意大利世界遗产的时空特征与影响因素研究
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摘要
以联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心网站的世界遗产名录为数据源,运用数理统计与GIS空间分析的方法,揭示出意大利世界遗产的特征与影响因素。研究发现:意大利世界遗产项目的入选时间集中在20世纪90年代;遗产项目呈集聚分布态势,主要在中北部平原、中西部沿海和南部岛屿;在时间分布上,意大利的世界遗产时间跨度较大,单个项目的延续时间较长,主要表现古罗马、中世纪和文艺复兴时期的文化;在属性特征上,与城市规划和宗教相关的项目占大多数,主要以历史城镇和乡村、文化景观公园和庭院、历史建筑(群)三种形式存在。最后总结出这些特征与其国家的自然环境、中心城市和遗产保护情况有关。
Analyzing world heritages in other country is an effective way to learn the heritage and understand other's advantages in heritage study. Based on the UNESCO World Heritage Center's official website and various related data, this study uses statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis to study world heritages in Italy, which has the most heritages in the world. Results of the analysis indicate: 1) The spatial distribution of heritage projects agglomerate mainly in the north(Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna), central(Toscana, Lazio) and southern Italy(Campania, Sicily), which are mainly plain or coastal areas; 2) The world heritages of Italy mainly originated from five periods of time, being the early civilization, Roman times, Middle Ages,Renaissance and modern times. Among them, most heritage projects originated from the Renaissance which is the most glorious period during Italy history;3) Most of the heritages are in the form of Historical Towns and Village,Cultural Landscape Parks and Gardens, and Historic Buildings(Ensembles), and most of them reflect urban planning and religion. These features are mainly related to Italy's natural environment, center cities and protection measures from all sectors of society. Finally we put forward some suggestions for the development and protection of China's world heritages from the research on Italy. China should lay emphasis on its most glorious historical period and unite other countries when discovering and applying for World Heritage. In order to develop and protect world heritage, the government should also establish and amend legal system and mobilize various forces for contributing to the inheritance of world civilization.
Analyzing world heritages in other country is an effective way to learn the heritage and understand other's advantages in heritage study. Based on the UNESCO World Heritage Center's official website and various related data, this study uses statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis to study world heritages in Italy, which has the most heritages in the world. Results of the analysis indicate: 1) The spatial distribution of heritage projects agglomerate mainly in the north(Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna), central(Toscana, Lazio) and southern Italy(Campania, Sicily), which are mainly plain or coastal areas; 2) The world heritages of Italy mainly originated from five periods of time, being the early civilization, Roman times, Middle Ages,Renaissance and modern times. Among them, most heritage projects originated from the Renaissance which is the most glorious period during Italy history;3) Most of the heritages are in the form of Historical Towns and Village,Cultural Landscape Parks and Gardens, and Historic Buildings(Ensembles), and most of them reflect urban planning and religion. These features are mainly related to Italy's natural environment, center cities and protection measures from all sectors of society. Finally we put forward some suggestions for the development and protection of China's world heritages from the research on Italy. China should lay emphasis on its most glorious historical period and unite other countries when discovering and applying for World Heritage. In order to develop and protect world heritage, the government should also establish and amend legal system and mobilize various forces for contributing to the inheritance of world civilization.
引文
[1]刘红婴,王健民.世界遗产概论.北京:旅游出版社,2003:209-210.
[2]孙克勤.世界遗产学.北京:旅游出版社,2008.
[3]余正军,卢锦容,田祥利,等.基于GIS的我国世界遗产分析.江西农业学报,2015(1):127-129.
[4]王昕,韦杰,胡传东.中国世界遗产的空间分布特征.地理研究,2010,29(11):2080-2088.
[5]段锦,李玉辉.云南石林世界遗产地生态资产评估与补偿研究.资源科学,2010,32(04):752-760.
[6]张生瑞,钟林生,周睿,等.云南红河哈尼梯田世界遗产区生态旅游监测研究.地理研究,2017,36(05):887-898.
[7]郭文,黄震方.基于场域理论的文化遗产旅游地多维空间生产研究——以江南水乡周庄古镇为例.人文地理,2013,28(02):117-124.
[8]戴湘毅,阙维民.世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究.地理科学,2012,32(01):31-38.
[9]崔卫华,王之禹,徐博.世界工业遗产的空间分布特征与影响因素.经济地理,2017,37(06):198-205.
[10]杨浩祥.欧洲文化线路展示与利用初探.建筑与文化,2015(04):186-187.
[11]刘科彬,沈山.世界文化线路遗产特征与价值研究.世界地理研究,2017,26(06):143-153.
[12]尹国蔚.印度世界遗产的类型与分布特征.热带地理,2014,34(05):712-718.
[13]谢兴.中国与西班牙世界遗产开发保护比较研究.暨南大学,2011.
[14]周敏.意大利.圣马力诺.梵蒂冈.马耳他(世界分国地图).北京:中国地图出版社,2004.
[15]单超.北京与罗马:世界文化遗产的特征及比较.北京建筑大学,2016.
[16]汤国安,杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析试验教程.北京:科学出版社,2006:212-233.
[17]刘小方.我国世界遗产申报“次序性”问题探讨.城市发展研究,2009,16(7):58-60.
[18]梁永宁.中国世界自然遗产的回顾与展望.世界遗产,2014(Z1):15-17.
[19]查尔斯·基林格,夏蕊.风情意大利.长春:长春出版社,2012.
[20] ICOMOS. The World Heritage List:Fill the Gaps—an Action Plan for the Future. Paris:ICOMOS,2004. http://www.internationalicoms.org/worldheritage/whlgaps.htm,2018/03/23.
[21]世界地理编写组.世界地理概览.东方出版中心,1997.
[22]尤嘎·尤基莱托.建筑保护史.北京:中华书局,2011.
[23]朱晓明.意大利中央政府层面文化遗产保护的体制分析.世界建筑,2009(6):114-117.
[24]朱宇恒,陈瑜.意大利古城西耶纳及其对我国建筑遗产保护的启示.城市问题,2005(4):82-89.
[25]陈志华.意大利古建筑散记.合肥:安徽教育出版社,2003.
[26]布瑞.抢救维纳斯.桂林:漓江出版社,2013.
[27]杨鑫.意大利南部古城景观保护与更新.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2011.
[28]刘睿文,刘衡.多国联合申报世界文化遗产模式的引入——以丝绸之路为例.经济地理,2005,25(2):236-239.
[2]孙克勤.世界遗产学.北京:旅游出版社,2008.
[3]余正军,卢锦容,田祥利,等.基于GIS的我国世界遗产分析.江西农业学报,2015(1):127-129.
[4]王昕,韦杰,胡传东.中国世界遗产的空间分布特征.地理研究,2010,29(11):2080-2088.
[5]段锦,李玉辉.云南石林世界遗产地生态资产评估与补偿研究.资源科学,2010,32(04):752-760.
[6]张生瑞,钟林生,周睿,等.云南红河哈尼梯田世界遗产区生态旅游监测研究.地理研究,2017,36(05):887-898.
[7]郭文,黄震方.基于场域理论的文化遗产旅游地多维空间生产研究——以江南水乡周庄古镇为例.人文地理,2013,28(02):117-124.
[8]戴湘毅,阙维民.世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究.地理科学,2012,32(01):31-38.
[9]崔卫华,王之禹,徐博.世界工业遗产的空间分布特征与影响因素.经济地理,2017,37(06):198-205.
[10]杨浩祥.欧洲文化线路展示与利用初探.建筑与文化,2015(04):186-187.
[11]刘科彬,沈山.世界文化线路遗产特征与价值研究.世界地理研究,2017,26(06):143-153.
[12]尹国蔚.印度世界遗产的类型与分布特征.热带地理,2014,34(05):712-718.
[13]谢兴.中国与西班牙世界遗产开发保护比较研究.暨南大学,2011.
[14]周敏.意大利.圣马力诺.梵蒂冈.马耳他(世界分国地图).北京:中国地图出版社,2004.
[15]单超.北京与罗马:世界文化遗产的特征及比较.北京建筑大学,2016.
[16]汤国安,杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析试验教程.北京:科学出版社,2006:212-233.
[17]刘小方.我国世界遗产申报“次序性”问题探讨.城市发展研究,2009,16(7):58-60.
[18]梁永宁.中国世界自然遗产的回顾与展望.世界遗产,2014(Z1):15-17.
[19]查尔斯·基林格,夏蕊.风情意大利.长春:长春出版社,2012.
[20] ICOMOS. The World Heritage List:Fill the Gaps—an Action Plan for the Future. Paris:ICOMOS,2004. http://www.internationalicoms.org/worldheritage/whlgaps.htm,2018/03/23.
[21]世界地理编写组.世界地理概览.东方出版中心,1997.
[22]尤嘎·尤基莱托.建筑保护史.北京:中华书局,2011.
[23]朱晓明.意大利中央政府层面文化遗产保护的体制分析.世界建筑,2009(6):114-117.
[24]朱宇恒,陈瑜.意大利古城西耶纳及其对我国建筑遗产保护的启示.城市问题,2005(4):82-89.
[25]陈志华.意大利古建筑散记.合肥:安徽教育出版社,2003.
[26]布瑞.抢救维纳斯.桂林:漓江出版社,2013.
[27]杨鑫.意大利南部古城景观保护与更新.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2011.
[28]刘睿文,刘衡.多国联合申报世界文化遗产模式的引入——以丝绸之路为例.经济地理,2005,25(2):236-239.