甘肃东大山自然保护区石鸡生境特征研究
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摘要
2014～2017年9月至12月在甘肃东大山自然保护区对石鸡(Alectoris chukar)样方生境中的15个生态因子进行了野外调查。结果表明:灌丛中石鸡种群密度最大,为(82. 25±18. 80)只/km2,其次为乱石草坡(75. 25±17. 50)只/km2、农田(70. 25±15. 08)只/km2和乱石地(65. 25±15. 78)只/km2,独立样本T检验结果表明,不同生境中石鸡的种群数目存在极显著差异(t=11. 556,df=3,P <0. 05)。石鸡生境的主要特征为:栖息地坡度0～40°,坡向以北坡和东北坡为主,坡位以中坡位为主,海拔为2200～2300 m,距离水源、树林、牧民点比较近(<300 m);生境中植被密度为(177. 58±126. 28)株/m2,盖度主要在20%～40%之间,植株高度为(67. 50±32. 91) m,物种数量主要为3～5种,植被丰富度较高;生境中大样方内沟的容积为(217. 04±227. 65) m3,小石块的数目为(36. 75±30. 80)块/m2之间,大石块的密度为(1. 77±0. 67)块/m2,大石块的体积为(0. 01±0. 006) m3,隐蔽较好。主成分分析结果表明:前4个主成成分的特征值均大于1,其累积贡献率达81. 197%。捕食因子、食物因子、地理因子和水源因子为影响石鸡生境特征的重要因子。
We studied 15 factors of the ecology of chukar partridge( Alectoris phukar) at the Dong-dashan Nature Reserve in Gansu Province from September to December over a 4-year period( 2014-2017). Population density of chukar partridge was 82 ±19 ind/km2 in shrub habitat,( 75± 18) ind/km2 in rocky grassland,70 ± 15 ind/km2 in farmland,and 65 ± 16 ind/km2 in rocky ground. Population density differed by habitat( t = 11. 556,df = 3,P < 0. 05). The habitat of chukar partridge had the following characteristics: The gradient of slope ranged from 0° to 40°,slope aspect was north or northeast,slope position was mid-level,elevation was 2200-2300 m,distances to water source,trees,and herdsmen's camps were less than 300 m. Plant density was177 ± 126 stems/m2,vegetation coverage was about 20-40%,plant height was 68 ± 3 m,and numbers of species ranged from 3 to 5. The volume of an irrigation ditch was 217 ± 228 m3,the number of small stones was mainly 37 ± 31 stones/m2,the density of large rocks was( 2 ± 0. 7)rocks/m2,the volume of the large rocks was 0. 01 ±0. 006 m3. Principal component analysis indicated that four factors contributed 81% of the total variance in habitat use,viz. predation,food availability,geography and water availability.
We studied 15 factors of the ecology of chukar partridge( Alectoris phukar) at the Dong-dashan Nature Reserve in Gansu Province from September to December over a 4-year period( 2014-2017). Population density of chukar partridge was 82 ±19 ind/km2 in shrub habitat,( 75± 18) ind/km2 in rocky grassland,70 ± 15 ind/km2 in farmland,and 65 ± 16 ind/km2 in rocky ground. Population density differed by habitat( t = 11. 556,df = 3,P < 0. 05). The habitat of chukar partridge had the following characteristics: The gradient of slope ranged from 0° to 40°,slope aspect was north or northeast,slope position was mid-level,elevation was 2200-2300 m,distances to water source,trees,and herdsmen's camps were less than 300 m. Plant density was177 ± 126 stems/m2,vegetation coverage was about 20-40%,plant height was 68 ± 3 m,and numbers of species ranged from 3 to 5. The volume of an irrigation ditch was 217 ± 228 m3,the number of small stones was mainly 37 ± 31 stones/m2,the density of large rocks was( 2 ± 0. 7)rocks/m2,the volume of the large rocks was 0. 01 ±0. 006 m3. Principal component analysis indicated that four factors contributed 81% of the total variance in habitat use,viz. predation,food availability,geography and water availability.
引文
[1]艾科拜尔·木哈塔尔,热木图拉·阿卜杜克热木,马合木提·哈力克.基于生态位模型的艾比湖国家级自然保护区马鹿生境评价[J].生态学报,2017,37(11):3919-3925.
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[11] Al-Barwari S,Saeed I. Parasitosis of the chukar partridge,Alectoris chukar in North Iraq[J]. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi,2013,36(4):240-246.
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[13]闫永峰,刘迺发.东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4278-4284.
[14]周蓉,李佳琦,李铀,等.基于线粒体DNA的大石鸡种群遗传变异[J].生物多样性,2012,20(4):451-459.
[15]宋森,于宏丽,刘迺发.祁连山及毗邻山脉石鸡的遗传保护[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):815-821.
[16]闫永峰,王玉玲,朱杰等.甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区高山雪鸡繁殖期种群密度调查[J].四川动物,2008,27(1):70-74.
[17] Yuan Baodong,Pan Yang,Yan Yongfeng. Den habitat selection of the chinese bamboo rat(Rhizomys sinensis)in Northern Guangxi China[J]. Indian Journal of Animal Research,2018,52(3):431-437.
[18]杜聪聪,初雯雯,甄荣,等.新疆乌伦古河流域蒙新河狸巢穴特征和巢址生境选择[J].生态学报,2017,37(15):5167-5178.
[19]原宝东.赤腹松鼠春季生境选择初步分析[J].信阳师范学院学报:自然科学版,2011,24(1):63-67.
[20]曹铭昌,刘高焕,徐海根.丹顶鹤多尺度生境选择机制——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6344-6352.
[21]李弛,杨道德,张玉铭,等.麋鹿夜间卧息地选择的季节变化[J].生物多样性,2016,24(9):1031-1038.
[22]黄慧琴,刘涛,石金泽,等.蓝冠噪鹛繁殖期生境选择特征分析[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):493-501.
[23]原宝东,鲁长虎,程志营,等.广西金钟山片段化生境中黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):1047-1052.
[24]钟明,侍昊,安树青,等.中国野生动物生境适宜性评价和生境破碎化研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(4):205-209.
[2]刘鹏,张微微.官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉季节性生境选择[J].生态学报,2017,37(18):6005-6013.
[3]吴庆明,孙雪莹,黄显,等.江西都昌保护区越冬水鸟群落多样性及种多度[J].生命科学研究,2017,21(5):417-423.
[4]葛小芳,孟凡露,王朋,等.大兴安岭驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)的春季生境选择[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5000-5008.
[5]宋森,王小立,周蓉,等.基于线粒体DNA控制区的石鸡华北亚种的种群历史动态研究[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):280-289.
[6]宋森,刘迺发.石鸡属鸟类研究现状[J].生态学报,2013,33(14):4215-4225.
[7]周晓禹,王晓明,姜振华.贺兰山石鸡越冬期栖息地的选择[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(4):32-33,39.
[8]马新年,杨志松,刘迺发,等.石鸡繁殖期栖息地的特征[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(3):1-6.
[9]陈小勇,罗兰,刘迺发,等.兰州大石鸡不同生活史阶段栖息地选择的初步研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,1998,4(4):368
[10] Khan H A,Arif I A,Shobrak M. DNA barcodes of Arabian partridge and Philby's rock partridge:implications for phylogeny and species identification[J]. Evolutionary Bioinformatics,2010,6:151-158.
[11] Al-Barwari S,Saeed I. Parasitosis of the chukar partridge,Alectoris chukar in North Iraq[J]. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi,2013,36(4):240-246.
[12]刘迺发,陈小勇,何德奎.兰州地区大石鸡栖息地选择[J].动物学报,1996,42(S1):83-89.
[13]闫永峰,刘迺发.东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4278-4284.
[14]周蓉,李佳琦,李铀,等.基于线粒体DNA的大石鸡种群遗传变异[J].生物多样性,2012,20(4):451-459.
[15]宋森,于宏丽,刘迺发.祁连山及毗邻山脉石鸡的遗传保护[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):815-821.
[16]闫永峰,王玉玲,朱杰等.甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区高山雪鸡繁殖期种群密度调查[J].四川动物,2008,27(1):70-74.
[17] Yuan Baodong,Pan Yang,Yan Yongfeng. Den habitat selection of the chinese bamboo rat(Rhizomys sinensis)in Northern Guangxi China[J]. Indian Journal of Animal Research,2018,52(3):431-437.
[18]杜聪聪,初雯雯,甄荣,等.新疆乌伦古河流域蒙新河狸巢穴特征和巢址生境选择[J].生态学报,2017,37(15):5167-5178.
[19]原宝东.赤腹松鼠春季生境选择初步分析[J].信阳师范学院学报:自然科学版,2011,24(1):63-67.
[20]曹铭昌,刘高焕,徐海根.丹顶鹤多尺度生境选择机制——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6344-6352.
[21]李弛,杨道德,张玉铭,等.麋鹿夜间卧息地选择的季节变化[J].生物多样性,2016,24(9):1031-1038.
[22]黄慧琴,刘涛,石金泽,等.蓝冠噪鹛繁殖期生境选择特征分析[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):493-501.
[23]原宝东,鲁长虎,程志营,等.广西金钟山片段化生境中黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):1047-1052.
[24]钟明,侍昊,安树青,等.中国野生动物生境适宜性评价和生境破碎化研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(4):205-209.