我国驯鹿Rangifer tarandus的种群分布、数量及致危原因
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摘要
2012年7月至2013年8月间,在大兴安岭对我国驯鹿Rangifer tarandus开展了野外调查,以确定其分布及种群数量波动,并分析其致危原因.结果表明:我国驯鹿仅分布于大兴安岭西北麓的内蒙古根河地区(E 121°11′-122°25′,N 50°42′-51°50′),其分布区与我国鄂温克族聚居区完全重叠.我国现存驯鹿种群718头,分布于12个彼此隔离的种群,各驯鹿种群数量分布极不均匀,每个种群由9~240头驯鹿组成,大部分种群呈典型小种群状态,其平均种群大小仅为59.83头(±18.42,n=12);驯鹿分布生境的海拔区间为700~926m,平均海拔为813.67m(±21.72m,n=12);小种群及相关的近交衰退、生境丧失及适宜性下降、管理政策不合理、高强度的生态旅游和盗猎及天敌捕杀是制约我国驯鹿种群发展的主要因素.
The reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)is an endangered species distributed in the sub-arctic region in the northeastern part of China.To determine the current status of the population and the distribution patterns of reindeer,this study was conducted in the Great Xing'Anling of China during July 2012 to August2013.The results showed that the reindeer in China only occurs in Genhe area of Inner Mongolia(E 121°11′-122°25′,N 50°42′-51°50′),where has been the dwelling region of Ewenki people.There were 718 reindeer in 12 populations in 2013 with the population range from 9to 240 and the average population size of59.83(±18.42,n=12),which indicated that the most reindeer populations in China were small populations.The preferred habitats of reindeer locates from 700 to 926m with the average of 813.67m(±21.72,n=12).Small populations and the related inbreeding,habitat loss and degradation,management policy,intensive tourism and poaching and the predation have been the main factors influencing the population increase of reindeer in China.
The reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)is an endangered species distributed in the sub-arctic region in the northeastern part of China.To determine the current status of the population and the distribution patterns of reindeer,this study was conducted in the Great Xing'Anling of China during July 2012 to August2013.The results showed that the reindeer in China only occurs in Genhe area of Inner Mongolia(E 121°11′-122°25′,N 50°42′-51°50′),where has been the dwelling region of Ewenki people.There were 718 reindeer in 12 populations in 2013 with the population range from 9to 240 and the average population size of59.83(±18.42,n=12),which indicated that the most reindeer populations in China were small populations.The preferred habitats of reindeer locates from 700 to 926m with the average of 813.67m(±21.72,n=12).Small populations and the related inbreeding,habitat loss and degradation,management policy,intensive tourism and poaching and the predation have been the main factors influencing the population increase of reindeer in China.
引文
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[19]HELLE T,SRKELM.The Effects of Outdoor Recreation on Range Use by Semi-Domesticated Reindeer[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1993,8(1):123-133.
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[21]王绍维,王桂琴,赵岩.驯鹿的饲养及开发价值[J].特种经济动植物,2001(1):6-7.
[22]印瑞学,吴建平,王君,等.中国驯鹿的现状[J].野生动物,1999,20(4):34.
[23]穆彪,周明蓉,胡明亮.贵州国家级森林公园与自然保护区森林生态旅游资源定量评价[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(12):12-19.
[24]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(10):105-112.
[2]SANDSTRM P,PAHLN T G,EDENIUS L,et al.Conflict Resolution by Participatory Management:Remote Sensing and GIS as Tools for Communicating Land-use Needs for Reindeer Herding in Northern Sweden[J].Ambio,2003,32(8):557-567.
[3]钟立成,卢向东.世界驯鹿亚种分布与现状[J].经济动物学报,2008,12(1):46-48.
[4]王永曦.东北地区鄂温克人的驯鹿和饲养[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,1995(4):95-97.
[5]唐戈.鄂温克族驯鹿饲养业的困境与对策[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2008(6):129-134.
[6]祁惠君.驯鹿鄂温克人生态移民的民族学考察[J].满语研究,2006(1):98-105.
[7]冯超,白学良.驯鹿对苔藓植物的选择食用及其生境的物种多样性[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3830-3838.
[8]钟立成,朱立夫,卢向东.我国驯鹿的起源、历史变迁与现状[J].经济动物学报,2008,12(2):102-105.
[9]MA Y Q.The Management and Utilization of Reindeer in China[J].Rangifer,1986(1):345-346.
[10]李永增.莽莽兴安岭驯鹿安在哉[J].野生动物,1988(1):35-37.
[11]孔繁志.敖鲁古雅的鄂温克人[M].2版.天津:天津古籍出版社,1994.
[12]卡丽娜.驯鹿鄂温克人文化研究[M].沈阳:辽宁民族出版社,2006.
[13]邢秀梅,苏伟林,杨福合.浅谈中国驯鹿种群[J].经济动物学报,2001,5(4):57-60.
[14]GREEN M J B.The Distribution Status and Conservation of the Himalayan Musk Deer(Moschus chrysogaster)[J].Biological Conservation,1986,35(4):347-375.
[15]KIRKPATRICK R C.The Natural History and Conservation of the Snub-Nosed Monkeys(Genus Rhinopithecus)[J].Biological Conservation,1995,72(3):363-369.
[16]张常智,张明海.黑龙江省东完达山地区东北虎猎物种群现状及动态趋势[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6481-6487.
[17]朴仁珠,关国生,张明海.中国驼鹿种群数量及分布现状的研究[J].兽类学报,1995,15(1):11-16.
[18]APPS C D,MCLELLAN B N.Factors Influencing the Dispersion and Fragmentation of Endangered Mountain Caribou Populations[J].Biological Conservation,2006,130(1):84-97.
[19]HELLE T,SRKELM.The Effects of Outdoor Recreation on Range Use by Semi-Domesticated Reindeer[J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,1993,8(1):123-133.
[20]NELLEMANN C,JORDHY P,STEN O G,et al.Cumulative Impacts of Tourist Resorts on Wild Reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)during Winter[J].Arctic,2000,53(1):9-17.
[21]王绍维,王桂琴,赵岩.驯鹿的饲养及开发价值[J].特种经济动植物,2001(1):6-7.
[22]印瑞学,吴建平,王君,等.中国驯鹿的现状[J].野生动物,1999,20(4):34.
[23]穆彪,周明蓉,胡明亮.贵州国家级森林公园与自然保护区森林生态旅游资源定量评价[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(12):12-19.
[24]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(10):105-112.