青贮玉米高产群体生理特性及其对密度的响应
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摘要
为了探讨不同密度水平对青贮玉米高产群体生理特性及农艺性状的影响,以高产、广适青贮玉米杂交种大京九26为材料,设置5.25万,6.00万,6.75万,7.50万,8.25万,9.00万株/hm~2 6个密度水平,研究其产量突破21 000 kg/hm~2的高产群体生理特征、农艺性状对密度的响应。结果表明,青贮玉米生物产量随种植密度的增加而增加,突破21 000 kg/hm~2处理为6.75万,7.50万株/hm~2,分别为21 751.1, 22 551.1 kg/hm~2,5.25万株/hm~2处理产量最低,7.50万株/hm~2处理较5.25万株/hm~2处理增幅为30.4%,达极显著水平。不同种植密度的群体叶面积系数吐丝期达最大值。其中6.75万,7.50万株/hm~2 2个处理最高,分别达5.19,5.32,青贮收获期分别为3.68,3.85。光合势随种植密度的增加而增加,为正向效应,总光合势为326.51×10~4～384.37×10~4(m~2·d)/hm~2;玉米光合生产率随密度的增加而下降,平均光合生产率为6.50～7.64 g/(m~2·d);密度对农艺性状影响大小依次为单株鲜质量(17.6%)>单株干质量(15.5%)>穗位高(4.7%)>持绿性(3.0%)>植株含水量(2.1%)>茎粗(1.9%)>株高(1.8%)。青贮玉米生物产量突破21 000 kg/hm~2的最佳种植密度为7.50万株/hm~2。
Dajingjiu 26, a high yield and widely adaptive silage maize hybrid, was used as material to study the effects of different densities on the physiological characteristics and agronomic characters of high-yield population of silage maize in the West Liao-river Plain of Inner Mongolia, and six density levels were designed, i.e. 52 500, 60 000, 67 500, 75 000, 82 500 and 90 000 plants/ha, and the response of physiological characteristics and agronomic characters of high-yield population exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha to density was studied. The results showed that the biological yield of silage maize increased with the increase of planting density. The treatment of exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha were 67 500 and 75 000 plants/ha, reaching 21 751.1 and 22 551.1 kg/ha respectively. The yield of 52 500 plants/ha treatment was lowest, and the yield of 75 000 plants/ha treatment was 30.4% higher than that of 52 500 plants/ha treatment, reaching an extremely significant level. The population leaf area index of different planting densities presented reached the maximum value at silking stage. The two treatments of 67 500 and 75 000 plants/ha were highest as 5.19 and 5.32 respectively, retaining 3.68 and 3.85 at silage harvest stage. The photosynthetic potential increased with the increase of planting density, which was a positive effect, and the total photosynthetic potential was 326.51×10~4-384.37×10~4(m~2·d)/ha. The photosynthetic productivity of maize decreased with the increase of planting density, and the average photosynthetic productivity ranged from 6.50 to 7.64 g/(m~2·d); The influence of planting density on the agronomic trait were in turn as follows: the fresh weight of single plant(17.6%), dry weight of single plant(15.5%), ear height(4.7%), staying green(3.0%), plant moisture content(2.1%), stem diameter(1.9%) and plant height(1.8%). The best planting density of silage maize exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha was 75 000 plants/ha.
Dajingjiu 26, a high yield and widely adaptive silage maize hybrid, was used as material to study the effects of different densities on the physiological characteristics and agronomic characters of high-yield population of silage maize in the West Liao-river Plain of Inner Mongolia, and six density levels were designed, i.e. 52 500, 60 000, 67 500, 75 000, 82 500 and 90 000 plants/ha, and the response of physiological characteristics and agronomic characters of high-yield population exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha to density was studied. The results showed that the biological yield of silage maize increased with the increase of planting density. The treatment of exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha were 67 500 and 75 000 plants/ha, reaching 21 751.1 and 22 551.1 kg/ha respectively. The yield of 52 500 plants/ha treatment was lowest, and the yield of 75 000 plants/ha treatment was 30.4% higher than that of 52 500 plants/ha treatment, reaching an extremely significant level. The population leaf area index of different planting densities presented reached the maximum value at silking stage. The two treatments of 67 500 and 75 000 plants/ha were highest as 5.19 and 5.32 respectively, retaining 3.68 and 3.85 at silage harvest stage. The photosynthetic potential increased with the increase of planting density, which was a positive effect, and the total photosynthetic potential was 326.51×10~4-384.37×10~4(m~2·d)/ha. The photosynthetic productivity of maize decreased with the increase of planting density, and the average photosynthetic productivity ranged from 6.50 to 7.64 g/(m~2·d); The influence of planting density on the agronomic trait were in turn as follows: the fresh weight of single plant(17.6%), dry weight of single plant(15.5%), ear height(4.7%), staying green(3.0%), plant moisture content(2.1%), stem diameter(1.9%) and plant height(1.8%). The best planting density of silage maize exceeding yield of 21 000 kg/ha was 75 000 plants/ha.
引文
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[2] 丁光省.美国青贮玉米种植情况的调研报告[J].中国乳业,2019(205):24-29.doi:10.16172/j.cnki.114768.2018.04.001.Ding G X.Investigation report on silage maize cultivation in the United States[J].Chinese Dairy,2019(205):24-29.
[3] 郭振升,皇甫自起,张慎举,刘艳侠,侯乐新.豫东平原夏玉米高产群体生理指标研究[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(17):4054-4057.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0439-8114.2013.17.007.Guo Z S,Huang F Z Q,Zhang S J,Liu Y X,Hou L X.Study on population physiological indices of summer maize with high yield on eastern henan plain[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2013,52(17):4054-4057.
[4] 肖万欣,刘晶,史磊,赵海岩,王延波.氮密互作对不同株型玉米形态、光合性能及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(19):3690-3701.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.006.Xiao W X,Liu J,Shi L,Zhao H Y,Wang Y B.Effects of the interaction nitrogen and density on maize morphology,photosynthetic performance and yield of different plant types[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(19):3690-3701.
[5] 张建军,樊廷录,党翼,赵刚,王磊,李尚中.揭膜时期和施氮量对陇东旱塬春玉米群体生理指标及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(4):90-96.doi:10.11838/sfsc.20160415.Zhang J J,Fan T L,Dang Y,Zhao G,Wang L,Li S Z.Effects of stripping period and nitrogen application on physiological indexes and yield of spring maize population in Long Dong,Han Yuan[J].Chinese Soil and Fertilizer,2016(4):90-96.
[6] 郭春明,王雪,赵鑫,梁烜赫,曹铁华.密度调控对半干旱区不同株型玉米品种冠层和产量指标的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(6):113-118.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20170618.Guo C M,Wang X,Zhao X,Liang X H,Cao T H.Effects of density regulation on canopy and yield index of maize varieties of different plant types in semi-arid region[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2017,25(6):113-118.
[7] 徐宗贵,孙磊,王浩,王淑兰,王小利,李军.种植密度对旱地不同株型春玉米品种光合特性与产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(13):2463-2475.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.13.006.Xu Z G,Sun L,Wang H,Wang S L,Wang X L,Li J.Effects of planting density on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring maize varieties with different plant types in dry land[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(13):2463-2475.
[8] 胡跃高,刘景辉.青贮玉米研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006:37-81.Hu Y G,Liu J H.Study on silage maize[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2006:37-81.
[9] 李波,陈喜昌,高云,张宇.青贮玉米生物产量与植株主要农艺性状相关的研究[J].玉米科学,2005,13(2):76-78.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0906.2005.02.024.Li B,Chen X C,Gao Y,Zhang Y.Correlation study on the main agronomic characters of plant and organism yield of silage maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2005,13(2):76-78.
[10] 张瑞霞,刘景辉,牛敏,王东儒,杜桢,石崇博.不同收获期青贮玉米品种营养成分的积累与分配[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):112-116.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0906.2006.06.029.Zhang R X,Liu J H,Niu M,Wang D R,Du Z,Shi C B.Accumulation and distribution of nutrients of silage maize in different harvest periods[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(6):112-116.
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[13] 檀尊社,陈润玲,赵保献,韩卫红,雷晓兵,梁晓伟,游福欣,王定勋.玉米新品种豫玉27群体生理指标的研究[J].西北农业学报,2003,12(2):31-35.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2003.02.009.Tan Z S,Chen R L,Zhao B X,Han W H,Lei X B,Liang X W,You F X,Wang D X.A study on the population physiologic indexes of new maize cultivar yuyu 27[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2003,12(2):31-35.
[14] 李鑫,刁明,魏列,熊金海,王江丽,李鲁华.不同配置方式对麦后免耕复播滴灌青贮玉米生物产量及品质的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(04):589-595.doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.04.001.Li X,Diao M,Wei L,Xiong J H,Wang J L,Li L H.Effects of different allocation methods on biological yield and quality of silage maize under no-tillage and repeated sowing and drip irrigation after wheat harvesting[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science,2016,53(04):589-595.
[15] 薛珠政,卢和顶,林建新,杨人震.种植密度对玉米单株和群体效应的影响[J].玉米科学,1999,7(2):52-54.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.1999.02.016.Xue Z Z,Lu H D,Lin J X,Yang R Z.Effect of planting density on individual plant and population effect of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,1999,7(2):52-54.
[16] 张洪艳,吕超,代玉仙,李淑华,于明彦,徐国良,任军.2014年美国玉米高产竞赛简报[J].玉米科学,2015,23(3):154-158.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20150326.Zhang H Y,Lv C,Dai Y X,Li S H,Yu M Y,Xu G L,Ren J.Competition briefing of high yield maize in the United States in 2014[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(3):154-158.
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