美姑大风顶自然保护区野猪冬季功能性生境特征
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摘要
【目的】研究野猪(Sus scrofa)冬季功能性生境格局及其差异,为野猪资源的有效保护和可持续利用提供理论指导。【方法】于2007-12-2008-02,结合样线法和样方法对四川凉山美姑大风顶自然保护区野猪冬季功能性生境格局进行了研究,测定了野猪取食地、排便地、筑巢地等3类功能性生境的20个环境因子,比较野猪对3类功能性生境各环境因子之间的选择差异。【结果】本研究共发现野猪痕迹91处,其中含有拱食痕迹的样方数为53个,含有粪便痕迹的样方数为31个,含有巢穴的样方数为7个。单因素方差分析表明:野猪取食地、排便地、筑巢地3类功能性生境各变量之间均存在一定的差异,其中乔木高度差异显著(P=0.040),其他生境变量差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05);经多重比较发现,取食地与筑巢地的灌木盖度差异达到显著水平;野猪取食地的海拔(2 248.08±18.61)m、郁闭度(32.75±1.96)%、乔木胸径(51.03±3.69)cm、乔木距离(1.91±0.20)m、灌木距离(1.33±0.20)m,均大于排便地和筑巢地;而野猪排便地的灌木高度(154.50±11.78)cm大于取食地和筑巢地;筑巢地的灌木盖度(62.86±9.69)%、地表总盖度(87.86±3.88)%、干枯植物盖度(73.95±4.84)%均大于取食地和排便地。野猪冬季不论是取食、排便还是筑巢都主要选择人为干扰轻、靠近水源、向阳、坡度平缓、中坡位的灌丛;野猪较高频次地选择坡形不均匀的生境(48.39%)排便;冬季野猪将巢主要建于灌丛(42.86%),部分建于阔叶林(28.57%)和针阔混交林(28.57%),但不在针叶林建巢,而取食(5.66%)和排便(3.23%)发生在针叶林中。经χ2检验,野猪3类功能性生境在隐蔽度的选择上存在极显著差异,而对于坡位、坡度、坡向、坡形、植被类型、水源距离、干扰强度等生境变量选择的差异不显著。【结论】野猪在取食、排便、筑巢等3类功能性生境的选择上存在差异,其中对乔木高度、灌木盖度和隐蔽度的选择差异显著。
【Objective】This study was undertaken in the Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province.In recent years,number of wild boars in this area has increased and reports of damage to local properties have been received.This study described the winter functional habitat preferences of boars in this area to providetheoretical guidance for the effective conservation and sustainable use of boar resources.【Method】This study investigated winter functional habitats of wild boar from December 2007to February 2008using strip-transect surveys in the Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province,Southwest China.A total of 20environmental factors of foraging,defecation,and nesting sites were measured and the differences were compared.【Result】91wild boar traces,including 53feeding,31defection,and 7nesting sites were observed.One-way ANOVA indicated that there were differences between the factors of the three occupation types,with a significant level(P=0.040)a tree height.Multiple comparison found the difference in shrub canopy of foraging and nesting sites was significant.The elevation(2 248.08±18.61)m,canopy(32.75±1.96)%,tree diameter at breast height(51.03±3.69)cm,distance to the nearest tree(1.91±0.20)m,and distance to the nearest shrubs(1.33±0.20)m of foraging habitats were larger than those of defecation and nesting habitats.Shrub height at the defecation sites(154.50±11.78)cm were greater than those of foraging(140.61±11.16)cm and nesting habitats,(130.14±22.72)cm.Shrub cover(62.86±9.69)%,surface coverage(87.86±3.88)%,and withered plants cover(73.95±4.84)% of nesting sites were greater than those of foraging and defecation habitats.In general,our results indicated that boars preferred shrubs with less anthropogenic disturbance,sunny,gently and middle slopes,and close to water.Boar defecation was commonly observed in environment with uneven slopes(48.39%).Nesting sites were mostly located in shrubs(42.86%),followed by deciduous forest(28.57%)and mixed coniferous forest(28.57%).Forging(5.66%)and defecation(3.23%)happened in coniferous forest.Byχ2 test,there were significant differences in the concealment of three habitant types while differences in other factors were not significant.【Conclusion】There were differences among the selection of three functional habitats,with significance in concealment,tree height and shrub cover.
【Objective】This study was undertaken in the Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province.In recent years,number of wild boars in this area has increased and reports of damage to local properties have been received.This study described the winter functional habitat preferences of boars in this area to providetheoretical guidance for the effective conservation and sustainable use of boar resources.【Method】This study investigated winter functional habitats of wild boar from December 2007to February 2008using strip-transect surveys in the Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province,Southwest China.A total of 20environmental factors of foraging,defecation,and nesting sites were measured and the differences were compared.【Result】91wild boar traces,including 53feeding,31defection,and 7nesting sites were observed.One-way ANOVA indicated that there were differences between the factors of the three occupation types,with a significant level(P=0.040)a tree height.Multiple comparison found the difference in shrub canopy of foraging and nesting sites was significant.The elevation(2 248.08±18.61)m,canopy(32.75±1.96)%,tree diameter at breast height(51.03±3.69)cm,distance to the nearest tree(1.91±0.20)m,and distance to the nearest shrubs(1.33±0.20)m of foraging habitats were larger than those of defecation and nesting habitats.Shrub height at the defecation sites(154.50±11.78)cm were greater than those of foraging(140.61±11.16)cm and nesting habitats,(130.14±22.72)cm.Shrub cover(62.86±9.69)%,surface coverage(87.86±3.88)%,and withered plants cover(73.95±4.84)% of nesting sites were greater than those of foraging and defecation habitats.In general,our results indicated that boars preferred shrubs with less anthropogenic disturbance,sunny,gently and middle slopes,and close to water.Boar defecation was commonly observed in environment with uneven slopes(48.39%).Nesting sites were mostly located in shrubs(42.86%),followed by deciduous forest(28.57%)and mixed coniferous forest(28.57%).Forging(5.66%)and defecation(3.23%)happened in coniferous forest.Byχ2 test,there were significant differences in the concealment of three habitant types while differences in other factors were not significant.【Conclusion】There were differences among the selection of three functional habitats,with significance in concealment,tree height and shrub cover.
引文
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[2]马建章,邹红菲,贾竞波.野生动物管理学[M].2版.哈尔滨:东北大学出版社,2004:53-57.Ma J Z,Zou H F,Jia J B.Wildlife management[M].2nd ed.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,2004:53-57.(in Chinese)
[3]吴诗宝,刘迺发,马广智,等.大雾岭保护区穿山甲冬季生境选择[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1079-1086.Wu S B,Liu N F,Ma G Z,et al.Studies on habitat selection by Chinese pangolin(Manis pentadactyla)in winter in Dawuling Natural Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(6):1079-1086.(in Chinese)
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[5]张明海,萧前柱.冬季马鹿采食生境和卧息生境选择的研究[J].兽类学报,1990,10(3):175-183.Zhang M H,Xiao Q Z.A study on feeding and bedding habitat selection by red deer in winter[J].Acta Theriologica Sinca,1990,10(3):175-183.(in Chinese)
[6]Jones P F,Robert J H.Winter habitat selection at three spatial scales by American Elk(Cervus elaphus),in west-central Alberta[J].Canadian Field-Naturalist,2002,116(2):183-191.
[7]Yu X C,Xiao Q Z,Lu Y.Selection and utilization ratio of winter diet,and seasonal changes in feeding and bedding habitat selection by moose in northeastern China[J].Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,1993(26):172-180.
[8]Dardaillon M.Seasonal variations in habitat selection and spatial distribution of wild boar(Sus scrofa)in the Camargue,southern France[J].Behavioural Processes,1986,3(13):251-268.
[9]高中信,张明海,胡瑞滨.小兴安岭地区野猪冬季卧息地选择的初步研究[J].兽类学报,1995,15(1):25-30.Gao Z X,Zhang M H,Hu R B.Winter bedding site selection of ussurian wild pig in the Lesser Khing-an Mountains[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1995,15(1):25-30.(in Chinese)
[10]王小明,应韶荃,陈春泉.江西井冈山野猪冬季卧息地选择的初步研究[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(4):73-76.Wang X M,Ying S Q,Chen C Q.A preliminary study on wild pig bedding sites in winter in Jinggangshan,Jiangxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1999,18(4):73-76.(in Chinese)
[11]滕丽微,刘振生,宋延龄,等.海南大田自然保护区野猪的生境选择[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(1):1-7.Teng L W,Liu Z S,Song Y L,et al.Habitat selection of wild boar(Sus scrofa)in Hainan Datian Reserve[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[12]Teng L W,Liu Z S,Song Y L,et al.Forage and bed sites characteristics of Indian muntjac(Muntiacus muntjak)in Hainan Island,China[J].Ecological Research,2004,19:675-681.
[13]王文,马建章,李健,等.黑龙江省通河乌龙狩猎场野猪冬季食性的初步研究[J].兽类学报,2005,25(4):407-409.Wang W,Ma J Z,Li J,et al.Winter food habits of wild boar in Tonghe,Helongjiang Province[J].Acta Thariologua Sinica,2005,25(4):407-409.(in Chinese)
[14]滚双宝.野猪种群特性及其生态作用的研究进展[J].特产研究,2004,26(1):52-56.Gun S B.Wild boar population characteristics and the research progress of the effect of ecological[J].Speciality Study,2004,26(1):52-56.(in Chinese)
[15]鲁庆彬,于江傲,高欣,等.冬季清凉峰山区小麂和野猪的生境选择及差异[J].兽类学报,2007,27(1):45-52.Lu Q B,Yu J A,Gao X,et al.Winter habitat selection of Reeves’s muntjac and wild boars in the Qingliangfeng Mountains[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2007,27(1):45-52.(in Chinese)
[16]Lang B K,Gates J E.Selection of sites for winter night beds by White-tailed deer in a hemlock northern hardwood forest[J].Ammerican Midland Naturalist,1985,113(2):245-254.
[17]孟秀祥,潘世秀,栾晓峰,等.兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择[J].生态学报,2010,30(20):5509-5517.Meng X X,Pan S X,Luan X F,et al.Spring habitat selection by alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Western China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(20):5509-5517.(in Chinese)
[18]魏辅文,冯祚建,王祖望.野生动物对生境选择的研究概况[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(4):48-52.Wei F W,Feng Z J,Wang Z W.Current situation of study on habitat selection of wildlife[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,1998,33(4):48-52.(in Chinese)
[19]Massei P V,Genov B W.Diet,food availability and reproduction of wild boar in a Mediterranean coastal area[J].Acta Theriologica,1996,41(3):307-320.
[20]艾尼瓦尔·吐米尔,马合木提·哈力克.塔里木马鹿对生境选择的初步研究[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(2):228-233.Anwar Tumur,Mahmut Halik.Evaluation of the habitat selection of Cervus elaphus yarkandensis in Xinjiang China[J].Arid Zone Research,2009,26(2):228-233.(in Chinese)
[21]Lemel J,TruvéJ,Soderberg B.Variation in ranging and activity behaviors of European wild boar(Sus scrofa)in Sweden[J].Wildl Biol,2003,9(1):29-36.
[22]邓天鹏,郑合勋,曾国仕.河南伏牛山北坡野猪夏季觅食生境特征的初步研究[J].四川动物,2008,27(5):747-750.Deng T P,Zheng H X,Zeng G S.The preliminary study of wild boar summer foraging habitat characteristics at Henan Funiu North Mountain[J].Sichuan Animal,2008,27(5):747-750.(in Chinese)
[23]李振营,罗泽珣.东北野猪[J].野生动物,1983,2(3):16-20.Li Z Y,Luo Z X.The northeast wild boar[J].Chinese Wildlife,1983,2(3):16-20.(in Chinese)
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