东寨港红树林湿地蚂蚁物种多样性与分布格局初探
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摘要
为了揭示东寨港红树林湿地蚂蚁的物种多样性与分布格局,采用陷阱法、定点采集(计数)法并辅以现场补充观察研究了东寨港红树林湿地蚂蚁的物种空间分布特征。结果显示,东寨港红树林湿地共有蚁科(Formicidae)昆虫5亚科17属32种。其中,以道学的物种丰富度最高,塔市次之,河港再次,三江-罗豆最少。在9类生境中,低干扰大面积高林生境与低干扰小面积高林生境的蚂蚁物种最丰富,均达13种。对于不同蚂蚁种类,占据生境类型较多、分布较广泛的是东京弓背蚁(Camponotus vitiosus)、异色小家蚁(Monomorium floricola)和黑褐举腹蚁(Crematogaster rogenhoferi)。群落相似性分析发现,东寨港红树林湿地的蚂蚁物种组成在东寨港红树林四大片以及9类生境之间相似性均不高。总体来看,高干扰生境之间的物种组成相似度显著较高,低干扰生境之间的物种组成相似度显著较低,而基于面积和植被类型划分的各类生境之间的物种组成相似度则均无显著差异。本研究结果可为更好地理解东寨港红树林湿地蚂蚁多样性与维持机制提供参考。
A survey was conducted to study the spatial distribution characteristics of ant species in Dongzhaigang mangroves by pit-fall trap, on-site counts of individuals and complementary observation, in order to reveal the species diversity and distribution pattern of ant species in Dongzhaigang mangroves. A total of 32 species belonging to 17 genera and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae was recorded in Dongzhaigang mangroves, in where the order of four districts based on species richness, from high to low, was Daoxue, Tashi, Hegang and Sanjiang-Luodou. With regard to the habitats of nine types, the highest species was found in the habitats with low disturbance, small area and tall canopies, and with low disturbance, large area and tall canopies. The Camponotus vitiosus, Monomorium floricola and Crematogaster rogenhoferi are the most widely distributed species, occupying the widest range of habitats in the study area. Based on the analysis of community similarity,it was found that the similarity indices were not high among the four districts and the nine habitats. In general, the similarities of species composition were significantly higher among highly disturbed habitats, and were significantly lower among lowly disturbed habitats, however, the similarities were different with no statistical significances among habitat types, irrespectively by plot area and vegetation height. Based on our investigation, it is necessary to carry out further studies to reveal the formation and maintenance mechanism of ant diversity of Dongzhaigang mangroves more deeply.
A survey was conducted to study the spatial distribution characteristics of ant species in Dongzhaigang mangroves by pit-fall trap, on-site counts of individuals and complementary observation, in order to reveal the species diversity and distribution pattern of ant species in Dongzhaigang mangroves. A total of 32 species belonging to 17 genera and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae was recorded in Dongzhaigang mangroves, in where the order of four districts based on species richness, from high to low, was Daoxue, Tashi, Hegang and Sanjiang-Luodou. With regard to the habitats of nine types, the highest species was found in the habitats with low disturbance, small area and tall canopies, and with low disturbance, large area and tall canopies. The Camponotus vitiosus, Monomorium floricola and Crematogaster rogenhoferi are the most widely distributed species, occupying the widest range of habitats in the study area. Based on the analysis of community similarity,it was found that the similarity indices were not high among the four districts and the nine habitats. In general, the similarities of species composition were significantly higher among highly disturbed habitats, and were significantly lower among lowly disturbed habitats, however, the similarities were different with no statistical significances among habitat types, irrespectively by plot area and vegetation height. Based on our investigation, it is necessary to carry out further studies to reveal the formation and maintenance mechanism of ant diversity of Dongzhaigang mangroves more deeply.
引文
[1]徐正会.西双版纳自然保护区蚁科昆虫生物多样性研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社, 2002.
[2] H?LLDOBLER B,WILSON E O. The ants[M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[3] LACH L,PARR C L,ABBOTT K L. Ant ecology[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[4] OSBORN F,GOITIA W,CABRERA M. Ants, plants and butterflies as diversity indicators:comparisons between strata at six forest sites in Venezuela[J]. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment,1999,34(1):59-64.
[5]李巧,陈又清,郭萧,等.节肢动物作为生物指示物对生态恢复的评价[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2006,26(3):117-122.
[6]李巧,涂璟,张学仕,等.昆明松花坝水源保护区云南松林地表蚂蚁多样性[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(2):210-217.
[7]李巧,卢志兴,张威,等.地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用[J].生态学报,2015,35(18):6199-6207.
[8]李可力.蚂蚁物种丰富度和功能丰富度分布及其影响因子——以云南省绿春县为例[D].昆明:中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫所,2015.
[9]卢志兴,李可力,张念念,等.巨桉林和天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁多样性及指示种[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(4):576-580.
[10]卢志兴,陈又清.蚂蚁对不同土地利用的物种响应及生物指示——以云南为例[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(5):950-960.
[11]林鹏.中国红树林生态系[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[12]王伯荪,张炜银,昝启杰,等.红树植物之诠释[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42(3):42-6.
[13]辛琨,黄星,张淑萍.海南东寨港红树林湿地生态功能评价[J].湿地科学与管理,2008,4(4):28-31.
[14]周善义,蒋国芳.广西英罗港红树林区蚁科昆虫记述[J].广西科学,1997(1):73-74.
[15] SIMBERLOFF D S,WILSON E O. Experimental zoogeography of islands:the colonization of empty islands[J]. Ecology,1969,50(2):278-296.
[16] CLAY R E,ANDERSEN A N. Ant fauna of a mangrove community in the Australian seasonal tropics, with particular reference to zonation[J]. Australian Journal of Zoology,1996,44(5):521-533.
[17] ALANG R N N R,JUSOH W F A W,NUR-ZATI A M,et al. Ant diversity on Sonneratia caseolaris trees in Rembau-Linggi man?grove forest, Peninsular Malaysia[J]. Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research,2010(10):77-82.
[18] HOGARTH P J. The biology of mangroves and seagrasses[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
[19] OZAKI K,TAKASHIMA S,SUKO O. Ant predation suppresses populations of the scale insect Aulacaspis marina in natural man?grove forests[J]. Biotropica,2000,32(4):764-768.
[20] OFFENBERG J,HAVANON S,AKSORNKOAE S,et al. Observations on the ecology of weaver ants(Oecophylla smaragdina Fa?bricius)in a Thai mangrove ecosystem and their effect on herbivory of Rhizophora mucronata Lam[J]. Biotropica,2010,36(3):344-351.
[21] RAJAPAKSHA A C D,WICKRAMASINGHE M G V,JAYATISSA L P,et al. Weaver ants as potential controlling agent of the mangrove apple fruit borer[C]//DAHDOUH-GUEBAS F, SATYANARAYANA B. Meeting on mangrove ecology, functioning and management. Belgium:Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee,2012:143.
[22] DíAZ-CASTELAZO C,RICO-GRAY V,OLIVEIRA P S,et al. Extrafloral nectary-mediated ant-plant interactions in the coastal vegetation of Veracruz, Mexico:richness, occurrence,seasonality,and ant foraging patterns[J].écoscience,2016,11(4):472-481.
[23] PIOVIA-SCOTT J. Plant phenotype influences the effect of ant mutualists on a polymorphic mangrove[J]. Journal of Ecology,2011,99(1):327-34.
[24] NIELSEN M G. Nesting biology of the mangrove mud-nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)in north?ern Australia[J]. Insectes Sociaux,1997,44(1):15-21.
[25] NIELSEN M G. Two specialised ant species, Crematogaster(australis Mayr group)sp. and Polyrhachis sokolova Forel in Darwin Harbour mangroves[J]. Northern Territory Naturalist,1997,15(1):1-5.
[26] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,BIRKMOSE D. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the nests of the mud-dwelling mangrove ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)[J]. Austral Entomology,2003,42(4):357-362.
[27] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,HENRIKSEN P G,et al. Respiration by mangrove ants Camponotus anderseni during nest submer?sion associated with tidal inundation in Northern Australia[J]. Physiological Entomology,2006,31(2):120-126.
[28] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K A. The mangrove ant, Camponotus anderseni, switches to anaerobic respiration in response to ele?vated CO2levels[J]. Journal of Insect Physiology,2007,53(5):505-508.
[29] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,MALTE H. Hypoxic conditions and oxygen supply in nests of the mangrove ant, Camponotus an?derseni, during and after inundation[J]. Insectes Sociaux,2009,56(1):35-39.
[30] SAVAGE A M,HACKETT B,GUéNARD B,et al. Fine-scale heterogeneity across Manhattan's urban habitat mosaic is associated with variation in ant composition and richness[J]. Insect Conservation&Diversity,2015,8(3):216-228.
[31] GIPPET J M,MONDY N,DIALLO-DUDEK J,et al. I’m not like everybody else:urbanization factors shaping spatial distribution of native and invasive ants are species-specific[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(1):157-169.
[32] COLE B J. Assembly of mangrove ant communities:patterns of geographical distribution[J]. The Journal of Animal Ecology,1983,52(2):339-347.
[33] DAUBER J,BENGTSSON J,LENOIR L. Evaluating effects of habitat loss and land-use continuity on ant species richness in semi?natural grassland remnants[J]. Conservation Biology,2010,20(4):1150-1160.
[34] SCHOEREDER J H,SOBRINHO T G,RIBAS C R,et al. Colonization and extinction of ant communities in a fragmented landscape[J]. Austral Ecology,2004,29(4):391-398.
[35] DAUBER J,HIRSCH M,SIMMERING D,et al. Landscape structure as an indicator of biodiversity:matrix effects on species rich?ness[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2003,98(1):321-329.
[36] LIU C,DUDLEY K L,XU Z H,et al. Mountain metacommunities:climate and spatial connectivity shape ant diversity in a complex landscape[J]. Ecography,2018,41(1):101-112.
[37] RESASCO J,HADDAD N M,ORROCK J L,et al. Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce di?versity of native species[J]. Ecology,2014,95(8):2033-2039.
[38]吴瑞,王道儒.东寨港国家级自然保护区现状与管理对策研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2013,30(8):73-76.
[39]周善义.广西蚂蚁[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2001.
[40]吴坚,王常禄.中国蚂蚁[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
[41]郭萧,林强,崔晋波,等.重庆市茶园蚂蚁物种多样性及空间分布格局[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(5):585-593.
[42] HOFFMANN B D,ANDERSEN A N. Responses of ants to disturbance in Australia, with particular reference to functional groups[J]. Austral Ecology,2003,28(4):444-464.
[2] H?LLDOBLER B,WILSON E O. The ants[M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[3] LACH L,PARR C L,ABBOTT K L. Ant ecology[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[4] OSBORN F,GOITIA W,CABRERA M. Ants, plants and butterflies as diversity indicators:comparisons between strata at six forest sites in Venezuela[J]. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment,1999,34(1):59-64.
[5]李巧,陈又清,郭萧,等.节肢动物作为生物指示物对生态恢复的评价[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2006,26(3):117-122.
[6]李巧,涂璟,张学仕,等.昆明松花坝水源保护区云南松林地表蚂蚁多样性[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(2):210-217.
[7]李巧,卢志兴,张威,等.地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用[J].生态学报,2015,35(18):6199-6207.
[8]李可力.蚂蚁物种丰富度和功能丰富度分布及其影响因子——以云南省绿春县为例[D].昆明:中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫所,2015.
[9]卢志兴,李可力,张念念,等.巨桉林和天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁多样性及指示种[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(4):576-580.
[10]卢志兴,陈又清.蚂蚁对不同土地利用的物种响应及生物指示——以云南为例[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(5):950-960.
[11]林鹏.中国红树林生态系[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[12]王伯荪,张炜银,昝启杰,等.红树植物之诠释[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42(3):42-6.
[13]辛琨,黄星,张淑萍.海南东寨港红树林湿地生态功能评价[J].湿地科学与管理,2008,4(4):28-31.
[14]周善义,蒋国芳.广西英罗港红树林区蚁科昆虫记述[J].广西科学,1997(1):73-74.
[15] SIMBERLOFF D S,WILSON E O. Experimental zoogeography of islands:the colonization of empty islands[J]. Ecology,1969,50(2):278-296.
[16] CLAY R E,ANDERSEN A N. Ant fauna of a mangrove community in the Australian seasonal tropics, with particular reference to zonation[J]. Australian Journal of Zoology,1996,44(5):521-533.
[17] ALANG R N N R,JUSOH W F A W,NUR-ZATI A M,et al. Ant diversity on Sonneratia caseolaris trees in Rembau-Linggi man?grove forest, Peninsular Malaysia[J]. Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research,2010(10):77-82.
[18] HOGARTH P J. The biology of mangroves and seagrasses[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
[19] OZAKI K,TAKASHIMA S,SUKO O. Ant predation suppresses populations of the scale insect Aulacaspis marina in natural man?grove forests[J]. Biotropica,2000,32(4):764-768.
[20] OFFENBERG J,HAVANON S,AKSORNKOAE S,et al. Observations on the ecology of weaver ants(Oecophylla smaragdina Fa?bricius)in a Thai mangrove ecosystem and their effect on herbivory of Rhizophora mucronata Lam[J]. Biotropica,2010,36(3):344-351.
[21] RAJAPAKSHA A C D,WICKRAMASINGHE M G V,JAYATISSA L P,et al. Weaver ants as potential controlling agent of the mangrove apple fruit borer[C]//DAHDOUH-GUEBAS F, SATYANARAYANA B. Meeting on mangrove ecology, functioning and management. Belgium:Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee,2012:143.
[22] DíAZ-CASTELAZO C,RICO-GRAY V,OLIVEIRA P S,et al. Extrafloral nectary-mediated ant-plant interactions in the coastal vegetation of Veracruz, Mexico:richness, occurrence,seasonality,and ant foraging patterns[J].écoscience,2016,11(4):472-481.
[23] PIOVIA-SCOTT J. Plant phenotype influences the effect of ant mutualists on a polymorphic mangrove[J]. Journal of Ecology,2011,99(1):327-34.
[24] NIELSEN M G. Nesting biology of the mangrove mud-nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)in north?ern Australia[J]. Insectes Sociaux,1997,44(1):15-21.
[25] NIELSEN M G. Two specialised ant species, Crematogaster(australis Mayr group)sp. and Polyrhachis sokolova Forel in Darwin Harbour mangroves[J]. Northern Territory Naturalist,1997,15(1):1-5.
[26] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,BIRKMOSE D. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the nests of the mud-dwelling mangrove ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)[J]. Austral Entomology,2003,42(4):357-362.
[27] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,HENRIKSEN P G,et al. Respiration by mangrove ants Camponotus anderseni during nest submer?sion associated with tidal inundation in Northern Australia[J]. Physiological Entomology,2006,31(2):120-126.
[28] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K A. The mangrove ant, Camponotus anderseni, switches to anaerobic respiration in response to ele?vated CO2levels[J]. Journal of Insect Physiology,2007,53(5):505-508.
[29] NIELSEN M G,CHRISTIAN K,MALTE H. Hypoxic conditions and oxygen supply in nests of the mangrove ant, Camponotus an?derseni, during and after inundation[J]. Insectes Sociaux,2009,56(1):35-39.
[30] SAVAGE A M,HACKETT B,GUéNARD B,et al. Fine-scale heterogeneity across Manhattan's urban habitat mosaic is associated with variation in ant composition and richness[J]. Insect Conservation&Diversity,2015,8(3):216-228.
[31] GIPPET J M,MONDY N,DIALLO-DUDEK J,et al. I’m not like everybody else:urbanization factors shaping spatial distribution of native and invasive ants are species-specific[J]. Urban Ecosystems,2017,20(1):157-169.
[32] COLE B J. Assembly of mangrove ant communities:patterns of geographical distribution[J]. The Journal of Animal Ecology,1983,52(2):339-347.
[33] DAUBER J,BENGTSSON J,LENOIR L. Evaluating effects of habitat loss and land-use continuity on ant species richness in semi?natural grassland remnants[J]. Conservation Biology,2010,20(4):1150-1160.
[34] SCHOEREDER J H,SOBRINHO T G,RIBAS C R,et al. Colonization and extinction of ant communities in a fragmented landscape[J]. Austral Ecology,2004,29(4):391-398.
[35] DAUBER J,HIRSCH M,SIMMERING D,et al. Landscape structure as an indicator of biodiversity:matrix effects on species rich?ness[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2003,98(1):321-329.
[36] LIU C,DUDLEY K L,XU Z H,et al. Mountain metacommunities:climate and spatial connectivity shape ant diversity in a complex landscape[J]. Ecography,2018,41(1):101-112.
[37] RESASCO J,HADDAD N M,ORROCK J L,et al. Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce di?versity of native species[J]. Ecology,2014,95(8):2033-2039.
[38]吴瑞,王道儒.东寨港国家级自然保护区现状与管理对策研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2013,30(8):73-76.
[39]周善义.广西蚂蚁[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2001.
[40]吴坚,王常禄.中国蚂蚁[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
[41]郭萧,林强,崔晋波,等.重庆市茶园蚂蚁物种多样性及空间分布格局[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(5):585-593.
[42] HOFFMANN B D,ANDERSEN A N. Responses of ants to disturbance in Australia, with particular reference to functional groups[J]. Austral Ecology,2003,28(4):444-464.