非肥厚型心肌病引起的二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动
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摘要
二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动(SAM)是心脏收缩期间二尖瓣前叶向室间隔的运动,SAM可导致严重的二尖瓣反流和左心室流出道梗阻。SAM多见于肥厚型心肌病,同时还可发生于二尖瓣修复术后、急性心肌梗死、Takotsubo综合征、主动脉瓣置换术后等情况。理解SAM的发生条件和产生机制对早期识别和治疗至关重要。
Systolic anterior motion(SAM) of the mitral valve refers to movement of the anterior mitral valve toward the interventricular septum during systole, which can cause mitral regurgitation and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. SAM is usually seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,Besides, it can also occur in patients after mitral valve repair, acute myocardial infarction, Takotsubo syndrome, and aortic valve replacement et. It is essential to understanding clinical settings and mechanism of SAM so that we can recognize and treat it as soon as possible.
Systolic anterior motion(SAM) of the mitral valve refers to movement of the anterior mitral valve toward the interventricular septum during systole, which can cause mitral regurgitation and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. SAM is usually seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,Besides, it can also occur in patients after mitral valve repair, acute myocardial infarction, Takotsubo syndrome, and aortic valve replacement et. It is essential to understanding clinical settings and mechanism of SAM so that we can recognize and treat it as soon as possible.
引文
[1]赵梦林,于婕,祖凌云.肥厚型心肌病的诊断和防治进展[J].中国心血管杂志,2017,22(5):364-368.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.05.012.Zhao ML,Yu J,Zu LY.Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J].Chin J Cardiovasc Med,2017,22(5):364-368.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.05.012.
[2]Uematsu S,Takaghi A,Imamura Y,et al.Clinical features of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve among patients without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J].J Cardiol,2017,69(2):495-500.DOI:10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.04.004.
[3]Henry WL,Clark CE,Griffith JM,et al.Mechanism of left ventricular outlfow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy(idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis)[J].Am J Cardiol,1975,35(3):337-345.
[4]Hymel BJ,Townsley MM.Echocardiographic assessment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve[J].Anesth Analg,2014,118(6):1197-1201.DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000196.
[5]Ro R,Halpern D,Sahn DJ,et al.Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2014,64(19):1984-1995.DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.090.
[6]Levine RA,Schwammenthal E,Song JK.Diastolic leading to systolic anterior motion:new technology reveals physiology[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(19):1996-1999.DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.010.
[7]Said SM,Schaff HV,Suri RM,et al.Bulging subaortic septum:an important risk factor for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2011,91(5):1427-1432.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.084.
[8]Pai RG,Jintapakorn W,Tanimoto M,et al.Role of papillary muscle position and mitral valve structure in systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflets in hyperdynamic left ventricular function[J].Am J Cardiol,1995,76(8):623-638.
[9]Maslow AD,Regan MM,Haering JM,et al.Echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after mitral valve reconstruction for myxomatous valve disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1999,34(7):2096-2104.
[10]Manabe S,Kasegawa H,Fukui T,et al.Influence of left ventricular function on development of systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,146(2):291-295.e1.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.015.
[11]Kahn RA,Mittnacht AJ,Anyanwu AC.Systolic anterior motion as a result of relative"undersizing"of a mitral valve annulus in a patient with Barlow's disease[J].Anesth Analg,2009,108(4):1102-1104.DOI:10.1213/ane.0b013e31819664e4.
[12]Manabe S,Kasegawa H,Arai H,et al.Management of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:a mechanism-based approach[J].Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2018,66(7):379-389.DOI:10.1007/s11748-018-0915-0.
[13]Varghese R,Itagaki S,Anyanwu AC,et al.Predicting systolic anterior motion after mitral valve reconstruction:using intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography to identify those at greatest risk[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2014,45(1):132-137.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezt234.
[14]Kuperstein R,Spiegelstein D,Rotem G,et al.Late clinical outcome of transient intraoperative systolic anterior motion post mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2015,149(2):471-476.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.043.
[15]Denti P,Pozzoli A,Geretto A,et al.Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair:a predictive computational model[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2017,25(4):513-519.DOI:10.1093/icvts/ivx186.
[16]Loulmet DF,Yaffee DW,Ursomanno PA,et al.Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:a 30-year perspective[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,148(6):2787-2793.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.076.
[17]Crescenzi G,Landoni G,Zangrillo A,et al.Management and decision-making strategy for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2009,137(2):320-325.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.018.
[18]Alfieri O,Lapenna E.Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair:where do we stand in 2015?[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2015,48(3):344-346.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezv230.
[19]Myers PO,Khalpey Z,Maloney AM,et al.Edge-to-edge repair for prevention and treatment of mitral valve systolic anterior motion[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,146(4):836-840.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.051.
[20]Kehl DW,Rader F,Pollick C,et al.Medical Management(beta Blocker±Disopyramide)of Left Ventricular Outflow Gradient Secondary to Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve After Repair[J].Am J Cardiol,2016,118(7):1053-1056.DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.046.
[21]Kvitting JP,Nielsen NE,Vanhanen I,et al.Surgical management of outflow tract obstruction after transapical mitral valve implantation[J].J Card Surg,2018,33(9):545-547.DOI:10.1111/jocs.13771.
[22]Colli A,Manzan E,Aidietis A,et al.An early European experience with transapical off-pump mitral valve repair with Neo Chord implantation[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2018,54(3):460-466.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezy064.
[23]Salizzoni S,Marro M,Rovera C,et al.Off-Pump Neo Chord Mitral Valve Repair to Simultaneously Treat Posterior Leaflet Prolapse and Systolic Anterior Motion[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2017,103(1):e29-e30.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.05.052.
[24]Meuwese CL,Boulaksil M,van Dijk J,et al.Transient left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:A stunning cause[J].Echocardiography,2017,34(7):1089-1091.DOI:10.1111/echo.13553.
[25]Chockalingam A,Tejwani L,Aggarwal K,et al.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in acute myocardial infarction with shock:cause,effect,and coincidence[J].Circulation,2007,116(5):e110-113.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.711697.
[26]Matyal R,Warraich HJ,Karthik S,et al.Anterior myocardial infarction with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2011,91(3):e39-40.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.10.087.
[27]Hrovatin E,Piazza R,Pavan D,et al.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction:a serious and potentially fatal complication?[J].Echocardiography,2002,19(6):449-455.
[28]Templin C,Ghadri JR,Diekmann J,et al.Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo(Stress)Cardiomyopathy[J].N Engl JMed,2015,373(10):929-938.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1406761.
[29]Pelliccia F,Kaski JC,Crea F,et al.Pathophysiology of Takotsubo Syndrome[J].Circulation,2017,135(24):2426-2441.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027121.
[30]Ghadri JR,Wittstein IS,Prasad A,et al.International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome(Part I):Clinical Characteristics,Diagnostic Criteria,and Pathophysiology[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(22):2032-2046.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076.
[31]De Backer O,Debonnaire P,Gevaert S,et al.Prevalence,associated factors and management implications of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in takotsubo cardiomyopathy:a twoyear,two-center experience[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2014,14:147.DOI:10.1186/1471-2261-14-147.
[32]den Uil CA,Ter Horst M,Akin S,et al.Severe Systolic Anterior Motion After Aortic Valve Replacement and Cox MAZESurgery[J].J Card Surg,2016,31(7):429-431.DOI:10.1111/jocs.12763.
[33]Sukernik MR,Sumner AD,Pae WE.Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2007,21(4):574-576.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2006.11.018.
[34]Shapeton A.Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction and Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve Complicating Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2019,33(3):858-862.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.05.010.
[35]Tsuruta H,Hayashida K,Yashima F,et al.Incidence,predictors,and midterm clinical outcomes of left ventricular obstruction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,92(4):E288-E298.DOI:10.1002/ccd.27508.
[36]Lim JY,Choi JO,Oh JK,et al.Concomitant septal myectomy in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis[J].Circ J,2015,79(2):375-380.DOI:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0672.
[37]Kayalar N,Schaff HV,Daly RC,et al.Concomitant septal myectomy at the time of aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2010,89(2):459-464.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.10.065.
[38]Iyer MH,Essandoh M.Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve Causing Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction:An Underappreciated Complication During Lung Transplantation[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2018,32(2):e40-e41.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2017.07.006.
[39]Murtha W,Guenther C.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction complicating bilateral lung transplantation[J].Anesth Analg,2002,94(3):558-559;table of contents.
[40]Essandoh M,Otey AJ,Dalia A,et al.Refractory Hypotension after Liver Allograft Reperfusion:A Case of Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2016,3:3.DOI:10.3389/fmed.2016.00003.
[41]Levi A,Sagie A,Kornowski R.Mitra Clip-induced systolic anterior motion complicated by pericardial effusion:A case report[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,91(7):1371-1374.DOI:10.1002/ccd.26476.
[42]Leya F,Tuchek JM,Coats W.Abnormal distortion of aortic corevalve bioprosthesis with suicide left ventricle,aortic insufficiency,and severe mitral regurgitation during transcatheter aortic valve replacement[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2016,88(7):1181-1187.DOI:10.1002/ccd.26463.
[43]Tsuruta H,Hayashida K,Yashima F,et al.Incidence,predictors,and midterm clinical outcomes of left ventricular obstruction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,92(4):E288-E298.DOI:10.1002/ccd.27508.
[44]Doi YL,Mc Kenna WJ,Oakley CM,et al.'Pseudo'systolic anterior motion in patients with hypertensive heart disease[J].Eur Heart J,1983,4(12):838-845.
[45]Maraud L,Gin H,Roudaut R,et al.Echocardiographic study of left ventricular function in type 1 diabetes mellitus:hypersensitivity of beta-adrenergic stimulation[J].Diabetes Res Clin Pract,1991,11(3):161-168.
[46]Luria D,Klutstein MW,Rosenmann D,et al.Prevalence and significance of left ventricular outflow gradient during dobutamine echocardiography[J].Eur Heart J,1999,20(5):386-392.
[47]朱昌盛,陈海波,崔颢,等.二尖瓣收缩期前向运动的外科治疗现状[J].中华胸心血管外科杂志,2016,32(7):437-439.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-4497.2016.07.020.Zhu CS,Chen HB,Cui H,et al.Current status of surgical treatment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve[J].Chinese Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,2016,32(7):437-439.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-4497.2016.07.020.
[2]Uematsu S,Takaghi A,Imamura Y,et al.Clinical features of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve among patients without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J].J Cardiol,2017,69(2):495-500.DOI:10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.04.004.
[3]Henry WL,Clark CE,Griffith JM,et al.Mechanism of left ventricular outlfow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy(idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis)[J].Am J Cardiol,1975,35(3):337-345.
[4]Hymel BJ,Townsley MM.Echocardiographic assessment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve[J].Anesth Analg,2014,118(6):1197-1201.DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000196.
[5]Ro R,Halpern D,Sahn DJ,et al.Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2014,64(19):1984-1995.DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.090.
[6]Levine RA,Schwammenthal E,Song JK.Diastolic leading to systolic anterior motion:new technology reveals physiology[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(19):1996-1999.DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.010.
[7]Said SM,Schaff HV,Suri RM,et al.Bulging subaortic septum:an important risk factor for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2011,91(5):1427-1432.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.084.
[8]Pai RG,Jintapakorn W,Tanimoto M,et al.Role of papillary muscle position and mitral valve structure in systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflets in hyperdynamic left ventricular function[J].Am J Cardiol,1995,76(8):623-638.
[9]Maslow AD,Regan MM,Haering JM,et al.Echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after mitral valve reconstruction for myxomatous valve disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1999,34(7):2096-2104.
[10]Manabe S,Kasegawa H,Fukui T,et al.Influence of left ventricular function on development of systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,146(2):291-295.e1.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.015.
[11]Kahn RA,Mittnacht AJ,Anyanwu AC.Systolic anterior motion as a result of relative"undersizing"of a mitral valve annulus in a patient with Barlow's disease[J].Anesth Analg,2009,108(4):1102-1104.DOI:10.1213/ane.0b013e31819664e4.
[12]Manabe S,Kasegawa H,Arai H,et al.Management of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:a mechanism-based approach[J].Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2018,66(7):379-389.DOI:10.1007/s11748-018-0915-0.
[13]Varghese R,Itagaki S,Anyanwu AC,et al.Predicting systolic anterior motion after mitral valve reconstruction:using intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography to identify those at greatest risk[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2014,45(1):132-137.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezt234.
[14]Kuperstein R,Spiegelstein D,Rotem G,et al.Late clinical outcome of transient intraoperative systolic anterior motion post mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2015,149(2):471-476.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.043.
[15]Denti P,Pozzoli A,Geretto A,et al.Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair:a predictive computational model[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2017,25(4):513-519.DOI:10.1093/icvts/ivx186.
[16]Loulmet DF,Yaffee DW,Ursomanno PA,et al.Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:a 30-year perspective[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,148(6):2787-2793.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.076.
[17]Crescenzi G,Landoni G,Zangrillo A,et al.Management and decision-making strategy for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2009,137(2):320-325.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.018.
[18]Alfieri O,Lapenna E.Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair:where do we stand in 2015?[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2015,48(3):344-346.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezv230.
[19]Myers PO,Khalpey Z,Maloney AM,et al.Edge-to-edge repair for prevention and treatment of mitral valve systolic anterior motion[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,146(4):836-840.DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.051.
[20]Kehl DW,Rader F,Pollick C,et al.Medical Management(beta Blocker±Disopyramide)of Left Ventricular Outflow Gradient Secondary to Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve After Repair[J].Am J Cardiol,2016,118(7):1053-1056.DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.046.
[21]Kvitting JP,Nielsen NE,Vanhanen I,et al.Surgical management of outflow tract obstruction after transapical mitral valve implantation[J].J Card Surg,2018,33(9):545-547.DOI:10.1111/jocs.13771.
[22]Colli A,Manzan E,Aidietis A,et al.An early European experience with transapical off-pump mitral valve repair with Neo Chord implantation[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2018,54(3):460-466.DOI:10.1093/ejcts/ezy064.
[23]Salizzoni S,Marro M,Rovera C,et al.Off-Pump Neo Chord Mitral Valve Repair to Simultaneously Treat Posterior Leaflet Prolapse and Systolic Anterior Motion[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2017,103(1):e29-e30.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.05.052.
[24]Meuwese CL,Boulaksil M,van Dijk J,et al.Transient left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve:A stunning cause[J].Echocardiography,2017,34(7):1089-1091.DOI:10.1111/echo.13553.
[25]Chockalingam A,Tejwani L,Aggarwal K,et al.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in acute myocardial infarction with shock:cause,effect,and coincidence[J].Circulation,2007,116(5):e110-113.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.711697.
[26]Matyal R,Warraich HJ,Karthik S,et al.Anterior myocardial infarction with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2011,91(3):e39-40.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.10.087.
[27]Hrovatin E,Piazza R,Pavan D,et al.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction:a serious and potentially fatal complication?[J].Echocardiography,2002,19(6):449-455.
[28]Templin C,Ghadri JR,Diekmann J,et al.Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo(Stress)Cardiomyopathy[J].N Engl JMed,2015,373(10):929-938.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1406761.
[29]Pelliccia F,Kaski JC,Crea F,et al.Pathophysiology of Takotsubo Syndrome[J].Circulation,2017,135(24):2426-2441.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027121.
[30]Ghadri JR,Wittstein IS,Prasad A,et al.International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome(Part I):Clinical Characteristics,Diagnostic Criteria,and Pathophysiology[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(22):2032-2046.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076.
[31]De Backer O,Debonnaire P,Gevaert S,et al.Prevalence,associated factors and management implications of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in takotsubo cardiomyopathy:a twoyear,two-center experience[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2014,14:147.DOI:10.1186/1471-2261-14-147.
[32]den Uil CA,Ter Horst M,Akin S,et al.Severe Systolic Anterior Motion After Aortic Valve Replacement and Cox MAZESurgery[J].J Card Surg,2016,31(7):429-431.DOI:10.1111/jocs.12763.
[33]Sukernik MR,Sumner AD,Pae WE.Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2007,21(4):574-576.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2006.11.018.
[34]Shapeton A.Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction and Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve Complicating Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2019,33(3):858-862.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.05.010.
[35]Tsuruta H,Hayashida K,Yashima F,et al.Incidence,predictors,and midterm clinical outcomes of left ventricular obstruction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,92(4):E288-E298.DOI:10.1002/ccd.27508.
[36]Lim JY,Choi JO,Oh JK,et al.Concomitant septal myectomy in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis[J].Circ J,2015,79(2):375-380.DOI:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0672.
[37]Kayalar N,Schaff HV,Daly RC,et al.Concomitant septal myectomy at the time of aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2010,89(2):459-464.DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.10.065.
[38]Iyer MH,Essandoh M.Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve Causing Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction:An Underappreciated Complication During Lung Transplantation[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2018,32(2):e40-e41.DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2017.07.006.
[39]Murtha W,Guenther C.Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction complicating bilateral lung transplantation[J].Anesth Analg,2002,94(3):558-559;table of contents.
[40]Essandoh M,Otey AJ,Dalia A,et al.Refractory Hypotension after Liver Allograft Reperfusion:A Case of Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2016,3:3.DOI:10.3389/fmed.2016.00003.
[41]Levi A,Sagie A,Kornowski R.Mitra Clip-induced systolic anterior motion complicated by pericardial effusion:A case report[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,91(7):1371-1374.DOI:10.1002/ccd.26476.
[42]Leya F,Tuchek JM,Coats W.Abnormal distortion of aortic corevalve bioprosthesis with suicide left ventricle,aortic insufficiency,and severe mitral regurgitation during transcatheter aortic valve replacement[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2016,88(7):1181-1187.DOI:10.1002/ccd.26463.
[43]Tsuruta H,Hayashida K,Yashima F,et al.Incidence,predictors,and midterm clinical outcomes of left ventricular obstruction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2018,92(4):E288-E298.DOI:10.1002/ccd.27508.
[44]Doi YL,Mc Kenna WJ,Oakley CM,et al.'Pseudo'systolic anterior motion in patients with hypertensive heart disease[J].Eur Heart J,1983,4(12):838-845.
[45]Maraud L,Gin H,Roudaut R,et al.Echocardiographic study of left ventricular function in type 1 diabetes mellitus:hypersensitivity of beta-adrenergic stimulation[J].Diabetes Res Clin Pract,1991,11(3):161-168.
[46]Luria D,Klutstein MW,Rosenmann D,et al.Prevalence and significance of left ventricular outflow gradient during dobutamine echocardiography[J].Eur Heart J,1999,20(5):386-392.
[47]朱昌盛,陈海波,崔颢,等.二尖瓣收缩期前向运动的外科治疗现状[J].中华胸心血管外科杂志,2016,32(7):437-439.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-4497.2016.07.020.Zhu CS,Chen HB,Cui H,et al.Current status of surgical treatment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve[J].Chinese Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,2016,32(7):437-439.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-4497.2016.07.020.