日粮补充棕榈酸对泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、血液生化指标和激素水平的影响
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摘要
旨在研究日粮补充棕榈酸对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能、血液生化指标和激素水平的影响。本研究选用体重((598.49±30.98)kg)、胎次(2～4胎)、泌乳时期(产犊15～37天)和泌乳量((20.76±3.32)kg)相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛30头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮上补充2.0%和4.0%棕榈酸,每组设10个重复,每个重复1头牛,试验期为60d。在试验开始和结束时采集奶样和血液样品,测定乳成分,同时测定血液生化指标和激素浓度。结果表明:1)3个处理组之间的日均干物质采食量、初始产奶量、饲料效率、初始乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳非脂固形物率和乳糖含量和初始的游离脂肪酸、葡萄糖、乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)浓度以及胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦素含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,2.0%和4.0%棕榈酸组显著提高产奶量、标准乳(FCM)产量和试验后乳脂率、葡萄糖、胰岛素和IGF-1浓度(P<0.05),显著降低试验后乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、胰高血糖素和瘦素浓度(P<0.05)。3)2.0%与4.0%棕榈酸组之间的产奶量、FCM、乳蛋白、乳非脂固形物率、乳糖、葡萄糖、乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、IGF-1、胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦素浓度差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮补充2.0%或4.0%棕榈酸可通过调节泌乳早期奶牛体内激素分泌,使酮体生成量减少,提高产奶量,改善乳品质。本试验条件下,综合考虑效果最佳剂量为日粮补充2.0%棕榈酸。
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation of palmitic acid on lactation performance,blood biochemical indexes and hormone concentration in early lactation Holstein dairy cows.Thirty healthy Chinese Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight ((598.49±30.98)kg),parity (2-4fetuses),lactation stage (15-37 days of calving)and lactation production ((20.76±3.32)kg)were randomly divided into 3groups,each group with10 cows and one cow in each replicate.Cows in the control group were fed the basal diet,and cows in the experimental groups were supplemented with 2.0% and 4.0% palmitic acid in the basal diet,respectively.The trial lasted for 60 days.Milk samples and blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the test to determine the milk compositions and the blood biochemical indexes and hormone concentrations.The results showed that:1)The daily dry matter intake,initial milk yield,feed efficiency,initial milk fat rate,milk protein rate,milk non-fat solid (NFS)rate,and the the contents of initial lactose,free fatty acids,glucose,acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),insulin,glucagon and leptin were not significantly different among the 3treatment groups (P>0.05);2)Compared with the control group,2.0% and 4.0% palmitic acid groups significantly increased milk yield,standard milk (FCM) yield and the post-treatment milk fat rate,glucose,insulin and IGF-1concentrations (P<0.05),and significantly decreased the post-treatment acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,free fatty acid,glucagon and leptin concentrations (P<0.05);3)There was no significant difference in milk yield,FCM yield,milk protein rate,milk NFS rate and lactose,glucose,acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,free fatty acid,IGF-1,insulin,glucagon and leptin concentrations between the 2.0%and 4.0%palmitic acid groups (P>0.05).These results indicated that dietary supplementation of 2.0% or 4.0% palmitic acid could reduce the ketone body production,improve milk production and quality by regulating hormone secretion in early lactation dairy cows.Under the conditions of this test,the best dose for the effect is to supplement the diet with 2.0% palmitic acid.
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation of palmitic acid on lactation performance,blood biochemical indexes and hormone concentration in early lactation Holstein dairy cows.Thirty healthy Chinese Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight ((598.49±30.98)kg),parity (2-4fetuses),lactation stage (15-37 days of calving)and lactation production ((20.76±3.32)kg)were randomly divided into 3groups,each group with10 cows and one cow in each replicate.Cows in the control group were fed the basal diet,and cows in the experimental groups were supplemented with 2.0% and 4.0% palmitic acid in the basal diet,respectively.The trial lasted for 60 days.Milk samples and blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the test to determine the milk compositions and the blood biochemical indexes and hormone concentrations.The results showed that:1)The daily dry matter intake,initial milk yield,feed efficiency,initial milk fat rate,milk protein rate,milk non-fat solid (NFS)rate,and the the contents of initial lactose,free fatty acids,glucose,acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),insulin,glucagon and leptin were not significantly different among the 3treatment groups (P>0.05);2)Compared with the control group,2.0% and 4.0% palmitic acid groups significantly increased milk yield,standard milk (FCM) yield and the post-treatment milk fat rate,glucose,insulin and IGF-1concentrations (P<0.05),and significantly decreased the post-treatment acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,free fatty acid,glucagon and leptin concentrations (P<0.05);3)There was no significant difference in milk yield,FCM yield,milk protein rate,milk NFS rate and lactose,glucose,acetoacetic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,free fatty acid,IGF-1,insulin,glucagon and leptin concentrations between the 2.0%and 4.0%palmitic acid groups (P>0.05).These results indicated that dietary supplementation of 2.0% or 4.0% palmitic acid could reduce the ketone body production,improve milk production and quality by regulating hormone secretion in early lactation dairy cows.Under the conditions of this test,the best dose for the effect is to supplement the diet with 2.0% palmitic acid.
引文
[1]DE SOUZA J,BATISTEL F,SANTOS F A P.Effect of sources of calcium salts of fatty acids on production,nutrient digestibility,energy balance,and carryover effects of early lactation grazing dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2017,100(2):1072-1085.
[2]WANG D M,ZHANG B X,WANG J K,et al.Short communication:Effects of dietary 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole supplementation on vitamin B12supply,lactation performance,and energy balance in dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation[J].JDairy Sci,2018,101(3):2144-2147.
[3]VAN HOEIJ R J,DIJKSTRA J,BRUCKMAIER RM,et al.The effect of dry period length and postpartum level of concentrate on milk production,energy balance,and plasma metabolites of dairy cows across the dry period and in early lactation[J].J Dairy Sci,2017,100(7):5863-5879.
[4]王聪,黄应祥,刘强,等.丙三醇对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(4):507-514.WANG C,HUANG Y X,LIU Q,et al.Effects of glycerol supplementation on feed intake,lactation performance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2009,40(4):507-514.(in Chinese)
[5]GERSPACH C,IMHASLY S,GUBLER M,et al.Altered plasma lipidome profile of dairy cows with fatty liver disease[J].Res Vet Sci,2017,110:47-59.
[6]MCART J A A,NYDAM D V,OETZEL G R.Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(9):5056-5066.
[7]RUTHERFORD A J,OIKONOMOU G,SMITH RF.The effect of subclinical ketosis on activity at estrus and reproductive performance in dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(6):4808-4815.
[8]孙玲伟,张洪友,夏成,等.奶牛酮病的血浆代谢组学分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(10):1667-1674.SUN L W,ZHANG H Y,XIA C,et al.Serum metabonomic studies of ketosis in dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(10):1667-1674.(in Chinese)
[9]VARGAS-BELLO-PREZ E,FEHRMANN-CART-ES K,IGUEZ-GONZLEZ G,et al.Short communication:Chemical composition,fatty acid composition,and sensory characteristics of Chanco cheese from dairy cows supplemented with soybean and hydrogenated vegetable oils[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(1):111-117.
[10]HASHEMZADEH-CIGARI F,GHORBANI G R,KHORVASH M,et al.Supplementation of herbal plants differently modulated metabolic profile,insulin sensitivity,and oxidative stress in transition dairy cows fed various extruded oil seeds[J].Prev Vet Med,2015,118(1):45-55.
[11]张海波.日粮添加不同脂肪酸对泌乳早期奶牛糖和脂肪代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):85-88.ZHANG H B.Effects of dietary supplementing different fatty acids on glucose and lipid metabolism in early lactating cows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2018,54(1):85-88.(in Chinese)
[12]徐晓燕,王加启,卜登攀,等.日粮添加不同来源脂肪酸对奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2012,27(3):71-75.XU X Y,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Effect of supplementing different sources of fatty acids on lipid metabolism and endocrine response of mid-lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association,2012,27(3):71-75.(in Chinese)
[13]王建平,王加启,李发弟,等.饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛产奶性能、采食量和能量代谢的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2010,25(2):101-106.WANG J P,WANG J Q,LI F D,et al.Effects of supplemental saturated fatty acids on mid-lactating heat stress dairy cows[J].Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association,2010,25(2):101-106.(in Chinese)
[14]DE SOUZA J,LOCK A L.Long-term palmitic acid supplementation interacts with parity in lactating dairy cows:Production responses,nutrient digestibility,and energy partitioning[J].J Dairy Sci,2018,101(4):3044-3056.
[15]LOFTEN J R,LINN J G,DRACKLEY J K,et al.Invited review:Palmitic and stearic acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(8):4661-4674.
[16]MATHEWS A T,RICO J E,SPRENKLE N T,et al.Increasing palmitic acid intake enhances milk production and prevents glucose-stimulated fatty acid disappearance without modifying systemic glucose tolerance in mid-lactation dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(11):8802-8816.
[17]ZHANG H,WANG Z,LIU G,et al.Effect of dietary fat supplementation on milk components and blood parameters of early-lactating cows under heat stress[J].Slovak J Anim Sci,2011,44(2):52-58.
[18]PIANTONI P,LOCK A L,ALLEN M S.Palmitic acid increased yields of milk and milk fat and nutrient digestibility across production level of lactating cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2013,96(11):7143-7154.
[19]RICO J E,MATHEWS A T,LOVETT J,et al.Palmitic acid feeding increases ceramide supply in association with increased milk yield,circulating nonesterified fatty acids,and adipose tissue responsiveness to a glucose challenge[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(11):8817-8830.
[20]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[21]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and quality inspection technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[22]ABENI F,CALAMARI L,STEFANINI L.Metabolic conditions of lactating Friesian cows during the hot season in the Po valley.1.Blood indicators of heat stress[J].Int J Biometeorol,2007,52(2):87-96.
[23]CHOI B R,PALMQUIST D L,ALLEN M S.Cholecystokinin mediates depression of feed intake in dairy cattle fed high fat diets[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2000,19(3):159-175.
[24]CLEMMONS D R.Role of insulin-like growth factor iin maintaining normal glucose homeostasis[J].Horm Res,2004,62Suppl 1:77-82.
[25]NAWATHE A R,CHRISTIAN M,KIM S H,et al.Insulin-like growth factor axis in pregnancies affected by fetal growth disorders[J].Clin Epigenetics,2016,8:11.
[26]BACH L A.Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-an update[J].Pediatr Endocrinol Rev,2015,13(2):521-530.
[27]MURNEY R,STELWAGEN K,WHEELER T T,et al.The effects of milking frequency on insulin-like growth factor I signaling within the mammary gland of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(8):5422-5428.
[28]HERNNDEZ H,FLORES J A,DELGADILLO JA,et al.Effects of exposure to artificial long days on milk yield,maternal insulin-like growth factor 1levels and kid growth rate in subtropical goats[J].Anim Sci J,2016,87(4):484-491.
[29]MADSBAD S.The role of glucagon-like peptide-1impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications[J].Diabetes Obes Meta,2014,16(1):9-21.
[30]EHRHARDT R A,FOSKOLOS A,GIESY S L,et al.Increased plasma leptin attenuates adaptive metabolism in early lactating dairy cows[J].J Endocrinol,2016,229(2):145-157.
[2]WANG D M,ZHANG B X,WANG J K,et al.Short communication:Effects of dietary 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole supplementation on vitamin B12supply,lactation performance,and energy balance in dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation[J].JDairy Sci,2018,101(3):2144-2147.
[3]VAN HOEIJ R J,DIJKSTRA J,BRUCKMAIER RM,et al.The effect of dry period length and postpartum level of concentrate on milk production,energy balance,and plasma metabolites of dairy cows across the dry period and in early lactation[J].J Dairy Sci,2017,100(7):5863-5879.
[4]王聪,黄应祥,刘强,等.丙三醇对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(4):507-514.WANG C,HUANG Y X,LIU Q,et al.Effects of glycerol supplementation on feed intake,lactation performance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2009,40(4):507-514.(in Chinese)
[5]GERSPACH C,IMHASLY S,GUBLER M,et al.Altered plasma lipidome profile of dairy cows with fatty liver disease[J].Res Vet Sci,2017,110:47-59.
[6]MCART J A A,NYDAM D V,OETZEL G R.Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(9):5056-5066.
[7]RUTHERFORD A J,OIKONOMOU G,SMITH RF.The effect of subclinical ketosis on activity at estrus and reproductive performance in dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(6):4808-4815.
[8]孙玲伟,张洪友,夏成,等.奶牛酮病的血浆代谢组学分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(10):1667-1674.SUN L W,ZHANG H Y,XIA C,et al.Serum metabonomic studies of ketosis in dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(10):1667-1674.(in Chinese)
[9]VARGAS-BELLO-PREZ E,FEHRMANN-CART-ES K,IGUEZ-GONZLEZ G,et al.Short communication:Chemical composition,fatty acid composition,and sensory characteristics of Chanco cheese from dairy cows supplemented with soybean and hydrogenated vegetable oils[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(1):111-117.
[10]HASHEMZADEH-CIGARI F,GHORBANI G R,KHORVASH M,et al.Supplementation of herbal plants differently modulated metabolic profile,insulin sensitivity,and oxidative stress in transition dairy cows fed various extruded oil seeds[J].Prev Vet Med,2015,118(1):45-55.
[11]张海波.日粮添加不同脂肪酸对泌乳早期奶牛糖和脂肪代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):85-88.ZHANG H B.Effects of dietary supplementing different fatty acids on glucose and lipid metabolism in early lactating cows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2018,54(1):85-88.(in Chinese)
[12]徐晓燕,王加启,卜登攀,等.日粮添加不同来源脂肪酸对奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2012,27(3):71-75.XU X Y,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Effect of supplementing different sources of fatty acids on lipid metabolism and endocrine response of mid-lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association,2012,27(3):71-75.(in Chinese)
[13]王建平,王加启,李发弟,等.饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛产奶性能、采食量和能量代谢的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2010,25(2):101-106.WANG J P,WANG J Q,LI F D,et al.Effects of supplemental saturated fatty acids on mid-lactating heat stress dairy cows[J].Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association,2010,25(2):101-106.(in Chinese)
[14]DE SOUZA J,LOCK A L.Long-term palmitic acid supplementation interacts with parity in lactating dairy cows:Production responses,nutrient digestibility,and energy partitioning[J].J Dairy Sci,2018,101(4):3044-3056.
[15]LOFTEN J R,LINN J G,DRACKLEY J K,et al.Invited review:Palmitic and stearic acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(8):4661-4674.
[16]MATHEWS A T,RICO J E,SPRENKLE N T,et al.Increasing palmitic acid intake enhances milk production and prevents glucose-stimulated fatty acid disappearance without modifying systemic glucose tolerance in mid-lactation dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(11):8802-8816.
[17]ZHANG H,WANG Z,LIU G,et al.Effect of dietary fat supplementation on milk components and blood parameters of early-lactating cows under heat stress[J].Slovak J Anim Sci,2011,44(2):52-58.
[18]PIANTONI P,LOCK A L,ALLEN M S.Palmitic acid increased yields of milk and milk fat and nutrient digestibility across production level of lactating cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2013,96(11):7143-7154.
[19]RICO J E,MATHEWS A T,LOVETT J,et al.Palmitic acid feeding increases ceramide supply in association with increased milk yield,circulating nonesterified fatty acids,and adipose tissue responsiveness to a glucose challenge[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(11):8817-8830.
[20]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[21]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and quality inspection technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[22]ABENI F,CALAMARI L,STEFANINI L.Metabolic conditions of lactating Friesian cows during the hot season in the Po valley.1.Blood indicators of heat stress[J].Int J Biometeorol,2007,52(2):87-96.
[23]CHOI B R,PALMQUIST D L,ALLEN M S.Cholecystokinin mediates depression of feed intake in dairy cattle fed high fat diets[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2000,19(3):159-175.
[24]CLEMMONS D R.Role of insulin-like growth factor iin maintaining normal glucose homeostasis[J].Horm Res,2004,62Suppl 1:77-82.
[25]NAWATHE A R,CHRISTIAN M,KIM S H,et al.Insulin-like growth factor axis in pregnancies affected by fetal growth disorders[J].Clin Epigenetics,2016,8:11.
[26]BACH L A.Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-an update[J].Pediatr Endocrinol Rev,2015,13(2):521-530.
[27]MURNEY R,STELWAGEN K,WHEELER T T,et al.The effects of milking frequency on insulin-like growth factor I signaling within the mammary gland of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(8):5422-5428.
[28]HERNNDEZ H,FLORES J A,DELGADILLO JA,et al.Effects of exposure to artificial long days on milk yield,maternal insulin-like growth factor 1levels and kid growth rate in subtropical goats[J].Anim Sci J,2016,87(4):484-491.
[29]MADSBAD S.The role of glucagon-like peptide-1impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications[J].Diabetes Obes Meta,2014,16(1):9-21.
[30]EHRHARDT R A,FOSKOLOS A,GIESY S L,et al.Increased plasma leptin attenuates adaptive metabolism in early lactating dairy cows[J].J Endocrinol,2016,229(2):145-157.