松辽盆地晚三冬期的黑碳记录及其古环境意义
|
摘要
黑碳(BC)是生物质和化石燃料等不完全燃烧产生的含碳物质,古老沉积物中的黑碳记录可以重建过去的火灾事件和陆地植被演化历史。文中通过对晚三冬期松辽盆地姚家车站剖面、后金沟剖面和岳王城剖面的黑碳记录进行分析,来揭示嫩江组一段到二段下部的火灾事件、气候特征及植被变化信息。研究结果显示:嫩江组一段BC的含量较低,为0%~0.22%,表明可能存在的火灾事件规模很小;在该段时期有几次BC/TOC值较高,暗示着小规模的火灾事件。在嫩二段下部BC的含量突然升高,最高可达1.4%,反映了大规模火灾事件的发生。黑碳的稳定碳同位素(δ~(13) CBC)数据表明:在嫩一段,黑碳的δ~(13) CBC值(-29.4‰~-25.0‰)表现为逐渐偏正的趋势,可能是由大气CO_2浓度逐渐降低所导致;在嫩二段下部,δ~(13) CBC值先呈现突然偏负的趋势,可能是由于大规模的火灾事件以及火山活动引起的大气CO_2浓度短暂升高以及植被类型的变化所造成的,之后δ~(13) CBC值又表现为逐渐偏正的特征。综合来看,在嫩江组一段仅发生小规模火灾事件,嫩二段下部则发生大规模火灾事件,由嫩江组一段到二段下部大气CO_2浓度呈现降低—升高—再降低的变化趋势。
Black Carbon(BC)is a series of the carbonaceous materials mainly formed from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels.BC signatures in ancient geological deposits can be used to record the history of fire activities,terrestrial plants,and paleoenvironment.In this study,the concentration and stable carbon isotopes(δ~(13) CBC)of BC in the outcrops of Yaojia Station profile,Houjingou profile and Yuewang Town profile in Songliao Basin were analyzed for recording the history of wild fire events,and to reconstruct the terrestrial vegetation types and paleoenvironments in Late Santonian.The results showed that the BC concentrations(0%-0.22%)in the sediments in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation were relative lower,which may indicate that the wild fire scales were very small.In addition,several high BC/TOC values were observed in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation,which suggested some small fire events.In the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation,the BC concentrations increased abruptly and the highest value was up to 1.4%,which may be related to massive fire activities and volcanic eruption events.Theδ~(13) CBC values(-29.4‰--25.0‰)of BC exhibited positive excursion in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation,which may be due to the decreasing of CO_2 concentrations in the atmosphere.Then an abrupt negative excursion ofδ~(13)CBC values was observed in the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation,which could be explained by two reasons.One reason was the increasing CO_2 concentration caused by the fire activities and volcanic eruption events.The other one was the changes of the predominant vegetation types.And then theδ~(13) CBC values were positive excursion again.In summary,the record of BC concentrations indicated some small fire activities occurred in the Member1 of Nenjiang Formation and more massive fire activities happened in the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation.And the record ofδ~(13) CBC values suggested that the atmospheric CO_2 concentrations were varied in different phase from the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation to the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation.
Black Carbon(BC)is a series of the carbonaceous materials mainly formed from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels.BC signatures in ancient geological deposits can be used to record the history of fire activities,terrestrial plants,and paleoenvironment.In this study,the concentration and stable carbon isotopes(δ~(13) CBC)of BC in the outcrops of Yaojia Station profile,Houjingou profile and Yuewang Town profile in Songliao Basin were analyzed for recording the history of wild fire events,and to reconstruct the terrestrial vegetation types and paleoenvironments in Late Santonian.The results showed that the BC concentrations(0%-0.22%)in the sediments in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation were relative lower,which may indicate that the wild fire scales were very small.In addition,several high BC/TOC values were observed in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation,which suggested some small fire events.In the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation,the BC concentrations increased abruptly and the highest value was up to 1.4%,which may be related to massive fire activities and volcanic eruption events.Theδ~(13) CBC values(-29.4‰--25.0‰)of BC exhibited positive excursion in the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation,which may be due to the decreasing of CO_2 concentrations in the atmosphere.Then an abrupt negative excursion ofδ~(13)CBC values was observed in the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation,which could be explained by two reasons.One reason was the increasing CO_2 concentration caused by the fire activities and volcanic eruption events.The other one was the changes of the predominant vegetation types.And then theδ~(13) CBC values were positive excursion again.In summary,the record of BC concentrations indicated some small fire activities occurred in the Member1 of Nenjiang Formation and more massive fire activities happened in the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation.And the record ofδ~(13) CBC values suggested that the atmospheric CO_2 concentrations were varied in different phase from the Member 1of Nenjiang Formation to the Lower Member 2of Nenjiang Formation.
引文
[1]KUMP L R,ARTHUR M A.Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions:carbonates and organic matter[J].Chemical Geology,1999,161(1/2/3):181-198.
[2]王成善.白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化研究:从重大地质事件探寻地球表层系统耦合[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(7):838-842.
[3]曹怀仁,胡建芳,席党鹏,等.松辽盆地后金沟剖面烃源岩地球化学特征及其古环境重建[J].沉积学报,2015,33(5):1043-1052.
[4]WANG C S,FENG Z G,ZHANG L M,et al.Cretaceous paleogeography and paleoclimate and the setting of SKI borehole sites in Songliao Basin,northeast China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,385:17-30.
[5]王丽.松辽盆地晚白垩系嫩江组古沉积环境分子标志物研究[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,2012.
[6]GOLDBERG E D.Black carbon in the environment:properties and distribution[M]∥Environmental science and technology.New York:John Wiley and Sons,1985:xvi,198.
[7]宋建中,胡建芳,彭平安,等.古老地质样品的黑碳记录及其对古气候、古环境的响应[J].自然杂志,2015,37(2):86-92.
[8]LIU L,QIAO Y S,HAO Z G.Black carbon concentration and isotopic composition of surface sand from deserts and dune fields in Northern China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,445:1-7.
[9]LIM B,CACHIER H.Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous-Tertiary clays[J].Chemical Geology,1996,131:143-154.
[10]MASIELLO C A,DRUFFEL E R M.Black carbon in deepsea sediments[J].Science,1998,280:1911-1913.
[11]沈文杰,林杨挺,孙永革,等.浙江省长兴县煤山剖面二叠—三叠系过渡地层中的黑碳记录及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,2008,24(10):2407-2414.
[12]WOLBACH W S,LEWIS R S,ANDERS E.Cretaceous extinctions:evidence for wildfires and search for meteoritic material[J].Science,1985,230:167-170.
[13]WOLBACH W S,GILMOUR I,ANDERS E,et al.Global fire at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary[J].Nature,1988,334:665-669.
[14]LEHNDORFF E,LINSTADTER J,KEHL M,et al.Fire history reconstruction from Black Carbon analysis in Holocene cave sediments at Ifri Oudadane,Northeastern Morocco[J].Holocene,2015,25(2):398-402.
[15]JIA G D,PENG P A,ZHAO Q H,et al.Changes in terrestrial ecosystem since 30 Ma in East Asia:stable isotope evidence from black carbon in the South China Sea[J].Geology,2003,31(12):1093-1096.
[16]SCHNYDER J,DEJAX J,KEPPENS E,et al.An Early Cretaceous lacustrine record:organic matter and organic car-bon isotopes at Bernissart(Mons Basin,Belgium)[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2009,281(1/2):79-91.
[17]XI D P,CAO W X,HUANG Q H,et al.Late Cretaceous marine fossils and seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin,NE China[J].Cretaceous Research,2016,62:172-182.
[18]闫晶晶,席党鹏,于涛,等.松辽盆地青山口地区嫩江组下部生物地层及环境变化[J].地层学杂志,2007,31(3):296-302.
[19]席党鹏,李罡,万晓樵,等.松辽盆地东南区姚家组—嫩江组一段地层特征与湖泊演变[J].古生物学报,2009,48(3):556-568.
[20]SONG Z G,QIN Y,GEORGE S C,et al.A biomarker study of depositional paleoenvironments and source inputs for the massive formation of Upper Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in the Songliao Basin,China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,385:137-151.
[21]HU J F,PENG P A,LIU M Y,et al.Seawater incursion events in a cretaceous paleo-lake revealed by specific marine biological markers[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:1-6.
[22]CAO H S,KAUFMAN A J,SHAN X L,et al.Sulfur isotope constraints on marine transgression in the lacustrine Upper Cretaceous Songliao Basin,northeastern China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,451:152-163.
[23]席党鹏,万晓樵,冯志强,等.松辽盆地晚白垩世有孔虫的发现:来自松科1井湖海沟通的证据[J].科学通报,2010,55(35):3433-3436.
[24]赵静.松辽盆地晚白垩世早—中期孢粉、藻类及古气候古湖泊条件[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.
[25]徐延康.松辽盆地嫩江组下部高频湖平面变化及其与有机质丰度的关系[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[26]LEYS B,CARCAILLET C,DEZILEAU L,et al.A comparison of charcoal measurements for reconstruction of Mediterranean paleo-fire frequency in the mountains of Corsica[J].Quaternary Research,2013,79(3):337-349.
[27]DAI X,BOUTTON T W,GLASER B,et al.Black carbon in a temperate mixed-grass savanna[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2005,37(10):1879-1881.
[28]HAMMES K,SCHMIDT M W I,SMERNIK R J,et al.Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived(black/elemental)carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil,water,sediment and the atmosphere[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21(3):1-18.
[29]ASCOUGH P L,BIRD M I,BROCK F,et al.Hydropyrolysis as a new tool for radiocarbon pre-treatment and the quantification of black carbon[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2009,4(2):140-147.
[30]ZHAN C L,CAO J J,HAN Y M,et al.Spatial distributions and sequestrations of organic carbon and black carbon in soils from the Chinese loess plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,465:255-266.
[31]SONG J Z,PENG P A,HUANG W L.Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments.1.Quantification and characterization[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(18):3960-3967.
[32]祝孟博.地质样品中黑碳分离方法的研究及在松辽白垩纪地层中的初步应用[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,2015.
[33]周斌,沈承德,郑洪波,等.黄土高原中部晚第四纪以来植被演化的元素碳碳同位素记录[J].科学通报,2009,54(9):1262-1268.
[34]童晓宁,胡建芳,祝孟博,等.分子标志物揭示的松辽盆地晚三冬期气候环境[J].地学前缘,2017,24(1):154-165.
[35]沈文杰,张华,孙永革,等.二叠纪-三叠纪界线大火燃烧的地层记录:研究进展回顾与评述[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(6):613-623.
[36]王国安,韩家懋,刘东生.C4植物的出现与全球环境变化[J].地学前缘,2002,9(1):234-243.
[37]WAN C B,WANG D H,ZHU Z P,et al.Trend of Santonian(Late Cretaceous)atmospheric CO2 and global mean land surface temperature:evidence from plant fossils[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2011,54(9):1338-1345.
[38]郑永飞,陈江峰.稳定同位素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[39]REN S J,YU G R.Carbon isotope composition(δ13C)of C3plants and water use efficiency in China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(2):119-124.
[2]王成善.白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化研究:从重大地质事件探寻地球表层系统耦合[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(7):838-842.
[3]曹怀仁,胡建芳,席党鹏,等.松辽盆地后金沟剖面烃源岩地球化学特征及其古环境重建[J].沉积学报,2015,33(5):1043-1052.
[4]WANG C S,FENG Z G,ZHANG L M,et al.Cretaceous paleogeography and paleoclimate and the setting of SKI borehole sites in Songliao Basin,northeast China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,385:17-30.
[5]王丽.松辽盆地晚白垩系嫩江组古沉积环境分子标志物研究[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,2012.
[6]GOLDBERG E D.Black carbon in the environment:properties and distribution[M]∥Environmental science and technology.New York:John Wiley and Sons,1985:xvi,198.
[7]宋建中,胡建芳,彭平安,等.古老地质样品的黑碳记录及其对古气候、古环境的响应[J].自然杂志,2015,37(2):86-92.
[8]LIU L,QIAO Y S,HAO Z G.Black carbon concentration and isotopic composition of surface sand from deserts and dune fields in Northern China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,445:1-7.
[9]LIM B,CACHIER H.Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous-Tertiary clays[J].Chemical Geology,1996,131:143-154.
[10]MASIELLO C A,DRUFFEL E R M.Black carbon in deepsea sediments[J].Science,1998,280:1911-1913.
[11]沈文杰,林杨挺,孙永革,等.浙江省长兴县煤山剖面二叠—三叠系过渡地层中的黑碳记录及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,2008,24(10):2407-2414.
[12]WOLBACH W S,LEWIS R S,ANDERS E.Cretaceous extinctions:evidence for wildfires and search for meteoritic material[J].Science,1985,230:167-170.
[13]WOLBACH W S,GILMOUR I,ANDERS E,et al.Global fire at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary[J].Nature,1988,334:665-669.
[14]LEHNDORFF E,LINSTADTER J,KEHL M,et al.Fire history reconstruction from Black Carbon analysis in Holocene cave sediments at Ifri Oudadane,Northeastern Morocco[J].Holocene,2015,25(2):398-402.
[15]JIA G D,PENG P A,ZHAO Q H,et al.Changes in terrestrial ecosystem since 30 Ma in East Asia:stable isotope evidence from black carbon in the South China Sea[J].Geology,2003,31(12):1093-1096.
[16]SCHNYDER J,DEJAX J,KEPPENS E,et al.An Early Cretaceous lacustrine record:organic matter and organic car-bon isotopes at Bernissart(Mons Basin,Belgium)[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2009,281(1/2):79-91.
[17]XI D P,CAO W X,HUANG Q H,et al.Late Cretaceous marine fossils and seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin,NE China[J].Cretaceous Research,2016,62:172-182.
[18]闫晶晶,席党鹏,于涛,等.松辽盆地青山口地区嫩江组下部生物地层及环境变化[J].地层学杂志,2007,31(3):296-302.
[19]席党鹏,李罡,万晓樵,等.松辽盆地东南区姚家组—嫩江组一段地层特征与湖泊演变[J].古生物学报,2009,48(3):556-568.
[20]SONG Z G,QIN Y,GEORGE S C,et al.A biomarker study of depositional paleoenvironments and source inputs for the massive formation of Upper Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in the Songliao Basin,China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,385:137-151.
[21]HU J F,PENG P A,LIU M Y,et al.Seawater incursion events in a cretaceous paleo-lake revealed by specific marine biological markers[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:1-6.
[22]CAO H S,KAUFMAN A J,SHAN X L,et al.Sulfur isotope constraints on marine transgression in the lacustrine Upper Cretaceous Songliao Basin,northeastern China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,451:152-163.
[23]席党鹏,万晓樵,冯志强,等.松辽盆地晚白垩世有孔虫的发现:来自松科1井湖海沟通的证据[J].科学通报,2010,55(35):3433-3436.
[24]赵静.松辽盆地晚白垩世早—中期孢粉、藻类及古气候古湖泊条件[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.
[25]徐延康.松辽盆地嫩江组下部高频湖平面变化及其与有机质丰度的关系[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[26]LEYS B,CARCAILLET C,DEZILEAU L,et al.A comparison of charcoal measurements for reconstruction of Mediterranean paleo-fire frequency in the mountains of Corsica[J].Quaternary Research,2013,79(3):337-349.
[27]DAI X,BOUTTON T W,GLASER B,et al.Black carbon in a temperate mixed-grass savanna[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2005,37(10):1879-1881.
[28]HAMMES K,SCHMIDT M W I,SMERNIK R J,et al.Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived(black/elemental)carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil,water,sediment and the atmosphere[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21(3):1-18.
[29]ASCOUGH P L,BIRD M I,BROCK F,et al.Hydropyrolysis as a new tool for radiocarbon pre-treatment and the quantification of black carbon[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2009,4(2):140-147.
[30]ZHAN C L,CAO J J,HAN Y M,et al.Spatial distributions and sequestrations of organic carbon and black carbon in soils from the Chinese loess plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,465:255-266.
[31]SONG J Z,PENG P A,HUANG W L.Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments.1.Quantification and characterization[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(18):3960-3967.
[32]祝孟博.地质样品中黑碳分离方法的研究及在松辽白垩纪地层中的初步应用[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,2015.
[33]周斌,沈承德,郑洪波,等.黄土高原中部晚第四纪以来植被演化的元素碳碳同位素记录[J].科学通报,2009,54(9):1262-1268.
[34]童晓宁,胡建芳,祝孟博,等.分子标志物揭示的松辽盆地晚三冬期气候环境[J].地学前缘,2017,24(1):154-165.
[35]沈文杰,张华,孙永革,等.二叠纪-三叠纪界线大火燃烧的地层记录:研究进展回顾与评述[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(6):613-623.
[36]王国安,韩家懋,刘东生.C4植物的出现与全球环境变化[J].地学前缘,2002,9(1):234-243.
[37]WAN C B,WANG D H,ZHU Z P,et al.Trend of Santonian(Late Cretaceous)atmospheric CO2 and global mean land surface temperature:evidence from plant fossils[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2011,54(9):1338-1345.
[38]郑永飞,陈江峰.稳定同位素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[39]REN S J,YU G R.Carbon isotope composition(δ13C)of C3plants and water use efficiency in China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(2):119-124.