表面活性剂的HLB值对HMX/聚氨酯基炸药油墨流变性能的影响
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摘要
为研究表面活性剂的亲水疏水平衡值(HLB值)对炸药油墨流变性能的影响,选取Span-80和Tween-80两种非离子表面活性剂,调节其质量比配制出5组不同HLB值的混合表面活性剂,采用Brookfield(CPS)流变仪对添加表面活性剂的细化环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)/聚氨酯基炸药油墨进行粘度测试,并计算出非牛顿指数、屈服值及触变指数(TI值)。结果表明,未添加表面活性剂的炸药油墨的非牛顿指数为0.024,屈服值为467.08 Pa,TI值为36.82;表面活性剂的加入能够有效改善炸药油墨的流变性能。随着HLB值的升高,炸药油墨表观粘度在剪切速率为5~100 s~(-1)时先升高后降低,非牛顿指数和TI值呈波动变化,屈服值持续降低。当HLB值为11时,炸药油墨的非牛顿指数达到最大值0.56,屈服值达到5.38 Pa,TI值达到最小,为8.26,分别为未添加表面活性剂炸药油墨的23.33倍,1.15%和21.53%。HLB值为11的表面活性剂更有利于改善炸药油墨的流变性能。
In order to investigate the effect of hydrophile-lipophile balance(HLB) numbers on the rheological properties of explosive inks,two nonionic surfactants of Span-80 and Tween-80 were selected to obtain 5 kinds of mixed surfactants with different HLB number by adjusting mass percentage.Whereafter,the viscosity of explosive ink with mixed surfactants was tested by means of Brookfield(CPS) rheometer and non-Newtonian index,yield values and thixotropic index(TI) were calculated at same time.Results indicate that for the explosive ink without surfactant the non-ewtonian index is 0.024,yield value is 467.08 Pa and TI value is 36.82,respectively,and the rheological properties of explosive ink will be effectively improved with the addition of surfactants.With the increasing of HLB number,the apparent viscosity of explosive ink will keep up at first and then down with the shear rate ranging from 5 s~(-1) to 100 s~(-1).Meanwhile,non-Newtonian index and TI values fluctuate while yield vales continuously decrease.When HLB number is 11,the non-Newtonian index reaches the maximum 0.56,while the yield value attains the optimum value 5.38 Pa with TI value being the minimum 8.26,which are 23.33 times,1.15% and 21.53% respectively compared with those of the explosive ink without surfactants.The surfactant with whose HLB number is 11 performs best in improving rheological property of explosive ink.
In order to investigate the effect of hydrophile-lipophile balance(HLB) numbers on the rheological properties of explosive inks,two nonionic surfactants of Span-80 and Tween-80 were selected to obtain 5 kinds of mixed surfactants with different HLB number by adjusting mass percentage.Whereafter,the viscosity of explosive ink with mixed surfactants was tested by means of Brookfield(CPS) rheometer and non-Newtonian index,yield values and thixotropic index(TI) were calculated at same time.Results indicate that for the explosive ink without surfactant the non-ewtonian index is 0.024,yield value is 467.08 Pa and TI value is 36.82,respectively,and the rheological properties of explosive ink will be effectively improved with the addition of surfactants.With the increasing of HLB number,the apparent viscosity of explosive ink will keep up at first and then down with the shear rate ranging from 5 s~(-1) to 100 s~(-1).Meanwhile,non-Newtonian index and TI values fluctuate while yield vales continuously decrease.When HLB number is 11,the non-Newtonian index reaches the maximum 0.56,while the yield value attains the optimum value 5.38 Pa with TI value being the minimum 8.26,which are 23.33 times,1.15% and 21.53% respectively compared with those of the explosive ink without surfactants.The surfactant with whose HLB number is 11 performs best in improving rheological property of explosive ink.
引文
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[24]沈钟,赵振国,康万利.胶体与表面化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014:110-115.SHEN Zhong,ZHAO Zhen-guo,KANG Wan-li.Colloid and Surface Chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2014:114-115.
[25]赵蓉旭,赵举.流变助剂对高极性溶剂型涂料性能影响研究[J].中国涂料,2016,31(2):34-38.ZHAO Rong-xu,ZHAO Ju.Study on influence of rheological additives on properties of high-polarity solvent-based coatings[J].China Coatings,2016,31(2):34-38.
[2]Ihnen A,Lee W,Fuchs B,et al.Inkjet Printing of Nanocomposite High-Explosive Materials for Direct Write Fuzing[C]∥54th Fuze Conference,Kansas City,MO,May.2010:11-13.
[3]邢宗仁.含能材料三维打印快速成形技术研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2012.XING Zong-ren.Research of three-dimensional printing for energetic materials[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science&Technology,2012.
[4]Ihnen A C,Petrock A M,Chou T,et al.Crystal morphology variation in inkjet-printed organic materials[J].Applied Surface Science,2011,258(2):827-833.
[5]朱自强,陈瑾,谯志强,等.CL-20基直写炸药油墨的制备与表征[J].含能材料,2013,21(2):235-238.ZHU Zi-qiang,CHEN Jin,QIAO Zhi-qiang,et al.Preparation and characterization of direct write explosive ink based on CL-20[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2013,21(2):235-238.
[6]StecⅢD,Wilson A,Fuchs B E,et al.High explosive fills for MEMS devices:U.S.Patent 8636861[P].2014-1-28.
[7]Wang D,Zheng B,Guo C,et al.Formulation and performance of functional sub-micro CL-20-based energetic polymer composite ink for direct-write assembly[J].RSC Advances,2016,6(113):112325-112331.
[8]姚艺龙,吴立志,唐乐,等.纳米CL-20炸药含能墨水的直写规律[J].火炸药学报,2016,39(1):39-42.YAO Yi-long,WU Li-zhi,TANG Yue,et al.Direct writing rule of nano-CL-20 explosive energetic ink[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives&Propellants,2016,39(1):39-42.
[9]王小锋,孙月花,彭超群,等.直写成型用悬浮液的设计[J].无机材料学报,2015,30(11):1139-1147.
[10]Lewis J A,Smay J E,Stuecker J,et al.Direct ink writing of three-dimensional ceramic structures[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2006,89(12):3599-3609.
[11]朱自强.基于CL-20的直写炸药墨水的设计与性能研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2013.ZHU Zi-qiang.Design and characterization of CL-20 based explosive ink for direct write[D].Mianyang:Southwest University of Science and Technology,2013.
[12]张俊,李忠平,董川.表面活性剂在墨水制造中的应用[J].日用化学工业,2004,34(6):381-384.ZHANG Jun,LI Zhong-ping,DONG Chuan.Application of surfactants in ink manufacture[J].China Surfactant Detergent&Cosmetics,2004,34(6):381-384.
[13]刘东亮.表面活性剂溶液动态表面张力与印染加工应用的关系[D].上海:东华大学,2014.LIU Dong-liang.The relationship between the dynamic surface tension of the surfactant solution and the application in printing and dyeing[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2014.
[14]李晓刚,焦清介,温玉全.超细钝感HMX小尺寸沟槽装药爆轰波传播临界特性研究[J].含能材料,2008,16(4):428-431.LI Xiao-gang,JIAO Qing-jie,WEN Yu-quan.Critical characteristic of detonation propagation of superfine desensitived HMX charge in channel[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2008,16(4):428-431.
[15]任俊,沈健,卢寿慈.颗粒分散科学与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:250-257.REN Jun,SHEN Jian,LU Shou-ci.Science and Technology of Particle Dispersion[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2005:250-257.
[16]颜肖慈,罗明道.界面化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:44-45.YAN Xiao-ci,LUO Ming-dao.Interface Chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2005:44-45.
[17]许晓鹏,魏慧贤,麻建国,等.乳化剂的复配对w/o/w型复乳稳定性影响的研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,23(3):280-285.XU Xiao-peng,WEI Hui-xian,MA Jian-guo,et al.Study on influence of buildup and concentration of emulsifiers on stability of w/o/w multiple emulsions[J].Journal of Harbin University of Commerce(Natural Sciences Edition),2007,23(3):280-285.
[18]任俊,沈健,卢寿慈.颗粒分散科学与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:116-118.REN Jun,SHEN Jian,LU Shou-ci.Science and Technology of Particle Dispersion[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2005:116-118.
[19]沈娟,黄啟良,夏建波,等.分散剂及黄原胶对多菌灵悬浮剂流变性质的影响[J].农药学学报,2008,10(3):354-360.SHEN Juan,HUANG Qi-liang,XIA Jian-bo,et al.The effects of dispersant and Xanthan Gum to rheological property of carbendazim suspension[J].Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,2008,10(3):354-360.
[20]Handbook of plastic materials and technology[M].New York:Wiley,1990.
[21]Li H X,Wang J Y,An C W.Study on the rheological properties of CL-20/HTPB casting explosives[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials,2014,11(2):237-255.
[22]Liu D M.Rheology of aqueous suspensions containing highly concentrated nano-sized zirconia powders[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1998,17(22):1883-1885.
[23]Dash R K,Mehta K N,Jayaraman G.Casson fluid flow in a pipe filled with a homogeneous porous medium[J].International Journal of Engineering Science,1996,34(10):1145-1156.
[24]沈钟,赵振国,康万利.胶体与表面化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014:110-115.SHEN Zhong,ZHAO Zhen-guo,KANG Wan-li.Colloid and Surface Chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2014:114-115.
[25]赵蓉旭,赵举.流变助剂对高极性溶剂型涂料性能影响研究[J].中国涂料,2016,31(2):34-38.ZHAO Rong-xu,ZHAO Ju.Study on influence of rheological additives on properties of high-polarity solvent-based coatings[J].China Coatings,2016,31(2):34-38.