T.T.,Ellis,A.J.,&Telch,M.J.(2011).Association of predeployment gaze bias for emotion stimuli with later symptoms of PTSD and depression in soldiers deployed in Iraq.American Journal of Psychiatry,168(7),735-741.
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Brown,S.L.,Charney,D.S.,Woods,S.W.,Heninger,G.R.,&Tallman,J.(1988).Lymphocyteβ-adrenergic receptor binding in panic disorder.Psychopharmacology,94(1),24-8.
Buchanan,T.W.,Bagley,S.L.,Stansfield,R.B.,&Preston,S.D.(2012).The empathic,physiological resonance of stress.Social Neuroscience,7(2),191-201.
Chen,Y.,Ren,G.F.,Li,H.J.,Yang,Y.,Guan,L.L.,Hu,X.Y.,&Yang,J.(2014).The relationship between self-esteem and psychosocial stress response:The mediating role of the need for social approval.Psychological Development and Education,30(4),435-441.[陈禹,任国防,李海江,杨瑜,关丽丽,胡新雨,杨娟.(2014).自尊与心理性应激反应的关系:社会认可需求的中介作用.心理发展与教育,30(4),435-441.]
Chida,Y.,&Hamer,M.(2008).Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations:a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations.Psychological Bulletin,134(6),829-885.
Cobb,A.R.,Lancaster,C.L.,Meyer,E.C.,Lee,H.-J.,&Telch,M.J.(2017).Pre-deployment trait anxiety,anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance predict war-zone stress-evoked psychopathology.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science,6(3),276-287.
Compton,R.J.,Robinson,M.D.,Ode,S.,Quandt,L.C.,Fineman,S.L.,&Carp,J.,2008.Error-monitoring ability predicts daily stress regulation.Psychological Science19(7),702-708.
de Boer,S.F.,de Beun,R.,Slangen,J.L.,&van Gugten,G.J.(1990).Dynamics of plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations during reinforced and extinguished operant behavior in rats.Physiology&Behavior,47(4),691-698.
de Kloet,E.R.,Jo?ls,M.,&Holsboer,F.(2005).Stress and the brain:From adaptation to disease.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,6(6),463-475.
Dimsdale,J.E.,Mills,P.,Patterson,T.,Ziegler,M.,&Dillon,E.(1994).Effects of chronic stress on beta-adrenergic receptors in the homeless.Psychosomatic Medicine,56(4),290-295.
Fiocco,A.J.,Joober,R.,&Lupien,S.J.(2007).Education modulates cortisol reactivity to the Trier social stress test in middle-aged adults.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(8-10),1158-1163.
Gola,H.,Engler,H.,Schauer,M.,Adenauer,H.,Riether,C.,&Kolassa,S.,…Kolassa,I.T.(2012).Victims of rape show increased cortisol responses to trauma reminders:A study in individuals with war-and torture-related PTSD.Psychoneuroendocrinology,37(2),213-220.
Goodman,W.K.,Janson,J.,&Wolf,J.M.(2017).Meta-analytical assessment of the effects of protocol variations on cortisol responses to the Trier social stress test.Psychoneuroendocrinology,80,26-35.
Grimm,M.,&Brown,J.H.(2010).β-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart:Role of camkii.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology,48(2),322-330.
Gunnar,M.R.,Talge,N.M.,&Herrera,A.(2009).Stressor paradigms in developmental studies:What does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol.Psychoneuroendocrinology,34(7),953-967.
Haslam,N.,Holland,E.,&Kuppens,P.(2012).Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology:Aquantitative review of taxometric research.Psychological Medicine,42(5),903.
Jezova,D.,Makatsori,A.,Duncko,R.,Moncek,F.,&Jakubek,M.(2004).High trait anxiety in healthy subjects is associated with low neuroendocrine activity during psychosocial stress.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,28(8),1331-1336.
Kertz,S.J.,Mchugh,R.K.,Lee,J.,&Bj?rgvinsson,T.(2014).Examining the latent structure of worry and generalized anxiety in a clinical sample.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,28(1),8-15.
Kirschbaum,C.,Pirke,K.M.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1993).The'Trier Social Stress Test'--A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting.Neuropsychobiology,28(1-2),76-81.
Klumbies,E.,Braeuer,D.,Hoyer,J.,&Kirschbaum,C.(2013).The reaction to social stress in social phobia:Discordance between physiological and subjective parameters.PLo SOne,9(8),e105670.
Kudielka,B.M.,&Wüst,S.(2010).Human models in acute and chronic stress:Assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reactivity.Stress-the International Journal on the Biology of Stress,13(1),1-14.
Li,S.T.,Wang,M.Y.,Chen,F.F.,&Bi,Z.Z.(2006).Development of self-esteem in the elderly:Differences in age,gender and level of education.Chinese Gerontology,36(9),2260-2262.[李松桃,王明月,陈菲菲,毕重增.(2016).老年自尊的发展:年龄、性别和受教育水平的差异.中国老年学,36(9),2260-2262.]
Novais,A.,Monteiro,S.,Roque,S.,Correia-Neves,M.,&Sousa,N.(2016).How age,sex and genotype shape the stress response.Neurobiology of Stress,6,44-56.
Phillips,A.C.,Hunt,K.,Der,G.,&Carroll,D.(2011).Blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress predict symptoms of depression five years later:Evidence from a large community study.Psychophysiology,48(1),142-148.
Porges,S.W.(1995).Cardiac vagal tone:A physiological index of stress.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,19(2),225-233.
Puig-perez,S.,Villada,C.,Pulopulos,M.M.,Almela,M.,Hidalgo,V.,&Salvador,A.(2015).Optimism and pessimism are related to different components of the stress response in healthy older people.International Journal of Psychophysiology,98(2),213-221.
Rimmele,U.,Zellweger,B.C.,Marti,B.,Seiler,R.,Mohiyeddini,C.,Ehlert,U.,&Heinrichs,M.(2007).Trained men show lower cortisol,heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(6),627-635.
Sandi,C.,&Haller,J.(2015).Stress and the social brain:Behavioural effects and neurobiological mechanisms.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,16(5),290-304.
Shell,M.D.,Gazelle,H.,&Faldowski,R.A.(2014).Anxious solitude and the middle school transition:A diathesis×stress model of peer exclusion and victimization trajectories.Developmental Psychology,50(5),1569-1583.
Sapolsky,R.M.(2015).Stress and the brain:Individual variability and the inverted-u.Nature Neuroscience,18(10),1344-1346.
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Ventriglio,A.,Gentile,A.,Baldessarini,R.J.,&Bellomo,A.(2015).Early-life stress and psychiatric disorders:Epidemiology,neurobiology and innovative pharmacological targets.Current Pharmaceutical Design,21(11),1379-1387.
Villada,C.,Hidalgo,V.,Almela,M.,&Salvador,A.(2014).Individual differences in the psychobiological response to psychosocial stress(Trier social stress test):The relevance of trait anxiety and coping styles.Stress&Health:Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress,32(2),90-99.
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Wichmann,S.,Kirschbaum,C.,Lorenz,T.,&Petrowski,K.(2017).Effects of the cortisol stress response on the psychotherapy outcome of panic disorder patients.Psychoneuroendocrinology,77,9-17.
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Allen,A.P.,Kennedy,P.J.,Cryan,J.F.,Dinan,T.G.,&Clarke,G.(2014).Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans:Focus on the Trier social stress test.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,38,94-124.
Asmundson,G.J.G.,Weeks,J.W.,Carleton,R.N.,Thibodeau,M.A.,&Fetzner,M.G.(2011).Revisiting the latent structure of the anxiety sensitivity construct:More evidence of dimensionality.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,25(1),138-147.
Axelrod,J.,&Reisine,T.D.(1984).Stress hormones:Their interaction and regulation.Science,224(4648),452.
Bale,T.L.,&Epperson,C.N.(2015).Sex differences and stress across the lifespan.Nature Neuroscience,18(10),1413-1420.
Beevers,C.G.,Lee,H.J.,Wells,T.T.,Ellis,A.J.,&Telch,M.J.(2011).Association of predeployment gaze bias for emotion stimuli with later symptoms of PTSD and depression in soldiers deployed in Iraq.American Journal of Psychiatry,168(7),735-741.
Bisognano,J.D.,Weinberger,H.D.,Bohlmeyer,T.J.,Pende,A.,Raynolds,M.V.,&Sastravha,A.,…Port,D.J.(2000).Myocardial-directed overexpression of the humanβ1-adrenergic receptor in transgenic mice.Journal of Molecular&Cellular Cardiology,32(5),817.
Bomyea,J.,Risbrough,V.,&Lang,A.J.(2012).A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD.Clinical Psychology Review,32(7),630-641.
Boyers,G.B.,Broman-Fulks,J.J.,Valentiner,D.P.,Mc Craw,K.,Curtin,L.,&Michael,K.D.(2017).The latent structure of social anxiety disorder and the performance only specifier:A taxometric analysis.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,46(6),507-521.
Brown,S.L.,Charney,D.S.,Woods,S.W.,Heninger,G.R.,&Tallman,J.(1988).Lymphocyteβ-adrenergic receptor binding in panic disorder.Psychopharmacology,94(1),24-8.
Buchanan,T.W.,Bagley,S.L.,Stansfield,R.B.,&Preston,S.D.(2012).The empathic,physiological resonance of stress.Social Neuroscience,7(2),191-201.
Chen,Y.,Ren,G.F.,Li,H.J.,Yang,Y.,Guan,L.L.,Hu,X.Y.,&Yang,J.(2014).The relationship between self-esteem and psychosocial stress response:The mediating role of the need for social approval.Psychological Development and Education,30(4),435-441.[陈禹,任国防,李海江,杨瑜,关丽丽,胡新雨,杨娟.(2014).自尊与心理性应激反应的关系:社会认可需求的中介作用.心理发展与教育,30(4),435-441.]
Chida,Y.,&Hamer,M.(2008).Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations:a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations.Psychological Bulletin,134(6),829-885.
Cobb,A.R.,Lancaster,C.L.,Meyer,E.C.,Lee,H.-J.,&Telch,M.J.(2017).Pre-deployment trait anxiety,anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance predict war-zone stress-evoked psychopathology.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science,6(3),276-287.
Compton,R.J.,Robinson,M.D.,Ode,S.,Quandt,L.C.,Fineman,S.L.,&Carp,J.,2008.Error-monitoring ability predicts daily stress regulation.Psychological Science19(7),702-708.
de Boer,S.F.,de Beun,R.,Slangen,J.L.,&van Gugten,G.J.(1990).Dynamics of plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations during reinforced and extinguished operant behavior in rats.Physiology&Behavior,47(4),691-698.
de Kloet,E.R.,Jo?ls,M.,&Holsboer,F.(2005).Stress and the brain:From adaptation to disease.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,6(6),463-475.
Dimsdale,J.E.,Mills,P.,Patterson,T.,Ziegler,M.,&Dillon,E.(1994).Effects of chronic stress on beta-adrenergic receptors in the homeless.Psychosomatic Medicine,56(4),290-295.
Fiocco,A.J.,Joober,R.,&Lupien,S.J.(2007).Education modulates cortisol reactivity to the Trier social stress test in middle-aged adults.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(8-10),1158-1163.
Gola,H.,Engler,H.,Schauer,M.,Adenauer,H.,Riether,C.,&Kolassa,S.,…Kolassa,I.T.(2012).Victims of rape show increased cortisol responses to trauma reminders:A study in individuals with war-and torture-related PTSD.Psychoneuroendocrinology,37(2),213-220.
Goodman,W.K.,Janson,J.,&Wolf,J.M.(2017).Meta-analytical assessment of the effects of protocol variations on cortisol responses to the Trier social stress test.Psychoneuroendocrinology,80,26-35.
Grimm,M.,&Brown,J.H.(2010).β-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart:Role of camkii.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology,48(2),322-330.
Gunnar,M.R.,Talge,N.M.,&Herrera,A.(2009).Stressor paradigms in developmental studies:What does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol.Psychoneuroendocrinology,34(7),953-967.
Haslam,N.,Holland,E.,&Kuppens,P.(2012).Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology:Aquantitative review of taxometric research.Psychological Medicine,42(5),903.
Jezova,D.,Makatsori,A.,Duncko,R.,Moncek,F.,&Jakubek,M.(2004).High trait anxiety in healthy subjects is associated with low neuroendocrine activity during psychosocial stress.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,28(8),1331-1336.
Kertz,S.J.,Mchugh,R.K.,Lee,J.,&Bj?rgvinsson,T.(2014).Examining the latent structure of worry and generalized anxiety in a clinical sample.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,28(1),8-15.
Kirschbaum,C.,Pirke,K.M.,&Hellhammer,D.H.(1993).The'Trier Social Stress Test'--A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting.Neuropsychobiology,28(1-2),76-81.
Klumbies,E.,Braeuer,D.,Hoyer,J.,&Kirschbaum,C.(2013).The reaction to social stress in social phobia:Discordance between physiological and subjective parameters.PLo SOne,9(8),e105670.
Kudielka,B.M.,&Wüst,S.(2010).Human models in acute and chronic stress:Assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reactivity.Stress-the International Journal on the Biology of Stress,13(1),1-14.
Li,S.T.,Wang,M.Y.,Chen,F.F.,&Bi,Z.Z.(2006).Development of self-esteem in the elderly:Differences in age,gender and level of education.Chinese Gerontology,36(9),2260-2262.[李松桃,王明月,陈菲菲,毕重增.(2016).老年自尊的发展:年龄、性别和受教育水平的差异.中国老年学,36(9),2260-2262.]
Novais,A.,Monteiro,S.,Roque,S.,Correia-Neves,M.,&Sousa,N.(2016).How age,sex and genotype shape the stress response.Neurobiology of Stress,6,44-56.
Phillips,A.C.,Hunt,K.,Der,G.,&Carroll,D.(2011).Blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress predict symptoms of depression five years later:Evidence from a large community study.Psychophysiology,48(1),142-148.
Porges,S.W.(1995).Cardiac vagal tone:A physiological index of stress.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,19(2),225-233.
Puig-perez,S.,Villada,C.,Pulopulos,M.M.,Almela,M.,Hidalgo,V.,&Salvador,A.(2015).Optimism and pessimism are related to different components of the stress response in healthy older people.International Journal of Psychophysiology,98(2),213-221.
Rimmele,U.,Zellweger,B.C.,Marti,B.,Seiler,R.,Mohiyeddini,C.,Ehlert,U.,&Heinrichs,M.(2007).Trained men show lower cortisol,heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men.Psychoneuroendocrinology,32(6),627-635.
Sandi,C.,&Haller,J.(2015).Stress and the social brain:Behavioural effects and neurobiological mechanisms.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,16(5),290-304.
Shell,M.D.,Gazelle,H.,&Faldowski,R.A.(2014).Anxious solitude and the middle school transition:A diathesis×stress model of peer exclusion and victimization trajectories.Developmental Psychology,50(5),1569-1583.
Sapolsky,R.M.(2015).Stress and the brain:Individual variability and the inverted-u.Nature Neuroscience,18(10),1344-1346.
Spielberger,C.D.,Gorsuch,R.L.,&Lusthene,R.E.(1970).Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.Palo Alto,CA,USA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Steudte-Schmiedgen,S.,Kirschbaum,C.,Gao,W.,Alexander,N.,Sch?nfeld,S.,Hoyer,J.,&Stalder,T.(2015).Reply to:Linking hair cortisol levels to phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in highly traumatized Chinese women.Biological Psychiatry,77(4),e23-e24.
Ventriglio,A.,Gentile,A.,Baldessarini,R.J.,&Bellomo,A.(2015).Early-life stress and psychiatric disorders:Epidemiology,neurobiology and innovative pharmacological targets.Current Pharmaceutical Design,21(11),1379-1387.
Villada,C.,Hidalgo,V.,Almela,M.,&Salvador,A.(2014).Individual differences in the psychobiological response to psychosocial stress(Trier social stress test):The relevance of trait anxiety and coping styles.Stress&Health:Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress,32(2),90-99.
Wang,X.D.,Wang,X.L.,&Ma,H.(1999).Handbook of mental health assessment scales(Suppl.,pp.205-209).Beijing,China:Chinese Journal of Mental Health.[汪向东,王希林,马弘.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版,pp.205-209).北京:中国心理卫生杂志社.]
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