大兴安岭林区驯鹿夏季喜栖生境的生态特征
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摘要
2012和2013年7—8月采用样线和样带调查结合的生境调查方法,对分布于我国大兴安岭西北麓的驯鹿的夏季偏好生境开展了对比研究,并对样地的海拔和乔木郁闭度等23个生境变量进行测量及比较.结果表明:与对照样地相比,夏季驯鹿利用样地的海拔(926.9±0.8 m)、乔木郁闭度(17.9%±2.4%)、乔木胸径(35.5±2.1 cm)、乔木高度(8.2±0.5m)、乔木密度(6.9±0.5株·400 m-2)及树桩数(1.3±0.2个·400 m-2)较大,但灌木均高(54.2±2.0 cm)较小(P<0.01).驯鹿夏季偏好选择坡度较缓的中坡生境,因其夏季喜栖生境的水源较多、隐蔽度和避风性较差,距人为干扰距离和牧民点距离均较远.主成分分析(PCA)表明,干扰强度(由距人为干扰距离及距牧民点距离变量组成)、乔木特征(由乔木的高度、密度、胸径和郁闭度变量组成)、地理特征(由坡位、坡向和土壤湿润度变量组成)、食物多度(地表植被盖度和灌木盖度变量构成)、开阔度(由隐蔽度和避风状况变量构成)和坡度是影驯鹿夏季生境选择的重要因素.这6个因子提供了70.7%的累积贡献率,主要反映了驯鹿夏季在喜栖生境选择中的食物资源、抗干扰性和反捕需求.从夏季喜栖生境的生态特征来看,驯鹿并没有被完全驯化.在保护和管理实践中,应使驯鹿种群及其核心栖息地免受高强度的人为干扰.
In July and August of 2012 and 2013,habitat selection and use patterns of reindeer were studied using both line and strip-transect surveys. Twenty-three habitat factors were measured and compared in known reindeer range areas in northwestern China. A total of 72 sampling sites were designated as being used by reindeer,and 162 sites were designated as unused control plots. The results indicated that,compared to the non-used habitat plots,reindeer selected summer habitats with higher values in altitude( 26.9±0.8 m),arbor canopy( 17.9%±2.4%),arbor DBH( 35.5±2.1 cm),arbor height( 8.2±0.5 m),arbor density( 6.9±0.5 ind·400 m-2) and stump quantity( 1.3±0.2 ind·400 m-2),and with a lower shrub height( 54.2±2.0 cm). Moreover,reindeer also selected habitats at intermediate positions of intermediate slope gradient,which provided good water accessibility,more distance from human disturbance and herder influence,but bad concealment and lee condition. Results of the principal component analysis showed that the distur-bance intensity( i.e. residential dispersion,anthropogenic-disturbance dispersion),arbor cha-racteristics( arbor height and arbor density,arbor DBH and arbor canopy),geography characte-ristics( i.e. slope position,slope aspect and soil moisture),food abundance( ground-plant cover and shrub cover),openness( concealment and lee condition) and slope gradient were the most important factors influencing the habitat selection of reindeer in summer. In summary,the summer habitat selection of reindeer is a multidimensional process,through which reindeer adapt according to their ecological needs of food resources,safety and anti-predation. Furthermore,the pattern of habitat selection of reindeer showed that reindeer in China has not yet been domesticated,and reindeer populations and their core habitats should be conserved from intensive disturbance.
In July and August of 2012 and 2013,habitat selection and use patterns of reindeer were studied using both line and strip-transect surveys. Twenty-three habitat factors were measured and compared in known reindeer range areas in northwestern China. A total of 72 sampling sites were designated as being used by reindeer,and 162 sites were designated as unused control plots. The results indicated that,compared to the non-used habitat plots,reindeer selected summer habitats with higher values in altitude( 26.9±0.8 m),arbor canopy( 17.9%±2.4%),arbor DBH( 35.5±2.1 cm),arbor height( 8.2±0.5 m),arbor density( 6.9±0.5 ind·400 m-2) and stump quantity( 1.3±0.2 ind·400 m-2),and with a lower shrub height( 54.2±2.0 cm). Moreover,reindeer also selected habitats at intermediate positions of intermediate slope gradient,which provided good water accessibility,more distance from human disturbance and herder influence,but bad concealment and lee condition. Results of the principal component analysis showed that the distur-bance intensity( i.e. residential dispersion,anthropogenic-disturbance dispersion),arbor cha-racteristics( arbor height and arbor density,arbor DBH and arbor canopy),geography characte-ristics( i.e. slope position,slope aspect and soil moisture),food abundance( ground-plant cover and shrub cover),openness( concealment and lee condition) and slope gradient were the most important factors influencing the habitat selection of reindeer in summer. In summary,the summer habitat selection of reindeer is a multidimensional process,through which reindeer adapt according to their ecological needs of food resources,safety and anti-predation. Furthermore,the pattern of habitat selection of reindeer showed that reindeer in China has not yet been domesticated,and reindeer populations and their core habitats should be conserved from intensive disturbance.
引文
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[16]Lu Q-B(鲁庆彬),You W-Y(游卫云),Zhao C-J(赵昌杰),et al.Effects of tourism disturbance on plant diversity in Qingshan Lake scenic area of Zhejiang Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(2):295-302(in Chinese)
[17]Cao M-L(曹敏鲁),An Q-L(安琪林),Yi H(毅红).Guide to China Ecological Tourist.Beijing:Economic Daily Press,1999(in Chinese)
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[20]Li Y-Z(李云章),Yang X-Y(杨晓野),Han M(韩敏),et al.Investigation of Cephenemyia trompe maggot infection rate and intensity reindeer.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology(中国兽医科技),2004,34(10):34-36(in Chinese)
[21]Li Y-Z(李云章),Yue F(岳峰),Yang X-Y(杨晓野),et al.Observations o the living habits of Cepenemyia trompe in reindeer.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology(中国兽医科技),2006,36(7):552-555(in Chinese)
[22]Cransac N,Hewison AJM.Seasonal use and selection of habitat by mouflon(Ovis gmelini):Comparison of the sexes.Behavioral Process,1997,41:57-67
[23]Hagemoen RIM,Reimers E.Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment.Journal of Animal Ecology,2002,71:883-892
[24]Wu J-G(邬建国),Guo X-C(郭晓川),Yang J(杨劼),et al.What is sustainability science?Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(1):1-11(in Chinese)
[25]Turner M,Donato D,Romme W.Consequences of spatial heterogeneity for ecosystem services in changing forest landscapes:Priorities for future research.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:1081-1097
[26]Potschin M,Haines-Young R.Landscapes,sustainability and the place-based analysis of ecosystem services.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:1053-1065
[2]Zhong L-C(钟立成),Lu X-D(卢向东).Distribution and status of reindeer/caribou in the world.Journal of Economic Animal(经济动物学报),2008,12(1):46-48(in Chinese)
[3]Wang Y-X(王永曦).The reindeers and breeding of Ewenki people in the northeast China.Heilongjiang National Series(黑龙江民族丛刊),1995,43(4):95-97(in Chinese)
[4]Tang G(唐戈).The plight and countermeasures for Ewenki’s reindeer breeding.Heilongjiang National Series(黑龙江民族丛刊),2008,56(6):129-134(in Chinese)
[5]Qi H-J(祁惠君).Ethnological investigation on the ecological immigration of reindeer Ewenki.Manchu Studies(满语研究),2006(1):98-105(in Chinese)
[6]Feng C(冯超),Bai X-L(白学良).The bryophyte consumed by reindeers and species diversity of bryophyte in reindeer habitats.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(13):3830-3838(in Chinese)
[7]Ma Y.The management and utilization of reindeer in China.Rangifer,1986,6:345-346
[8]Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Pan S-X(潘世秀),Hui C-Y(惠岑怿),et al.Habitat utilization of alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)during autumn in northwestern China.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology(应用与环境生物学报),2011,17(3):412-417(in Chinese)
[9]Skarin A,Danell,Bergstrm R,et al.Insect avoidance may override human disturbances in reindeer habitat selection.Rangifer,2004,24(2):95-103
[10]Zhao C-N(赵宠南),Su Y(苏云),Liu Z-S(刘振生),et al.Habitat selection of feral yak in winter and spring in the Helan Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2012,32(6):1762-1772(in Chinese)
[11]van Beest F,Mysterud A,Loe LE,et al.Forage quantity,quality and depletion as scale-dependent mechanisms driving habitat selection of a large browser,the moose.Journal of Animal Ecology,2010,79:910-922
[12]Nellemann C,Cameron RD.Effects of petroleum development on terrain preferences of calving caribou.Arctic,1996,4:23-28
[13]Vistnes I,Nellemann C.Avoidance of cabins,roads,and power lines by reindeer during calving.Journal of Wildlife Management,2001,65:915-925
[14]Frid A,Dill L.Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk.Conservation Ecology,2002,6:11-26
[15]Sun Y-H(孙亚红).Study on the management model of rangifer tarandus.Journal of MUC(Natural Sciences)(中央民族大学学报·自然科学版),2013,22(2):42-44(in Chinese)
[16]Lu Q-B(鲁庆彬),You W-Y(游卫云),Zhao C-J(赵昌杰),et al.Effects of tourism disturbance on plant diversity in Qingshan Lake scenic area of Zhejiang Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(2):295-302(in Chinese)
[17]Cao M-L(曹敏鲁),An Q-L(安琪林),Yi H(毅红).Guide to China Ecological Tourist.Beijing:Economic Daily Press,1999(in Chinese)
[18]Zhang R(张锐).The Problems and Countermeaures of Eco-tourism Development in China.Master Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Normal University,2005(in Chinese)
[19]Downes CM,Theberge JB,Smith SM.The influence of insects on the distribution,microhabitat choice,and behaviour of the Burwash caribou herd.Canadian Journal of Zoology,1986,64:622-629
[20]Li Y-Z(李云章),Yang X-Y(杨晓野),Han M(韩敏),et al.Investigation of Cephenemyia trompe maggot infection rate and intensity reindeer.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology(中国兽医科技),2004,34(10):34-36(in Chinese)
[21]Li Y-Z(李云章),Yue F(岳峰),Yang X-Y(杨晓野),et al.Observations o the living habits of Cepenemyia trompe in reindeer.Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology(中国兽医科技),2006,36(7):552-555(in Chinese)
[22]Cransac N,Hewison AJM.Seasonal use and selection of habitat by mouflon(Ovis gmelini):Comparison of the sexes.Behavioral Process,1997,41:57-67
[23]Hagemoen RIM,Reimers E.Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment.Journal of Animal Ecology,2002,71:883-892
[24]Wu J-G(邬建国),Guo X-C(郭晓川),Yang J(杨劼),et al.What is sustainability science?Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(1):1-11(in Chinese)
[25]Turner M,Donato D,Romme W.Consequences of spatial heterogeneity for ecosystem services in changing forest landscapes:Priorities for future research.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:1081-1097
[26]Potschin M,Haines-Young R.Landscapes,sustainability and the place-based analysis of ecosystem services.Landscape Ecology,2013,28:1053-1065