圈养阿拉伯狒狒日活动时间格局及季节差异
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摘要
动物个体行为的生态效应主要反映在它们的活动节律和时间分配上.2012年11月至2013年10月,在杭州野生动物园,用瞬时扫描取样法对1群圈养阿拉伯狒狒的日活动节律和活动时间分配进行了调查研究.结果表明:1)在活动时间分配中,主要活动(频次百分率≥5%)包括休息(42.5%)、游动(16.2%)、玩耍(10.0%)、摄食(9.8%)、理毛(9.4%)和观望(7.3%);频次百分率低于5%的称为次要活动,共4.8%.2)阿拉伯狒狒的活动时间分配具有明显的季节性变化,冬季摄食和观望时间增加,玩耍和理毛时间减少,但休息和游动行为没有显著季节差异.3)阿拉伯狒狒通常在上午和下午分别出现摄食高峰,并随着气温逐渐转冷,摄食活动逐渐增加,出现3个摄食高峰;这可能是动物在寒冷季节为抵御寒冷而采取的补充能量的一种策略.4)在温暖季节,阿拉伯狒狒只有中午一个休息高峰和一个理毛高峰,更多时间用于游动和玩耍,表现为多峰特征;在寒冷的冬季,休息行为也体现了多峰特征,但其游动、玩耍和张望时间节律并不与温暖季节有明显差异.因此,杭州地区圈养阿拉伯狒狒的冬季日活动节律与许多灵长类(如黑冠长臂猿、维氏冕狐猴和绒毛猴等)不一样,采取摄食增加能量,而非休息减少能量消耗的策略.总之,阿拉伯狒狒的行为体现出明显的节律性,且其活动节律具有季节性差异,这些可能是阿拉伯狒狒适应于圈养环境特有的食物资源和温度变化的影响而形成的.
Activity rhythms and time budgets are two important components of ecological influences on animal individual behaviors. We collected data on activity pattern using instantaneous scan sampling on captive hamadryas baboons( Papio hamadryas) in Hangzhou Wild Animal Zoo in Zhejiang,China from November 2012 to October 2013. The results showed that: 1) In the activity time allocation,the main activities( frequency percentage was more than or equal to 5%) included resting( 42.5%),traveling( 16. 2%),playing( 10. 0%),feeding( 9. 8%),grooming( 9. 4%) and watching( 7.3%),and the secondary activities( frequency percentage is lower than 5%) only accounted for a total of 4.8%. 2) Due to increasing in the feeding and watching time,and decreasing in the playing and grooming time in winter,their time budgets showed significant seasonal variation,but the resting and swimming time had no significant difference between the cold season and the warm season. 3) The diurnal activity rhythms of P. hamadryas showed two feeding peaks of morning and afternoon,and as the temperature gradually turned cold,feeding activity gradually increased with three feeding peaks,which might be a strategy of complementary energy against the cold season. 4) P. hamadryas only had a midday resting and grooming peak with multi peaks of traveling and playing in the warm season,and the swimming,playing and watching time rhythm had not obvious difference between the cold winter and the warm season,but there were multi peaks of resting in the cold winter. Therefore,their diurnal activity rhythm was not the same as other many primates( such as Nomascus nasutus,Propithecus verreauxi and Lagothrix sp.),the captive P. hamadryas in winter in Hangzhou area took a strategy of feeding for supplement energy to withstand cold rather than resting to reduce energy consumption. In short,Papio hamadryas reflects obvious rhythm with seasonal differences,which may be an adaptation to the influence of food and temperature changes in captivity.
Activity rhythms and time budgets are two important components of ecological influences on animal individual behaviors. We collected data on activity pattern using instantaneous scan sampling on captive hamadryas baboons( Papio hamadryas) in Hangzhou Wild Animal Zoo in Zhejiang,China from November 2012 to October 2013. The results showed that: 1) In the activity time allocation,the main activities( frequency percentage was more than or equal to 5%) included resting( 42.5%),traveling( 16. 2%),playing( 10. 0%),feeding( 9. 8%),grooming( 9. 4%) and watching( 7.3%),and the secondary activities( frequency percentage is lower than 5%) only accounted for a total of 4.8%. 2) Due to increasing in the feeding and watching time,and decreasing in the playing and grooming time in winter,their time budgets showed significant seasonal variation,but the resting and swimming time had no significant difference between the cold season and the warm season. 3) The diurnal activity rhythms of P. hamadryas showed two feeding peaks of morning and afternoon,and as the temperature gradually turned cold,feeding activity gradually increased with three feeding peaks,which might be a strategy of complementary energy against the cold season. 4) P. hamadryas only had a midday resting and grooming peak with multi peaks of traveling and playing in the warm season,and the swimming,playing and watching time rhythm had not obvious difference between the cold winter and the warm season,but there were multi peaks of resting in the cold winter. Therefore,their diurnal activity rhythm was not the same as other many primates( such as Nomascus nasutus,Propithecus verreauxi and Lagothrix sp.),the captive P. hamadryas in winter in Hangzhou area took a strategy of feeding for supplement energy to withstand cold rather than resting to reduce energy consumption. In short,Papio hamadryas reflects obvious rhythm with seasonal differences,which may be an adaptation to the influence of food and temperature changes in captivity.
引文
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[2]Hill RA,Weingrill T,Barrett L.Indices of environmental temperatures for primates in open habitats.Primates,2004,45:7-13
[3]Erkert HG,Kappeler PM.Arrived in the light:Diel and seasonal activity patterns in wild Verreaux’s sifakas(Propithecus verreauxi;Primates;Indriidae).Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,2004,57:174-186
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[6]Stanford CB.The capped langur in Bangladesh:Behavioral ecology and reproductive tactics//Szalay FS,ed.Contributions to Primatology.Basel:Karger,1991:26
[7]Di Fiore A,Rodman PS.Time allocation patterns of lowland woolly monkeys(Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)in a neotropical terra firma forest.International Journal of Primatology,2001,22:449-480
[8]Zhao J(赵匠),Gao W(高玮),Wang D-M(王冬梅),et al.Behaviors time and daily rhythm of great bustard in breeding season.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(10):1705-1709(in Chinese)
[9]Harvey PH.Optimal foraging:When the going gets tough.Nature,1985,317:388-389
[10]Gippoliti S,Ehardt T.Papio hamadryas//IUCN,ed.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,2008:e.T16019A5354647
[11]Swedell L.Affiliation among females in wild hamadryas baboons(Papio hamadryas hamadryas).International Journal of Primatology,2002,23:1205-1226
[12]Swedell L,Plummer T.A papionin multilevel society as a model for hominin social evolution.International Journal of Primatology,2012,33:1165-1193
[13]Kummer H.Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons:A Field Study.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1968
[14]Phillips-Conroy JE,Jolly CJ,Nystrom P,et al.Migration of male hamadryas baboons into anubis groups in the Awash National Park,Ethiopia.International Journal of Primatology,1992,12:455-475
[15]Zinner D,Pelaez F,Torkler F.Group composition and adult sex-ratio of hamadryas baoons(Papio hamadryas hamadryas)in central Eritrea.International Journal of Primatology,2001,22:415-429
[16]Jolly C,Phillips-Conroy J.Testicular size,mating system,and maturation schedules in wild anubis and hamadryas baboons.International Journal of Primatology,2003,24:125-142
[17]Altmann J.Observational study of behavior:Sampling methods.Behaviour,1974,49:227-267
[18]Post DG.Activity patterns of yellow baboons Papio cynocephalus in the Amboseli National Park,Kenya.Animal Behaviour,1981,29:357-374
[19]Peng Y-Y(彭燕燕),Chen M(陈珉),Wang A-S(王爱善),et al.Activity rhythms of captive whiteheaded langur in spring.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2010,30(1):21-27(in Chinese)
[20]Wang L-J(王力军),Hong M-L(洪美玲),Chen X-J(陈兴军).Diumal time budget and activity rhythm of Hainan eld’s deer under different breeding conditions during spring.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2005,25(1):9-13(in Chinese)
[21]Li D-Y(黎大勇),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Tang H-X(唐华兴),et al.Sex-age differences in activity budget and position behavior of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta).Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2012,32(1):25-32(in Chinese)
[22]Meng X-Y(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al.Activity patterns of captive musk deer(Mocshus siganicus)during estrus.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),2002,37(6):35-42(in Chinese)
[23]Clutton-Brock TH.Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and ranging behavior in primates//CluttonBrock TH,ed.Primate Ecology:Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaivour in Lemurs,Monkeys and Apes.London:Academic Press,1977:539-555
[24]Richard A.Primates in Nature.New York:W.H.Freeman and Company,1985
[25]Huang C-M(黄乘明),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Li Y-B(李友邦),et al.Activity rhythm and diurnal time budget of Francois langur(Trachyp ithecus francoisi)in Guangxi,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2006,26(4):380-386(in Chinese)
[26]Guo S T,Li BG,Watanabe K.Diet and activity budget of Rhinopithecun roxellanae in the Qingling Mountains,China.Primates,2007,48:268-276
[27]Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Wei H(韦华),Huang Z-H(黄中豪),et al.Activity patterns and time budgets of the assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in the Longgang Nature Reserve,China.Acta Zoologica Sinica(动物学报),2007,53(5):791-799(in Chinese)
[28]Tang H-X(唐华兴),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Huang ZH(黄中豪),et al.Activity patterns and time budgets of the rhesus macaque in Karst habitat.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),2011,46(2):32-38(in Chinese)
[29]Tang H-X(唐华兴),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Li Y-B(李友邦),et al.Comparative observation on time budget of three primates in captive.Sichuan Journal of Zoology(四川动物),2008,27(6):970-973(in Chinese)
[30]Miao X-L(苗秀莲),Liu C-D(刘传栋),Cheng B(程波),et al.Time budgets of captive Rhinopithecus roxellanae.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences(安徽农业科学),2009,37(31):15268-15270(in Chinese)
[31]Luo H-Z(罗洪章),Kuang Z-F(匡中帆),Wu Z-R(吴忠荣).Behavioral observation of captived Francois langur(Trachypithecus francoisis)at Qianling Park Zoo of Guiyang,China.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院学报),2006,21(4):96-100(in Chinese)
[32]Dunbar RIM.Time:A hidden constraint on the behavioral ecology of baboons.Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,1992,31:35-49
[33]Teichroeb JA,Saj TL,Paterson JD,et al.Effect of group size on activity budgets of Colobus vellerosus in Ghana.International Journal of Primatology,2003,24:743-759
[34]Clutton-Brock TH,Harvey PH.Species differences in feeding and ranging behaviour in primates//CluttonBrock TH,ed.Primate Ecology:Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaivour in Lemurs,Monkeys,and Apes.London:Academic Press,1977:557-584
[35]Sun R Y(孙儒泳).Principles of Animal Ecology.3rd Ed.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2001(in Chinese)
[36]Fan PF,Ni QY,Sun GZ,et al.Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Nomascus concolor jingdongensis at Mt.Wuliang,Central Yunnan,China:Effects of diet and temperature.International Journal of Primatology,2008,29:1047-1057
[37]Fei HL,Scott MB,Zhang W,et al.Sleeping tree selection of caovit gibbon(Nomascus nasutus)living in degraded karst forest in Bangliang,Jingxi,China.American Journal of Primatology,2012,74:998-1005
[38]Fan PF,Fei HL,Ma CY.Behavioral responses of cao vit gibbon(Nomascus nasutus)to variations in food abundance and temperature in Bangliang,Jingxi,China.American Journal of Primatology,2012,74:632-641
[39]Oates JF.The natural history of African colobines//Davies AG,Oates JF,eds.Colobine Monkeys:Their Ecology,Behavior and Evolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994:75-128
[40]Wang P(王朋),Meng F-L(,孟凡露),Zeng Z(曾治),et al.Ecological characteristics of preferred habitat of reindeer of Daxing’an Mountain forest area,Northeast China in summer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2529-2535(in Chinese)
[2]Hill RA,Weingrill T,Barrett L.Indices of environmental temperatures for primates in open habitats.Primates,2004,45:7-13
[3]Erkert HG,Kappeler PM.Arrived in the light:Diel and seasonal activity patterns in wild Verreaux’s sifakas(Propithecus verreauxi;Primates;Indriidae).Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,2004,57:174-186
[4]Coelho AM.Time and energy budgets//Mitchell G,Erwin J,eds.Comparative Primate Biology:Behavior,Conservation and Ecology.New York:Alan R.Liss,1986:141-166
[5]Robinson JG.Seasonal variation in use of time and space by the wedge-capped capuchin monkeys,Cebus olivaceus:Implications for foraging theory//Wassersug RJ,Heyer WR,eds.Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology.Washington DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,1986:1-60
[6]Stanford CB.The capped langur in Bangladesh:Behavioral ecology and reproductive tactics//Szalay FS,ed.Contributions to Primatology.Basel:Karger,1991:26
[7]Di Fiore A,Rodman PS.Time allocation patterns of lowland woolly monkeys(Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)in a neotropical terra firma forest.International Journal of Primatology,2001,22:449-480
[8]Zhao J(赵匠),Gao W(高玮),Wang D-M(王冬梅),et al.Behaviors time and daily rhythm of great bustard in breeding season.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(10):1705-1709(in Chinese)
[9]Harvey PH.Optimal foraging:When the going gets tough.Nature,1985,317:388-389
[10]Gippoliti S,Ehardt T.Papio hamadryas//IUCN,ed.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,2008:e.T16019A5354647
[11]Swedell L.Affiliation among females in wild hamadryas baboons(Papio hamadryas hamadryas).International Journal of Primatology,2002,23:1205-1226
[12]Swedell L,Plummer T.A papionin multilevel society as a model for hominin social evolution.International Journal of Primatology,2012,33:1165-1193
[13]Kummer H.Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons:A Field Study.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1968
[14]Phillips-Conroy JE,Jolly CJ,Nystrom P,et al.Migration of male hamadryas baboons into anubis groups in the Awash National Park,Ethiopia.International Journal of Primatology,1992,12:455-475
[15]Zinner D,Pelaez F,Torkler F.Group composition and adult sex-ratio of hamadryas baoons(Papio hamadryas hamadryas)in central Eritrea.International Journal of Primatology,2001,22:415-429
[16]Jolly C,Phillips-Conroy J.Testicular size,mating system,and maturation schedules in wild anubis and hamadryas baboons.International Journal of Primatology,2003,24:125-142
[17]Altmann J.Observational study of behavior:Sampling methods.Behaviour,1974,49:227-267
[18]Post DG.Activity patterns of yellow baboons Papio cynocephalus in the Amboseli National Park,Kenya.Animal Behaviour,1981,29:357-374
[19]Peng Y-Y(彭燕燕),Chen M(陈珉),Wang A-S(王爱善),et al.Activity rhythms of captive whiteheaded langur in spring.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2010,30(1):21-27(in Chinese)
[20]Wang L-J(王力军),Hong M-L(洪美玲),Chen X-J(陈兴军).Diumal time budget and activity rhythm of Hainan eld’s deer under different breeding conditions during spring.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2005,25(1):9-13(in Chinese)
[21]Li D-Y(黎大勇),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Tang H-X(唐华兴),et al.Sex-age differences in activity budget and position behavior of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta).Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2012,32(1):25-32(in Chinese)
[22]Meng X-Y(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al.Activity patterns of captive musk deer(Mocshus siganicus)during estrus.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),2002,37(6):35-42(in Chinese)
[23]Clutton-Brock TH.Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and ranging behavior in primates//CluttonBrock TH,ed.Primate Ecology:Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaivour in Lemurs,Monkeys and Apes.London:Academic Press,1977:539-555
[24]Richard A.Primates in Nature.New York:W.H.Freeman and Company,1985
[25]Huang C-M(黄乘明),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Li Y-B(李友邦),et al.Activity rhythm and diurnal time budget of Francois langur(Trachyp ithecus francoisi)in Guangxi,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),2006,26(4):380-386(in Chinese)
[26]Guo S T,Li BG,Watanabe K.Diet and activity budget of Rhinopithecun roxellanae in the Qingling Mountains,China.Primates,2007,48:268-276
[27]Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Wei H(韦华),Huang Z-H(黄中豪),et al.Activity patterns and time budgets of the assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in the Longgang Nature Reserve,China.Acta Zoologica Sinica(动物学报),2007,53(5):791-799(in Chinese)
[28]Tang H-X(唐华兴),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Huang ZH(黄中豪),et al.Activity patterns and time budgets of the rhesus macaque in Karst habitat.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),2011,46(2):32-38(in Chinese)
[29]Tang H-X(唐华兴),Zhou Q-H(周岐海),Li Y-B(李友邦),et al.Comparative observation on time budget of three primates in captive.Sichuan Journal of Zoology(四川动物),2008,27(6):970-973(in Chinese)
[30]Miao X-L(苗秀莲),Liu C-D(刘传栋),Cheng B(程波),et al.Time budgets of captive Rhinopithecus roxellanae.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences(安徽农业科学),2009,37(31):15268-15270(in Chinese)
[31]Luo H-Z(罗洪章),Kuang Z-F(匡中帆),Wu Z-R(吴忠荣).Behavioral observation of captived Francois langur(Trachypithecus francoisis)at Qianling Park Zoo of Guiyang,China.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院学报),2006,21(4):96-100(in Chinese)
[32]Dunbar RIM.Time:A hidden constraint on the behavioral ecology of baboons.Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,1992,31:35-49
[33]Teichroeb JA,Saj TL,Paterson JD,et al.Effect of group size on activity budgets of Colobus vellerosus in Ghana.International Journal of Primatology,2003,24:743-759
[34]Clutton-Brock TH,Harvey PH.Species differences in feeding and ranging behaviour in primates//CluttonBrock TH,ed.Primate Ecology:Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaivour in Lemurs,Monkeys,and Apes.London:Academic Press,1977:557-584
[35]Sun R Y(孙儒泳).Principles of Animal Ecology.3rd Ed.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2001(in Chinese)
[36]Fan PF,Ni QY,Sun GZ,et al.Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Nomascus concolor jingdongensis at Mt.Wuliang,Central Yunnan,China:Effects of diet and temperature.International Journal of Primatology,2008,29:1047-1057
[37]Fei HL,Scott MB,Zhang W,et al.Sleeping tree selection of caovit gibbon(Nomascus nasutus)living in degraded karst forest in Bangliang,Jingxi,China.American Journal of Primatology,2012,74:998-1005
[38]Fan PF,Fei HL,Ma CY.Behavioral responses of cao vit gibbon(Nomascus nasutus)to variations in food abundance and temperature in Bangliang,Jingxi,China.American Journal of Primatology,2012,74:632-641
[39]Oates JF.The natural history of African colobines//Davies AG,Oates JF,eds.Colobine Monkeys:Their Ecology,Behavior and Evolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994:75-128
[40]Wang P(王朋),Meng F-L(,孟凡露),Zeng Z(曾治),et al.Ecological characteristics of preferred habitat of reindeer of Daxing’an Mountain forest area,Northeast China in summer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2529-2535(in Chinese)