洞庭湖水质变化及其形成机制分析
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摘要
利用洞庭湖区14个监测断面的1991-2015年水质监测数据以及入出湖9个水文站的径流量和输沙量数据,结合水质单因子评价法和综合营养状态指数法系统评价和分析了洞庭湖水质与营养状态演变特征。结果表明:洞庭湖水质整体上表现出明显的恶化趋势,由1991-1994年的Ⅱ类水质为主演变为2011-2015年的Ⅳ水质为主;洞庭湖富营养化状态由中营养状态逐步演变为轻度富营养化,导致水质变化的关键指标是TN和TP;从空间分布看,东洞庭湖污染最为严重,西、南洞庭湖污染较轻。探讨了洞庭湖水质变化的主要致污因子,点源和面源是其两大主要污染物来源,同时还受江湖关系变化的影响,尤其是受到荆江三口来水锐减的影响。最后对治理湖区水质环境提出建议和对策,为湖区水生态安全提供理论基础和政策支持。
Based on the water quality monitoring data of 14 monitoring sections of Dongting Lake in 1991-2015 and runoff and sediment discharge monitoring data of nine hydrological stations input and output of the lake,the temporal and spatial trends of water quality and characteristics of nutrient condition evolution in Dongting Lake were analyzed using single factor's evaluation and water trophic level index( TLI).The results showed that the overall water quality of Dongting Lake showed a significant deterioration. The water quality of Dongting Lake remained at a level of Ⅳ in the years 2011-2015,and the percentages ofⅠ-Ⅲ level declined significantly from 1991 to 1994. The eutrophication of lakes gradually became mild eutrophication,and the main pollutants were TN and TP. From the spatial distribution,eastern Dongting Lake pollution was the most serious. Western Dongting Lake and Southern Dongting Lake were less polluted. Then the formation mechanism and the highest pollution factors of water quality change in Dongting Lake were reviewed. Industrial wastewater,domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution comprised the main pollution sources. At the same time,water quality change was also adversely affected by the change of river-lake relation,especially the three outlets of the Jingjiang River. A series of prevention and control measures for water quality in the Lake District was later put forward,aiming at providing some reliable theoretical basis and technical support for water quality safety in Dongting Lake.
Based on the water quality monitoring data of 14 monitoring sections of Dongting Lake in 1991-2015 and runoff and sediment discharge monitoring data of nine hydrological stations input and output of the lake,the temporal and spatial trends of water quality and characteristics of nutrient condition evolution in Dongting Lake were analyzed using single factor's evaluation and water trophic level index( TLI).The results showed that the overall water quality of Dongting Lake showed a significant deterioration. The water quality of Dongting Lake remained at a level of Ⅳ in the years 2011-2015,and the percentages ofⅠ-Ⅲ level declined significantly from 1991 to 1994. The eutrophication of lakes gradually became mild eutrophication,and the main pollutants were TN and TP. From the spatial distribution,eastern Dongting Lake pollution was the most serious. Western Dongting Lake and Southern Dongting Lake were less polluted. Then the formation mechanism and the highest pollution factors of water quality change in Dongting Lake were reviewed. Industrial wastewater,domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution comprised the main pollution sources. At the same time,water quality change was also adversely affected by the change of river-lake relation,especially the three outlets of the Jingjiang River. A series of prevention and control measures for water quality in the Lake District was later put forward,aiming at providing some reliable theoretical basis and technical support for water quality safety in Dongting Lake.
引文
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[17]谭支良,王久荣,潘亚飞,等.洞庭湖退田还湖区畜牧业资源与环境评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(3):327-332.
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[20]王婷,王坤,王丽婧,等.三峡工程运行对洞庭湖水环境及富营养化风险影响评述[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(1):15-24.
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[2]胡光伟,黄作维,许滢,等.洞庭湖生态经济区水资源与社会经济发展协同度评价[J].水资源与水工程学报,2018,29(5):21-27+34.
[3]胡光伟,毛德华. 2016年春末夏初洞庭湖流域降雨特征与水情分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2017(4):20-26.
[4]曾文,钟声.新中国成立以来洞庭湖区生态环境危机与治理[J].经济地理,2016,36(10):172-178.
[5]张光贵,王丑明,田琪.三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖水质变化分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(4):734-742.
[6]胡光伟,毛德华,李正最,等.三峡工程运行以来洞庭湖水沙过程变异及其影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(5):170-175+192.
[7]胡光伟,张连.三峡工程运行后洞庭湖区饮用水的安全现状及影响因素分析[J].科技导报,2018,36(12):86-93.
[8]胡光伟,毛德华,李正最,等.三峡工程运行对洞庭湖与荆江三口关系的影响分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(3):453-461.
[9]王旭,孙长虹,杨龙,等.江湖关系演变对洞庭湖水质变化影响研究[J].环境保护科学,2014,40(6):7-13.
[10]申锐莉,鲍征宇,周旻,等.洞庭湖湖区水质时空演化(1983-2004年)[J].湖泊科学,2007,19(6):677-682.
[11]彭莹莹.洞庭湖水质综合评价研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2016.
[12]刘妍,张建明,陈政,等.洞庭湖水质污染现状及影响因素分析[J].当代水产,2007,32(8):34-35.
[13]ZHANG M,ZHANG W J. Water quality analysis and water environment protection in Dongting Lake[J]. Journal of Changjiang Engineering Vocational College,2011.
[14]毛德华,李正最,李志龙,等.后三峡时代洞庭湖区水生态安全问题研究[C]//后三峡时代洞庭湖区水生态安全问题研究.湖南省农业系统工程学会2012年年会论文集. 2012.
[15]ZHONG Zhenyu,CHEN Can. Water Quality and Eutrophication Analysis in Lake Dongting[J]. Environmental Science&Management,2011,25(6):1771-1797(27).
[16]何介南,康文星,袁正科.洞庭湖湿地污染物的来源分析[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(17):239-244.
[17]谭支良,王久荣,潘亚飞,等.洞庭湖退田还湖区畜牧业资源与环境评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(3):327-332.
[18]钟振宇,陈灿.洞庭湖水质及富营养状态评价[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(7):169-173.
[19]黄代中,万群,李利强,等.洞庭湖近20年水质与富营养化状态变化[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(1):27-33.
[20]王婷,王坤,王丽婧,等.三峡工程运行对洞庭湖水环境及富营养化风险影响评述[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(1):15-24.
[21]庹瑞锐.三峡工程运营后对洞庭湖水环境影响及其治理对策研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2011.