Q偏移技术在深海地震资料处理中的应用研究
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摘要
深海探区蕴含着大量的油气资源,高质量的地震资料是识别有利储层的关键,然而,一些探区由于浅层气云、气烟囱、泥浆带、低速异常体等高吸收异常带的存在,造成深层地震波振幅变弱,频率降低,严重影响构造成像精度.Q偏移技术来补偿深海地震资料的吸收衰减,首先采用谱比法建立时间域的等效Q场;其次,基于等效Q场进行深度域Q层析反演建立准确的Q场模型;最后基于高精度Q场进行克希霍夫Q叠前深度偏移.将该技术在某海外深海探区实际资料处理中应用,浅层低速异常造成的能量吸收现象得到了解决,弱能量区的成像质量得到了明显改善.
Deep-marine exploration area contains a large amount of oil and gas resources, the seismic data of high quality is the key to the identification of favorable reservoirs. However, some area because of the existence of high absorption anomaly zones such as shallow gas clouds, gas chimney,mud band or low-velocity anomaly, leads to weakening of seismic wave amplitude, as well as decrease of frequency,and will seriously affect the imaging accuracy of deep formation. Q migration technique is used to compensate for absorption attenuation in seismic propagation. The equivalent Q field firstly established in time domain based Log Spectral Ratio(LSR); secondly, based on the equivalent Q field,carry on depth domain Q tomographic inversion to establish Q field model accurately; finally, carry out kirchhoff Q prestack depth migration based on high precision Q field. The technology is applied to the real seismic data processing in a deep-sea exploration area. The weak energy phenomenon caused by shallow low-velocity anomaly absorption is solved, and the imaging quality of the weak energy area has been improved significantly.
Deep-marine exploration area contains a large amount of oil and gas resources, the seismic data of high quality is the key to the identification of favorable reservoirs. However, some area because of the existence of high absorption anomaly zones such as shallow gas clouds, gas chimney,mud band or low-velocity anomaly, leads to weakening of seismic wave amplitude, as well as decrease of frequency,and will seriously affect the imaging accuracy of deep formation. Q migration technique is used to compensate for absorption attenuation in seismic propagation. The equivalent Q field firstly established in time domain based Log Spectral Ratio(LSR); secondly, based on the equivalent Q field,carry on depth domain Q tomographic inversion to establish Q field model accurately; finally, carry out kirchhoff Q prestack depth migration based on high precision Q field. The technology is applied to the real seismic data processing in a deep-sea exploration area. The weak energy phenomenon caused by shallow low-velocity anomaly absorption is solved, and the imaging quality of the weak energy area has been improved significantly.
引文
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Cavalca M,Fletcher R,Riedel M. 2013. Q-compensation in complex media ray-based and wavefeild extrapolation approaches [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 83th SEG Annual International Meeting,3831-3835.
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Hu W,Liu J,Bear L,et al. 2011. A robust and accurate seismic attenuation tomography algorithm[C]// 81th SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2727-2731.
Keers H,Vasco D W,Johnson L R. 2001. Viscoacoustic crosswell imaging using asymptotic waveforms [J]. Geophysics,66(3): 861-870.
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Qi P F. 2013. Research on seismic wave attenuation compensation [MSc thesis]. Changchun: Jilin University.戚鹏飞. 2013. 地震波吸收衰减补偿研究[硕士论文]. 北京:中国地质大学.
Tonn R. 1989. Comparison of seven methods for the computation of Q [J]. Geophysics,53(3- 4): 259-268.
Wang Y H. 2007. Inverse-Q filtered migration [J]. Geophysics,73(1): S1-S6.
Wang Z Q,Ye Y M,Zhuang X J,et al. 2016. Application of layer-constrained grid to tomographic velocity modeling in onshore salt domes area [J]. Natural Gas Geoscience (in Chinese),27(11): 2070-2076,doi:10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2016.11.2070.王兆旗,叶月明,庄锡进,等. 2016. 层控网格层析速度建模技术在陆上盐丘区的应用[J]. 天然气地球科学,27(11): 2070-2076,doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2016.11.2070.
Xin K F,Hung B. 2010. 3-D tomographic Q inversion for compensating frequency dependent attenuation and dispersion [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 79th SEG Annual International Meeting,4014- 4018.
Xin K F,Hung B,Birdus B,et al. 2008. 3D tomographic amplitude inversion for compensating amplitude attenuation in the overburden [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 78th SEG Annual International Meeting,3239-3243.
Xin K F,He Y,Xie Y,et al. 2014. Robust Q tomographic inversion through adaptive extraction of spectral features [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 84th SEG Annual International Meeting,3726-3730.
Xu K,Sun Z D. 2018. Least-squares reverse time migration based on visco-acoustic attenuation compensation [J]. Geophsical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),57(3): 419- 427,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2018.03.011.徐凯,孙赞东. 2018. 基于黏声衰减补偿的最小二乘逆时偏移[J]. 石油物探,57(3): 419- 427,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2018.03.011.
Yang W Y. 2004. Amplitude-preserved migration with viscoelastic wave equations [Ph.D. thesis]. Beijing: Chinese academy of geologiacl sciences.杨午阳. 2004. 黏弹性波动方程保幅偏移技术研究[博士论文]. 北京: 中国地质科学院.
Yun M H,Dang P F,Li W N,et al. 2017. On issues of formation quality factor Q inversion [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),52(1): 189-198,doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2017.01.026.云美厚,党鹏飞,李伟娜,等. 2017. 地层品质因子Q值地震反演问题剖析[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,52(1): 189-198,doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2017.01.026.
Zhang G L. 2008. Seismic wave’s absorption characteristic and application studies[ Master’s thesis]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology.张固澜. 2008. 地震波吸收特性及应用研究[硕士论文]. 成都:成都理工大学.
Zhang J F,Wu J Z,Li X J. 2013. Compensation for absorption and dispersion in prestack migration: an effective Q approach [J]. Geophysics,78(1): S1-S14.
Zhang L B,Wang H Z. 2010. A stable inverse Q migration [J]. Geophsical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),49(2): 115-120,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2010.02.002.张立彬,王华忠. 2010. 稳定的反Q 偏移方法研究[J]. 石油物探,49(2): 115-120,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2010.02.002.
Zhou J,Chia P,Ng H,et al. 2015. Unlocking the full potential of broadband data with advanced processing and imaging technology,a case study from NWS Australia [C]// 84th Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1- 4.
Zuo G P,Fan G Z,Lü F L,et al. 2018. Accumulation conditions and seismic identification techniques of shallow gas in the Bay of Bengal [J]. Lithologic Reservoirs (in Chinese),30(2): 110-119,doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20180212.左国平,范国章,吕福亮,等. 2018. 孟加拉湾浅层气成藏条件及地震识别技术[J]. 岩性油气藏,30(2): 110-119,doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20180212.
巫南克,周怀来. 2016. 谱比法的影响因素研究及应用效果分析[J]. 物探化探计算技术,38(2): 225-231,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1749.2016.02.13.
Chen X. 2016. Study on one-way wave equation forward modeling and inverse Q migration in viscoelastic TI media [Ph.D. thesis]. Changchun: Ji Lin University.陈雪. 2016. 黏弹TI介质单程波正演模拟与反Q偏移研究[博士论文]. 长春:吉林大学.
Cavalca M,Fletcher R,Riedel M. 2013. Q-compensation in complex media ray-based and wavefeild extrapolation approaches [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 83th SEG Annual International Meeting,3831-3835.
Ding Z Y,Guo J Q,Gong T J,et al. 2017. Application and results of Q-migration technique in shallow marine gas area [C]// Symposium on geophysical prospecting technology of Chinese Petroleum Society in 2017,1056-1058.丁在宇,郭建卿,宫同举,等. 2017. Q偏移处理技术在浅海气云区成像的应用与效果[C]//中国石油学会2017年物探技术研讨会,1056-1058.
Futterman W I. 1962. Dispersive body waves [J]. Geophysics Research,67(13): 5729-5291.
Gao J H,Yang S L. 2007. On the method of quality factors estimation from zero-offset VSP data [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese),50(4): 1198-1209,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.04.029.高静怀,杨森林. 2007. 利用零偏VSP资料估计介质品质因子方法研究[J]. 地球物理学报,50(4): 1198-1209,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.04.029.
Gao J H,Yang S L,Wang D X. 2008. Quality factor extraction using instantaneous frequency at envelope peak of direct waves of VSP data [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese),51(3): 853-861,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.03.026.高静怀,杨森林,王大兴. 2008. 利用VSP资料直达波的包络峰值处瞬时频率提取介质品质因子[J]. 地球物理学报,51(3): 853-861,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.03.026.
Hu W,Liu J,Bear L,et al. 2011. A robust and accurate seismic attenuation tomography algorithm[C]// 81th SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2727-2731.
Keers H,Vasco D W,Johnson L R. 2001. Viscoacoustic crosswell imaging using asymptotic waveforms [J]. Geophysics,66(3): 861-870.
Ma Z J,Liu Y. 2005. A summary of research on seismic attenuation [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),20(4): 1074-1082,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2005.04.031.马昭军,刘洋. 2005. 地震波衰减反演研究综述[J]. 地球物理学进展,20(4): 1074-1082,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2005.04.031.
Qi P F. 2013. Research on seismic wave attenuation compensation [MSc thesis]. Changchun: Jilin University.戚鹏飞. 2013. 地震波吸收衰减补偿研究[硕士论文]. 北京:中国地质大学.
Tonn R. 1989. Comparison of seven methods for the computation of Q [J]. Geophysics,53(3- 4): 259-268.
Wang Y H. 2007. Inverse-Q filtered migration [J]. Geophysics,73(1): S1-S6.
Wang Z Q,Ye Y M,Zhuang X J,et al. 2016. Application of layer-constrained grid to tomographic velocity modeling in onshore salt domes area [J]. Natural Gas Geoscience (in Chinese),27(11): 2070-2076,doi:10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2016.11.2070.王兆旗,叶月明,庄锡进,等. 2016. 层控网格层析速度建模技术在陆上盐丘区的应用[J]. 天然气地球科学,27(11): 2070-2076,doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2016.11.2070.
Xin K F,Hung B. 2010. 3-D tomographic Q inversion for compensating frequency dependent attenuation and dispersion [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 79th SEG Annual International Meeting,4014- 4018.
Xin K F,Hung B,Birdus B,et al. 2008. 3D tomographic amplitude inversion for compensating amplitude attenuation in the overburden [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 78th SEG Annual International Meeting,3239-3243.
Xin K F,He Y,Xie Y,et al. 2014. Robust Q tomographic inversion through adaptive extraction of spectral features [C]//Expanded Abstracts of 84th SEG Annual International Meeting,3726-3730.
Xu K,Sun Z D. 2018. Least-squares reverse time migration based on visco-acoustic attenuation compensation [J]. Geophsical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),57(3): 419- 427,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2018.03.011.徐凯,孙赞东. 2018. 基于黏声衰减补偿的最小二乘逆时偏移[J]. 石油物探,57(3): 419- 427,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2018.03.011.
Yang W Y. 2004. Amplitude-preserved migration with viscoelastic wave equations [Ph.D. thesis]. Beijing: Chinese academy of geologiacl sciences.杨午阳. 2004. 黏弹性波动方程保幅偏移技术研究[博士论文]. 北京: 中国地质科学院.
Yun M H,Dang P F,Li W N,et al. 2017. On issues of formation quality factor Q inversion [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),52(1): 189-198,doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2017.01.026.云美厚,党鹏飞,李伟娜,等. 2017. 地层品质因子Q值地震反演问题剖析[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,52(1): 189-198,doi: 10.13810/j.cnki.issn.1000-7210.2017.01.026.
Zhang G L. 2008. Seismic wave’s absorption characteristic and application studies[ Master’s thesis]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology.张固澜. 2008. 地震波吸收特性及应用研究[硕士论文]. 成都:成都理工大学.
Zhang J F,Wu J Z,Li X J. 2013. Compensation for absorption and dispersion in prestack migration: an effective Q approach [J]. Geophysics,78(1): S1-S14.
Zhang L B,Wang H Z. 2010. A stable inverse Q migration [J]. Geophsical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),49(2): 115-120,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2010.02.002.张立彬,王华忠. 2010. 稳定的反Q 偏移方法研究[J]. 石油物探,49(2): 115-120,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2010.02.002.
Zhou J,Chia P,Ng H,et al. 2015. Unlocking the full potential of broadband data with advanced processing and imaging technology,a case study from NWS Australia [C]// 84th Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1- 4.
Zuo G P,Fan G Z,Lü F L,et al. 2018. Accumulation conditions and seismic identification techniques of shallow gas in the Bay of Bengal [J]. Lithologic Reservoirs (in Chinese),30(2): 110-119,doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20180212.左国平,范国章,吕福亮,等. 2018. 孟加拉湾浅层气成藏条件及地震识别技术[J]. 岩性油气藏,30(2): 110-119,doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20180212.
巫南克,周怀来. 2016. 谱比法的影响因素研究及应用效果分析[J]. 物探化探计算技术,38(2): 225-231,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1749.2016.02.13.