高密高异质性城市街区景观对心理健康影响评价及循证优化设计
|
摘要
高密高异质性城市环境不仅影响空间审美感受,也影响着城市居民的心理健康。实证研究表明通过引入绿色自然、优化空间设计可缓解这种负面影响。本文结合已有的神经认知学和医学研究,将风景园林学科核心价值之一环境愉悦体验提升到公共健康高度。我们利用神经生物测量等一系列先进技术量化环境体验,并在医学和神经认知学已有实证证据的基础上进一步进行健康影响评价,提出基于健康影响评价的循证设计方法。具体包括测量高密高异质性街道中不同环境空间要素组合对人的健康影响,分析识别具体案例中最容易诱发压力和认知负荷的空间要素,针对性地提出设计干预策略并依托增强现实/虚拟现实技术进行绩效预估。研究整合了技术量化环境体验和环境神经健康评价这2个密切联系的学术前沿,其成果可以直接指导具体案例的循证设计优化。
Not only do high-density and high-heterogeneity urban environments impair our environmental aesthetic experience, they also influence our psychological health. These negative impact of high density urban environments, as revealed by evidences, can be mitigated by design strategies such as increasing visible green, improving scenicness and safety and etc. We are advancing one of the core value of landscape architecture from positive environmental experience to public well-being by incorporating with cognitive neuroscience and medical research. Evidence-based design and state-of-art techniques(such as neurological-physical measures) were used in assessing the health impact of different environmental combinations within high dense and heterogenic urban district. The assessment would facilitate diagnosing potential spatial components that stimulate high stress and high cognitive load. Based on the diagnosis, proper design interventions would be proposed and their potential performance would be pre-evaluated via augmented/virtual reality. This study integrated two interrelated academic frontiers—evidencebased health design and health assessment via environmental neuroscience. The expected evidence-based design approach can be applied directly to case-specific design and optimization.
Not only do high-density and high-heterogeneity urban environments impair our environmental aesthetic experience, they also influence our psychological health. These negative impact of high density urban environments, as revealed by evidences, can be mitigated by design strategies such as increasing visible green, improving scenicness and safety and etc. We are advancing one of the core value of landscape architecture from positive environmental experience to public well-being by incorporating with cognitive neuroscience and medical research. Evidence-based design and state-of-art techniques(such as neurological-physical measures) were used in assessing the health impact of different environmental combinations within high dense and heterogenic urban district. The assessment would facilitate diagnosing potential spatial components that stimulate high stress and high cognitive load. Based on the diagnosis, proper design interventions would be proposed and their potential performance would be pre-evaluated via augmented/virtual reality. This study integrated two interrelated academic frontiers—evidencebased health design and health assessment via environmental neuroscience. The expected evidence-based design approach can be applied directly to case-specific design and optimization.
引文
[1]刘滨谊.三元论—人类聚居环境学的哲学基础[J].规划师,1999,58(2):81-84.Liu Binyi.Trialism—the Philosophical Basis for Studies of Human Inhabitation Environment[J].Planners,1999,58(2):81-84.
[2]FEIN A.A Study of the Profession of Landscape Architecture[M].Princeton:The Gallup Organization,Inc.,1972.
[3]KAPLAN S,KAPLAN R.Cognition and Environment:Functioning in An Uncertain World[M].New York:Praeger,1982.
[4]SERESINHE C I,PREIS T,MOAT H S.Quantifying the Impact of Scenic Environments on Health[J].Scientific Reports,2015(5):168-199.
[5]GILESCORTI B,VERNEZ MOUDON A,REIS R,et al.City Planning and Population Health:a Global Challenge[J].The Lancet,2016,388(10062):2912-2924.
[6]KUO F E.PLENARY I:The Science of Nature and Health:Discoveries and Design Recommendations from the Frontier[M].EDRA47:Shiftin grounds.Raleigh,USA.2016.
[7]谭少华,郭剑锋,江毅.人居环境对健康的主动式干预:城市规划学科新趋势[J].城市规划学刊,2010(4):70-74.Tan Shaohua,Guo Jianfeng,Jiang Yi.Impact of Human Settlements On Public Health:New Frontier in Urban Planning Research[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(4):70-74.
[8]李树华,张文秀.园艺疗法科学研究进展[J].中国园林,2009,25(8):19-23.Li Shuhua,Zhang Wenxiu.Progress in Horticultural Therapy Scientific Research[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2009,25(8):19-23.
[9]陈筝,帕特里克·A·米勒.走向循证的风景园林:美国科研发展及启示[J].中国园林,2013,29(12):48-51.Chen Zheng,Patrick A Miller.Landscape Architecture Towards Evidence-based Design:A Lesson from Research Progress in United States[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture.2013,29(12):48-51.
[10]金广君,张昌娟.城市设计:从设计景观到设计健康[J].城市规划,2008,247(7):56-61.Jin Guangjun,Zhang Changjuan.Urban Design:from Design Landscape to Design Health[J].City Planning Review,2008,247(7):56-61.
[11]中共中央国务院.中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见[N].人民日报,2016-02-06(6).The State Council,People's Republic of China.The Comments of the State Council,People's Republic of China on Improving Urban Planning,Construction and Management Affairs[N].RENMIN RIBAO,2016-02-06(6).
[12]SETHI B B,GUPTA S C,MAHENDRU R K,et al.Mental Health and Urban Life:A Study of 850 Families[J].The British Journal of Psychiatry,1974,124(580):243-246.
[13]TOST H,CHAMPAGNE F A,MEYER-LINDENBERG A.Environmental Influence in the Brain,Human Welfare and Mental health[J].Nature Neuroscience,2015,18(10):1421-1431.
[14]JIANG B,CHANG CY,SULLIVAN W C.A dose of nature:Tree Cover,Stress Reduction,and gender differences[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,(132):26-36.
[15]TAYLOR A F,KUO F E,SPENCER C,et al.Is Contact with Nature Lmportant for Healthy Child Development?State of the Evidence[M].Children and Their Environments:Learning,Using and Designing spaces.2006.
[16]ULRICH R S.Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment[M]//ALTMAN I,WOHLWILL J F.Human Behaviour and Environment:Advance in Theory and Research.New York:Competence center of urban and regional planning,1983:85-125.
[17]MAAS J,VERHEIJ R A,GROENEWEGEN P P,et al.Green Space,Urbanity,and Health:How Strong is the Relation?[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2006,60(7):587-592.
[18]MAAS J,VERHEIJ R A,DE VRIES S,et al.Morbidity is Related to a Green Living Environment[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2009,63(12):967-973.
[19]陈筝,翟雪倩,叶诗韵,等.恢复性自然环境对城市居民心智健康影响的荟萃分析及规划启示[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):16-26.Chen Zheng,Zhai Xueqian,Ye Shiyun,et al.A Metaanalysis of Restorative Nature Landscapes and Mental Health Benefits on Urban Residents and Its Planning Implication[J].International Urban Planning,2016,31(4):16-26
[20]HERZOG T R,MAGUIRE P,NEBEL M B.Assessing the Restorative Components of Environments[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(2):159-170.
[21]HARVEY C,AULTMANHALL L,HURLEY S E,et al.Effects of Skeletal Streetscape Design on Perceived safety[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2015,142:18-28.
[22]JIANG B,LARSEN L,DEAL B,et al.A Dose-response Curve Describing the Relationship between Tree Cover Density and Landscape Preference[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,139:16-25.
[23]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,NING X,et al.China:Bio-sensory Real-time Affective Mapping[J].Access by Design,2016,146:30-31.
[24]BENJAMIN S.BERGNER J-P E,MARTIN MEMMEL,RANIA RASLAN,DINA TAHA,MANAR TALAL,PETER ZEILE.Human Sensory Assessment Methods in Urban Planning—a Case Study in Alexandria[C]//MANFRED SCHRENK V V P,PETER ZEILE,PIETRO ELISEI.Proceedings REAL CORP 2013Tagungsband.Rome,Italy.2013.
[25]LIN CT,CHUNG IF,KO LW,et al.EEG-based Assessment of Driver Cognitive Responses in a Dynamic Virtual-reality Driving Environment[J].Biomedical Engineering,IEEE Transactions on,2007,54(7):1349-1352.
[26]ROE J J,ASPINALL P A,MAVROS P,et al.Engaging the Brain:The Impact of Natural versus Urban Scenes Using Novel EEG Methods in an Experimental Setting[J].Environmental Sciences,2013,1(2):93-104.
[27]RAANAAS R K,EVENSEN K H,RICH D,et al.Benefits of Indoor Plants on Attention Capacity in an Office Setting[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2011,31(1):99-105.
[28]PICARD R W.Affective Computing[M].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,1997.
[29]LANG P J.The Emotion Probe.Studies of motivation and attention[J].The American psychologist,1995,50(5):372-385.
[30]GROAT L N,WANG D.Architectural Research Methods[M].New York:J.Wiley,2002.
[31]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,HE X,et al.A Pilot Experiment on Affective Multiple Biosensory Mapping for Possible Application to Visual Resource Analysis and Smart Urban Landscape Design[M].Hamburg:REAL CORP,2016:29-37.
[32]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,YU J.A Pilot Eexperiment of Insitu Bio-sensory Affective Mapping of College Campus[M].Mobility,Mood and Place:Habitats for Happy and Healthy Ageing Edinburgh,2016:61.
[33]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,QIU M,et al.Bio-sensory Affective Mapping for Urban Design[M].Chongqing China:Environment and Behavior Research Association Conference2016,2016.
[34]CHEN Z,YANG Y,NING X,et al.Affective Mapping:An Innovative Tool for Multisensory Experience Design[M].Shanghai:Human Factors in Design,2016.
[35]KAPLAN S.The Restorative Benefits of Nature:Toward an Integrative Framework[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1995,15(3):169-182.
[36]徐磊青,孟若希,陈筝.迷人的街道:建筑界面与绿视率的影响[J].风景园林,2017,(10):27-33.Xu Leiqing,Meng Ruoxi,Chen Zheng.Fascinating Streets:The Impact of Building Facades and Green View[J].Landscape Architecture.2017(10):27-33.
[37]陈筝,SCHULZ S,吴杭彬,等.面向城市设计的环境实景感知实证研究[J].南方建筑,2016(4):10-14.Chen Zheng,SCHULZ S,Wu Hangbin,et al.Empirical Study of In-Situ Environmental Perception towards Urban Design[J].Southern Architecture.2016(4):10-14.
[38]CHEN Z,HE Y,YU Y.Natural Environment Promotes Deeper Brain Functional Connectivity than Built Environment?[J].BMC Neuroscience,2015,16(Suppl 1):294.
[39]CHEN Z,HE Y,YU Y.Enhanced Functional Connectivity Properties of Human Brains During In-situ Nature Experience[J].Peer J,2016,4(2–3):e2210.
[40]ITTI L,KOCH C.Computational Modelling of Visual Attention[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001,2(3):194-203.
图1为作者自摄;图2详见参考文献[23];图3中,图3-1为作者自摄,其它由何晓帆绘制;图4为作者自摄和自绘;图5为作者自绘;图6详见参考文献[36]。
[2]FEIN A.A Study of the Profession of Landscape Architecture[M].Princeton:The Gallup Organization,Inc.,1972.
[3]KAPLAN S,KAPLAN R.Cognition and Environment:Functioning in An Uncertain World[M].New York:Praeger,1982.
[4]SERESINHE C I,PREIS T,MOAT H S.Quantifying the Impact of Scenic Environments on Health[J].Scientific Reports,2015(5):168-199.
[5]GILESCORTI B,VERNEZ MOUDON A,REIS R,et al.City Planning and Population Health:a Global Challenge[J].The Lancet,2016,388(10062):2912-2924.
[6]KUO F E.PLENARY I:The Science of Nature and Health:Discoveries and Design Recommendations from the Frontier[M].EDRA47:Shiftin grounds.Raleigh,USA.2016.
[7]谭少华,郭剑锋,江毅.人居环境对健康的主动式干预:城市规划学科新趋势[J].城市规划学刊,2010(4):70-74.Tan Shaohua,Guo Jianfeng,Jiang Yi.Impact of Human Settlements On Public Health:New Frontier in Urban Planning Research[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(4):70-74.
[8]李树华,张文秀.园艺疗法科学研究进展[J].中国园林,2009,25(8):19-23.Li Shuhua,Zhang Wenxiu.Progress in Horticultural Therapy Scientific Research[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2009,25(8):19-23.
[9]陈筝,帕特里克·A·米勒.走向循证的风景园林:美国科研发展及启示[J].中国园林,2013,29(12):48-51.Chen Zheng,Patrick A Miller.Landscape Architecture Towards Evidence-based Design:A Lesson from Research Progress in United States[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture.2013,29(12):48-51.
[10]金广君,张昌娟.城市设计:从设计景观到设计健康[J].城市规划,2008,247(7):56-61.Jin Guangjun,Zhang Changjuan.Urban Design:from Design Landscape to Design Health[J].City Planning Review,2008,247(7):56-61.
[11]中共中央国务院.中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见[N].人民日报,2016-02-06(6).The State Council,People's Republic of China.The Comments of the State Council,People's Republic of China on Improving Urban Planning,Construction and Management Affairs[N].RENMIN RIBAO,2016-02-06(6).
[12]SETHI B B,GUPTA S C,MAHENDRU R K,et al.Mental Health and Urban Life:A Study of 850 Families[J].The British Journal of Psychiatry,1974,124(580):243-246.
[13]TOST H,CHAMPAGNE F A,MEYER-LINDENBERG A.Environmental Influence in the Brain,Human Welfare and Mental health[J].Nature Neuroscience,2015,18(10):1421-1431.
[14]JIANG B,CHANG CY,SULLIVAN W C.A dose of nature:Tree Cover,Stress Reduction,and gender differences[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,(132):26-36.
[15]TAYLOR A F,KUO F E,SPENCER C,et al.Is Contact with Nature Lmportant for Healthy Child Development?State of the Evidence[M].Children and Their Environments:Learning,Using and Designing spaces.2006.
[16]ULRICH R S.Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment[M]//ALTMAN I,WOHLWILL J F.Human Behaviour and Environment:Advance in Theory and Research.New York:Competence center of urban and regional planning,1983:85-125.
[17]MAAS J,VERHEIJ R A,GROENEWEGEN P P,et al.Green Space,Urbanity,and Health:How Strong is the Relation?[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2006,60(7):587-592.
[18]MAAS J,VERHEIJ R A,DE VRIES S,et al.Morbidity is Related to a Green Living Environment[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2009,63(12):967-973.
[19]陈筝,翟雪倩,叶诗韵,等.恢复性自然环境对城市居民心智健康影响的荟萃分析及规划启示[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):16-26.Chen Zheng,Zhai Xueqian,Ye Shiyun,et al.A Metaanalysis of Restorative Nature Landscapes and Mental Health Benefits on Urban Residents and Its Planning Implication[J].International Urban Planning,2016,31(4):16-26
[20]HERZOG T R,MAGUIRE P,NEBEL M B.Assessing the Restorative Components of Environments[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(2):159-170.
[21]HARVEY C,AULTMANHALL L,HURLEY S E,et al.Effects of Skeletal Streetscape Design on Perceived safety[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2015,142:18-28.
[22]JIANG B,LARSEN L,DEAL B,et al.A Dose-response Curve Describing the Relationship between Tree Cover Density and Landscape Preference[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,139:16-25.
[23]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,NING X,et al.China:Bio-sensory Real-time Affective Mapping[J].Access by Design,2016,146:30-31.
[24]BENJAMIN S.BERGNER J-P E,MARTIN MEMMEL,RANIA RASLAN,DINA TAHA,MANAR TALAL,PETER ZEILE.Human Sensory Assessment Methods in Urban Planning—a Case Study in Alexandria[C]//MANFRED SCHRENK V V P,PETER ZEILE,PIETRO ELISEI.Proceedings REAL CORP 2013Tagungsband.Rome,Italy.2013.
[25]LIN CT,CHUNG IF,KO LW,et al.EEG-based Assessment of Driver Cognitive Responses in a Dynamic Virtual-reality Driving Environment[J].Biomedical Engineering,IEEE Transactions on,2007,54(7):1349-1352.
[26]ROE J J,ASPINALL P A,MAVROS P,et al.Engaging the Brain:The Impact of Natural versus Urban Scenes Using Novel EEG Methods in an Experimental Setting[J].Environmental Sciences,2013,1(2):93-104.
[27]RAANAAS R K,EVENSEN K H,RICH D,et al.Benefits of Indoor Plants on Attention Capacity in an Office Setting[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2011,31(1):99-105.
[28]PICARD R W.Affective Computing[M].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,1997.
[29]LANG P J.The Emotion Probe.Studies of motivation and attention[J].The American psychologist,1995,50(5):372-385.
[30]GROAT L N,WANG D.Architectural Research Methods[M].New York:J.Wiley,2002.
[31]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,HE X,et al.A Pilot Experiment on Affective Multiple Biosensory Mapping for Possible Application to Visual Resource Analysis and Smart Urban Landscape Design[M].Hamburg:REAL CORP,2016:29-37.
[32]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,YU J.A Pilot Eexperiment of Insitu Bio-sensory Affective Mapping of College Campus[M].Mobility,Mood and Place:Habitats for Happy and Healthy Ageing Edinburgh,2016:61.
[33]CHEN Z,SCHULZ S,QIU M,et al.Bio-sensory Affective Mapping for Urban Design[M].Chongqing China:Environment and Behavior Research Association Conference2016,2016.
[34]CHEN Z,YANG Y,NING X,et al.Affective Mapping:An Innovative Tool for Multisensory Experience Design[M].Shanghai:Human Factors in Design,2016.
[35]KAPLAN S.The Restorative Benefits of Nature:Toward an Integrative Framework[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1995,15(3):169-182.
[36]徐磊青,孟若希,陈筝.迷人的街道:建筑界面与绿视率的影响[J].风景园林,2017,(10):27-33.Xu Leiqing,Meng Ruoxi,Chen Zheng.Fascinating Streets:The Impact of Building Facades and Green View[J].Landscape Architecture.2017(10):27-33.
[37]陈筝,SCHULZ S,吴杭彬,等.面向城市设计的环境实景感知实证研究[J].南方建筑,2016(4):10-14.Chen Zheng,SCHULZ S,Wu Hangbin,et al.Empirical Study of In-Situ Environmental Perception towards Urban Design[J].Southern Architecture.2016(4):10-14.
[38]CHEN Z,HE Y,YU Y.Natural Environment Promotes Deeper Brain Functional Connectivity than Built Environment?[J].BMC Neuroscience,2015,16(Suppl 1):294.
[39]CHEN Z,HE Y,YU Y.Enhanced Functional Connectivity Properties of Human Brains During In-situ Nature Experience[J].Peer J,2016,4(2–3):e2210.
[40]ITTI L,KOCH C.Computational Modelling of Visual Attention[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001,2(3):194-203.
图1为作者自摄;图2详见参考文献[23];图3中,图3-1为作者自摄,其它由何晓帆绘制;图4为作者自摄和自绘;图5为作者自绘;图6详见参考文献[36]。